Avulsed Teeth Research Articles

Replantation of an Avulsed-Tooth by Using Trepanation: A Case Report

Tooth avulsion is one of the common types of orofacial and dental trauma that frequently occurs in sports and requires prompt management and a good treatment plan to achieve satisfactory outcomes. The aim of this case report is to present an overview of the tooth replantation using a trepanation procedure that has not been previously discussed in any formal publication. A clinical case concerning the management of tooth avulsion applying trepanation principles is narratively described along with a follow-up on the periodontal tissue condition after 2 years of treatment. The findings revealed the absence of inflammatory resorption, the most severe form of resorption typically seen within the initial 2 years following the replantation of an avulsed tooth. Nonetheless, caution should still be exercised regarding signs of surface root resorption, which although more favorable than inflammatory resorption and replacement resorption, should not be overlooked. Trepanation has demonstrated its ability to prevent inflammatory resorption for a minimum of 2 years post-replantation with no indication of ankylosis observed. Further investigation into trepanation is warranted to delve into the potential advantages of this procedure.

Perda precoce dos elementos 11 e 12 por trauma dental, com intervenção ortodôntica preventiva na odontopediatria: relato de caso

Dental trauma is one that affects the hard tissues embraced, supporting structures or soft tissues in the oral cavity. It is observed more frequently in male children of school age (07 to 12 years old). The most affected teeth in the trauma taken are central and lateral incisors. With regard to tooth avulsions, the protection of children's bone tissue favors a higher frequency in this population than in the adult population. Dental avulsion occurs after displacement of the element out of its alveolus. There is a break in the blood supply to the pulp of the tooth and when this happens the chance of replantation achieved is totally impossible. Thus bringing several harms to the patient such as difficulty in speech, poor aesthetics, or even mesialize or distalize some other acquired element. Space maintainers are used as removable or fixed appliances to treat malocclusion or esthetic defects. They are braces made of acrylics with two extended teeth. Choosing a removable appliance comes with benefits such as better hygiene, satisfactory aesthetics, low cost, and maintenance of the cervico-occlusal space, in addition to the mesio-distal space. The objective of this study was to report a clinical case of avulsion of element 11 and 12 caused by trauma in childhood with the use of a space maintainer. We conclude that it is possible to treat a patient with dentoalveolar trauma with intervention using a space maintainer, since in the present case success was obtained in the selection of therapy, restoring aesthetics and function to the patient. Thus reducing possible orthodontic problems of the child, with follow-up until his/her old age.

TREATMENT OF TOOTH AVULSION: A CASE REPORT

Dental trauma (DT) refers to injuries caused by impacts to the teeth and/or the hard and soft tissues within or outside the oral cavity. Among the various types of DT, avulsion, characterized by the complete displacement of the tooth from its socket. The success of treatment depends on timely management and proper professional care during and after reimplantation in preserving the tooth in the oral cavity. This study describes a case report of an avulsion of the upper left central incisor (21) that underwent reimplantation. The patient, a 10-year-old boy, had a history of bicycle fall, presenting with extraoral injuries to the cheek and chin, lip abrasions, and avulsion of tooth 21. The tooth was stored in milk and reimplanted 30 minutes after the accident. Clinical and radiographic examinations showed no bone fractures but revealed mobility of teeth 11 and 12 and avulsion of tooth 21. Treatment included cleaning, repositioning of the avulsed tooth, stabilization with a semi-flexible splint, and administration of antibiotics and analgesics. Endodontic therapy with mechanical instrumentation was successfully initiated after 20 days. This case highlights the importance of proper tooth storage and timing of reimplantation, leading to the restoration of patient’s aesthetics, chewing function, and self-esteem.

Traumatic Dental Injuries: Prevalence, First Aid, and Mouthguard Use in a Sample of Italian Kickboxing Athletes.

Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are a common complication in sports, with an overall prevalence ranging from 0.71% to 60%. Kickboxing is a high-risk combat sport for trauma to the facial region. A total of 142 5-to-65-year-old amateur athletes participated in the survey with a questionnaire that was released during their regular practice days. The questionnaire was structured into three parts: (1) questions about age, gender, type, and time of sports practice; (2) questions about dental injuries, personal experience, and awareness of emergency management, particularly about tooth avulsion; (3) questions about wearing a mouthguard for TDI prevention. A total of 13 percent of athletes suffered a TDI while training or fighting. Regarding first aid, 61% of the participants in this survey are aware of the possibility of replanting a tooth after its avulsion; 10% believe that the tooth should be replanted within 15 min, and 37% of athletes believe that it should be kept wet. The mouthguard is known to the majority of athletes (94%), and 66% were informed by the coach; 68% of the athletes use it. Seventy-four percent of the mouthguards were purchased in a sports shop. A relatively low prevalence of TDIs was observed in players in the sample. A lack of information about the emergency management of tooth avulsion and about the type of mouthguard to wear emphasizes the importance of educational training by dentists to athletes and coaches.

