National Awakening Research Articles

Stephen Széchenyi and the Awakening of Hungarian Nationalism, 1791-1841, by George Barany

<i>Stephen Széchenyi and the Awakening of Hungarian Nationalism, 1791-1841</i>, by George Barany

Dawr al-Ḥarakāt al-Nisā’īyah fī I’ādat Taskhīl Qānūn al-Mujtama’ al-Islāmī bi Indūnīsīyā

This article deals with the role of the Indonesian women's movement in the reformation of Indonesian Islamic marriage law. The author took an historical approach in conducting the research; hence the main sources are the books and articles that contain the historical record of the events concerned. The study shows that the role of the Indonesian Women's Movement is very significant in the reform of Indonesian marriage law. The birth of the Indonesian feminist movement is said to date back to the 1900's, since it was intimately allied to the national awakening. Raden Ajeng Kartini, who lived from 1879 to 1904, was the first woman to privately demand the emancipation of women. However she was principally concerned with improving women's participation by means of education, such as learning household duties, dress-making classes, course of child welfare, and the like. Rohana Kudus in Minangkabau, West Sumatra, was the first woman who privately and directly criticized the bad effects of child marriage, polygamy and one side divorce.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v8i2.691

Estonian museums in changing times

The Estonians are a small nation. Therefore, our relationship to our own culture is to a certain extent different from that of the big nations. The peculiarities of ones own culture are mainly perceived through comparison with others. The wave of national awakenings reached Estonia in the middle ofthe 19th century. By that time some Baltic-German organizations of an enlightening character had emerged, mainly focusing their attention on native people - the ones whose ethnic ancestors had lived in Estonia long before the Germans, Danes, Swedes, Poles, andfinally, the Russians had reached here. The main policy of alien authorities was to occupy our strategically and commercially important territory. The best means for achieving this was war: In the course ofthese conquests, attention was mainly focused on towns and churches; the changing of the everyday lives of the local people was not particularly in anybody's sphere of interest. As a result, two relatively different kinds of living conditions and ways of life existed side by side - on the one hand, the traditional culture of Estonian peasants and town craftsmen, and on the other, the European culture characteristic mainly of Baltic-German nobility and bourgeoisie.If we tried to describe these two different communities in museum categories, we could say that the first one represented a living open-air museum with its ethnographic look and folklore; the other a specimen of manor architecture with its art collections, and town architecture with the relics of a bourgeois way of life.

Stephen Szechenyi and the Awakening of Hungarian Nationalism, 1791-1841

Stephen Szechenyi and the Awakening of Hungarian Nationalism, 1791-1841

George Barany, Stephen Széchenyi and the Awakening of Hungarian Nationalism 1791-1841, with a preface by Boyd C. Shafer. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968. xviii, 487 pp. $15.00. (Distributed in Canada by Saunders of Toronto, Limited).

George Barany, Stephen Széchenyi and the Awakening of Hungarian Nationalism 1791-1841, with a preface by Boyd C. Shafer. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968. xviii, 487 pp. $15.00. (Distributed in Canada by Saunders of Toronto, Limited).

Book Review: U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe: The Albanian National Awakening 1878–1912

Book Review: U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe: The Albanian National Awakening 1878–1912

Conflict in Czechoslovakia: The Developing Crisis

The fateful chain of events leading to the latest Czech drama did not start, as widely believed, in January 1968. The inflammatory sparks flying at the Congress of Slovak Writers in May 1967 led to an explosion at the Congress of Czechoslovak Writers the following month. This revolt of communist intellectuals opened a Pandora's box. For the following six months the Stalinist Novotnyites tried unsuccessfully to stave off the torrent of demands for political and economic reforms. In the fourteen-month period under review here the Czechs and Slovaks were ushered into a new era of national and political awakening after twenty years of darkness. The first half of this period reached a climax by the end of 1967, when it became clear that the new liberal wave was only the forerunner of a great tidal movement. The second, and main, part of the story opens with the ousting of Novotny as Party chief on 5 January 1968, and ends with the Soviet bloc invasion of the sleeping, and perhaps dreaming, Czechoslovakia, on the night of 20 and 21 August 1968. The following selection of representative speeches and documents is really only a modest sample of the prevailing mood in Czechoslovakia. An objective description of the brave, and perhaps quixotic, venture may be premature but if it is not done now, the tide of events may erase its real meaning.

J. P. Jordan’s Role in the National Awakening of the Lusatian Serbs

(1968). J. P. Jordan’s Role in the National Awakening of the Lusatian Serbs. Canadian Slavonic Papers: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 312-340.

Taman Siswa and the Indonesian National Awakening

Adjustment to foreign-imposed change is both difficult and humiliating, and the early response of the Javanese elite to European conquest was to save what they could by denying the foreigners culturally while conceding to them politically. This reaction brought a flowering of Javanese high culture, but it also made that style of life seem increasingly remote and irrelevant to the problems of the time. By the late nineteenth century some people were beginning to urge accomodation to the alien system that,however unfamiliar and unpleasant, seemed to contain the future. They came, in this beginning period, from those members of the elite who were well enough placed to acquaint themselves with western culture and also sufficiently on the periphery of the traditional system to be able to consider the old order with some detachment and to find profit in its modification. These advocates were to be found first of all among the bupati (regents) of what had been the outer lands of the realm, whose desire to maximize freedom from the political-cultural center encouraged an openness to outside ideas and a predeliction for the role of mediator. The progressive bupati were naturally from among the more intellectually daring of that class, and above all they represented its younger generation, whose vision of the world was set by exposure to western education, by a greater consciousness of European penetration, and by a more acute realization of the decay of the traditional order than had prevailed when their fathers' view of life had been formed.

Samuel Clain and the Rumanian Enlightenment in Transylvania

In the second half of the eighteenth century the leavening effects of the Enlightenment began to be felt among the Rumanians of Transylvania. The Enlightenment in Transylvania—and in Eastern Europe generally —was a curious blend of natural law, rationalism, and optimism, drawn from the West, and nationalism, a response to local conditions. It is no coincidence that the first tangible signs of national awakening among the Rumanians manifested themselves at this time. In the thought of the Enlightenment they discovered new justification for their claims to equality with their Magyar, Saxon, and Szekler neighbors. For example, they applied the notion of “natural” civil equality between individuals to the relationship between whole peoples, and they accepted wholeheartedly the myth of the social contract as the foundation of society and as the guarantee of the rights of all those who composed it.

Infidel on Parnassus: Lord Byron and the North American Review

THE vogue of Lord Byron in America, brief but prodigious, has long been known to students of our early literature. They have shown us Byronic collars circling the necks of scores of dark-eyed poets and countless melancholy heroes, doers of dark deeds, ranting against life's injustices in addresses to turbulent mountain torrents and desolate forests where suffering men can hide their pain. Long since planted on library shelves, nevertheless, the testaments of Byronic fervor and the witnesses of its passing have rested undisturbed for decades. Why now raise the dust on these leaves? For a later day a literary fad in any age tells tales. Behind the fanfare and the furor lie the links in a chain of circumstance that bind the moment to a broader, deeper meaning. For all the discordant passion Americans spent over Byron, it is far more the genesis of their own literature which holds the historian than the presence in this distant province of an English poetic celebrity. Had Byron come to the United States a conquering hero who overwhelmed the amorphous literary circles forming around the cult of London fashions, he should have added little to his fame. Here was a brawling, bursting stripling of a country bent on self-assertion. It used for its ends anything which came to hand, natural, human, literary, institutional. More a name than a figure of mortal flesh, Byron became an actor in the pageant of national awakening, and thus through him we may see in one sector of this spectacle something of the fitful growth of American culture. The years of Byron's fame were those of national autonomy for the new United States. A second struggle with England behind them, as a nation they developed a new awareness, a sense of power, a feeling of wholeness. Following the feats of Jackson, Perry, and their fellows, Americans inched forward on other

Topographical-Historical Method in Sixteenth-century German Scholarship

One of the most pressing tasks facing German humanist scholars at the beginning of the sixteenth century was the exploration and description of their country. The national awakening of which they liked to speak and write, the quickening of energies under Maximilian and Charles which they thought they perceived, could have little political meaning until the German territories became known to the Germans themselves. The courses of rivers, the dimensions of forests, roads and passes and waterways, the size and location of towns and villages were familiar to local residents, but virtually unknown to Germans at large. The mental image which the German humanist had before his mind's eye, a vision of a spacious and flourishing country, well endowed with resources and populous enough to exploit them, no longer the land of vast swamps and impenetrable forests of which the ancients had written—this vision needed to be fixed.

The Chinese Constitutional Missions of 1905-1906

IN THE summer of 1905 edicts were issued from the imperial palace in Peking appointing five special commissioners to study political systems abrcod. This represented the first concrete action, however indirect, taken by the moribund Ch'ing dynasty toward a change in the form of the government of China, and for this reason it has aroused the interest of historians. As a part of the process in the modernization of China, these missions deserve closer scrutiny. Whether or not the failure of the reform measures in those years was entirely due to the inability of the government to carry them out, or to its insincerity from the beginning, or to some cause inherent in the Chinese approach to the problem, is a significant question. It may be useful to ask just what they were seeking to accomplish when high government officials and some educated groups began advocating constitutionalism in China. One question needs to be disposed of before the missions can be taken up, namely, the role of the Empress Dowager Tz'u-hsi in the constitutional reforms of this period. The majority of Western writers have tended to regard her as sagacious and statesman-likce, one who saw the needs of the nation and resolutely embarked upon a course of reform. Modern Chinese writers, on the other hand, see in her reform measures a desperate effort to strengthen the dynasty's hold over the country at the expense of real advancement and national salvation. It avails us little, however, to speculate as to the personal motives of Tz'uhsi. Granted that, as the power behind the throne, she was chiefly responsible for the government's efforts, beginning with the constitutional missions of 1905-6. Granted also that, as a dynast, she was never really converted to Western constitutionalism, though under pressure she was ready to adopt structural changes in the government. But the problem of ascertaining the nature of the external pressure and the characteristics of the reforms advocated by the court still remains. For the Peking government the situation in 1905 was far more menacing than has been generally realized. The threats came from two directions. At home the process of national awakening was assuming lively aspects. It expressed itself on the one hand with particular force in antiforeign manifestations. Anti-American demonstrations in 1905, set off by the new immigration regulations, were so widespread and intense that it looked as though popular sentiment was getting completely out of control of the authorities. By the spring of the next year nationalistic manifestations were further fanned into flame by an incident in Kiangsi where a minor local official died of a wound after having conferred with a French priest. The ensuing public reaction was so bellicose that the students, gentry, and the general populace was enjoined, on pain of penalty, to behave more peacefully.' While the edict was un-

The Post-War Historiography of Modern Bulgaria

Previous articleNext article No AccessBibliographical ArticleThe Post-War Historiography of Modern BulgariaPhilip E. MoselyPhilip E. Mosely Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Modern History Volume 9, Number 3Sep., 1937 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/243446 Views: 1Total views on this site Copyright 1937 The University of Chicago PressPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

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