Bacterial Contamination as an Important Prognostic Factor in Tooth Avulsion and Replantation - Case Series

Tooth Avulsion is a significant traumatic injury in children, replantation and follow up care is the treatment of choice. Maxillary incisors are most affected and sometimes over treated or left untreated. Aim: To understand the role of bacterial contamination for the survival of permanent maxillary incisors in cases of avulsion in children Case Report: This paper presents 3 case reports outlining the treatment stages for the survival of avulsed permanent incisors. Pulp & periodontal damage and its tissue responses are discussed through various clinical factors responsible for good prognosis. Result & Observations: Preserving alveolar bone width, retaining aesthetics and function even for an interim period is a favorable outcome. It helps in the replacement of tooth at a convenient period of late adolescence or young adult stage. Conclusion: Immediate replantation is always recommended for good prognosis of tooth avulsion in children.

Permanent tooth avulsions: A retrospective analysis of the demographics and aetiology of cases at a tertiary hospital in Sydney, Australia

AbstractThis retrospective analysis reviewed the demographics of patients sustaining dental avulsion injuries at a tertiary dental hospital in Sydney, Australia. Data were extracted from dental records of patients who presented with avulsed permanent anterior teeth and were treated between 1 January 2001 and 30 June 2021. Demographic, clinical and radiographic data from 91 patients with 117 avulsed permanent anterior teeth were available for analysis. The median age of the patients was 12 years (IQR 9.0–17.0). Males accounted for 68.4% of avulsion injuries. Non‐organised sports were the most common cause of injury (42.7%). Maxillary central incisors were the most frequently avulsed tooth (83.3%). Peak prevalence of injuries occurred on the weekend. The findings from this study may reflect regional factors such as climate and participation in sport. Anticipatory guidance should be provided to patients at elevated risk of dental avulsion.

Immediate and Successful Management of Avulsed Teeth: A Case Reports

Avulsion and midroot fractures of teeth present significant challenges in dental trauma management. These case reports outlines the successful management of avulsed after a lapse of 2hrs in 1st case report and 24hrs in 2nd case report and midroot fractured tooth, focusing on immediate steps, long-term strategies, and clinical considerations. Midroot fractures often present with compromised structural integrity, necessitating stabilization and protection of the tooth to prevent further damage. Splinting techniques stabilize the tooth and promote healing of periodontal tissues. However, careful monitoring is crucial to assess for potential complications such as inflammatory root resorption and external root resorption. In both the cases extraoral root canal treatment was done for avulsed tooth and then reimplanted into the socket and stabilisation was done using splinting. Followup up was done at regular intervals of one and 3 months which showed no resorption or perapical changes, lack of clinical symptoms In conclusion, the management of avulsed and midroot fractured teeth requires long-term treatment strategies. Favorable outcomes can be achieved, preserving tooth function, and esthetics in patients with traumatic dental injuries.

Ensuring Viability: The Role of Storage Media for Avulsed Teeth

Ensuring Viability: The Role of Storage Media for Avulsed Teeth

Outcome of regenerative endodontic procedures in delayed replanted immature permanent teeth with apical periodontitis: A retrospective study.

Regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) is effective for treating young permanent teeth with pulp necrosis. However, its efficacy on delayed replanted avulsed teeth is unclear. This retrospective study aimed to assess the efficacy of REPs in treating delayed replanted immature permanent teeth with apical periodontitis. Avulsed teeth receiving REPs were systematically screened based on predetermined criteria. This study assessed the REP outcomes, postoperative periodontal healing, and overall treatment efficacy. Samples were grouped by REP outcomes and root development stage, with Fisher's exact tests used to compare outcomes among different groups. Among the included 17 teeth, 47.1% exhibited successful REPs and periodontal healing. Another 47.1%, due to replacement resorption or REP failure, were categorized as tooth survival. Healing of periapical lesions was observed in 88.2% of the cases, but only 41.2% demonstrated continued root development. Although differences were not significant (p = 0.05), teeth with continued root development had a higher rate of functional healing (85.7%) compared to those without (30%). Within the limitations of this study, REPs presented reliable outcomes for treating delayed replanted immature permanent teeth with apical periodontitis mainly in periapical lesion healing. Teeth with continued root development after REPs exhibited a higher rate of functional healing. Further investigation is required to explore potential synergies between REP outcomes and periodontal healing.

Replantation After Dental Avulsion: A Scoping Review and Proposal of a Flow Chart.

Dental avulsion, the complete displacement of a tooth from its socket, is a severe dental trauma with a prevalence of 0.5% to 16% of all dental injuries. Replantation of avulsed teeth is common, yet recent studies show high failure rates and unpredictable long-term outcomes. This review examines clinical variables influencing intentional dental replantation decisions and proposes a treatment flow chart. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed-Medline, Scopus, WoS, and Cochrane databases using the keywords "tooth avulsion," "tooth replantation," and "tooth ankylosis." Inclusion criteria encompassed studies from January 2018 to February 2024. From 752 identified articles, 9 systematic reviews including 3 meta-analyses were selected for this scoping review. Immediate replantation is the gold standard for avulsed teeth, yet delayed replantation is more common in practice, impacting survival rates. Adherence to guidelines from the International Association on Dental Traumatology improves outcomes, especially in paediatric patients. Factors such as multiple caries, severe periodontal disease, advanced age, psychological conditions, immunodeficiency, and lack of cooperation are contraindications for replantation. Despite the high failure rate, replantation remains recommended in literature due to its potential advantages over prosthetic implants. This review highlights the complexities in decision-making for dental replantation, emphasising the need for a comprehensive approach considering individual clinical cases. A proposed treatment flow chart aims to support clinicians in predicting prognosis and making informed decisions. The review also underscores the link between dental trauma, poor oral health, and potential neglect in children, highlighting the importance of preventive measures and parental awareness.

Post-mortem Interval estimate based on dental pulp: A histomorphology approach.

Estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI) of human remains based on the histomorphology of dental pulp parameters is promising, but available evidence is scarce and sometimes contradictory without a scientific model. The aim of the study is to characterise the histomorphological changes of dental pulp associated with the decomposition of human remains by a qualitative and quantitative approach. The main aim is to establish a correlation based on post-mortem (PM) dental pulp histomorphology and the PMI, and whether pulp degradation could be an available medico-legal tool for PMI estimation beyond the first week after death (late PMI). The eligible sample consisted of 27 sound teeth from 16 healthy patients aged 16 to 72 years due to orthodontic or oral surgery treatment, to create PMI's simulating the death of the subject as the time elapsed from tooth avulsion. Data collected from patients (sex, date of birth, tooth position, date and hour of the avulsion, date and hour of pulp extraction) were anonymised in accordance with the requirements of Faculty of Dental Medicine of the University of Lisbon. The sample was divided into 9 groups of 3 teeth according to different PMI sets from T0 (baseline) up to 2 weeks (T0, 7, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours, 1 and 2 weeks). All the dental samples were stored at room temperature up to the time of pulp extraction and then prepared with haematoxylin and eosin stain. High-resolution microscopy was performed to obtain histological images. An operator performed the qualitative evaluation of blood vessels, collagen fibres, and the extra-cellular matrix (ECM) in PM pulps and measured the variation in cells/nuclei density by counting 6 different ROIs (Regions of Interest) for each pulp manually and automatically (quantitative analysis). Qualitative results showed that the degeneration of dental pulp appears 7 hours after death but histological changes in vessels, fibres, and ECM in PM dental pulp are characterised by high variability, consequently it is not possible to generalise the results for early PMIs. Quantitative measurements proved that cell count cannot be standardised due to the presence of superimposed layers of cells and nuclei fragmentation. Odontoblasts did not demonstrate evidence of cellular or nuclear lysis up to 14 PM suggesting their applicability in late PMIs. Future research will focus on late PMIs and different techniques of tooth preparation.

Best Practices in Avulsion Management - A Review

Dentoalveolar trauma refers to injuries affecting the teeth, palate, mandible, maxilla, and gingiva due to external forces. These injuries can range from minor bruising to complete tooth avulsion, where the tooth is forcibly removed from its socket. Such avulsions typically require significant force and may also cause damage to adjacent structures. This review examines the risk factors, appropriate storage methods, and treatment strategies for dental avulsions, and highlights the importance of preventive measures for individuals at risk of dental injuries.

Engineered Immunomodulatory Nanoparticles Inhibit Root Resorption and Ankylosis

IntroductionExternal root resorption following avulsion injury is a complex process wherein differentiation of macrophages (Mϕ) to multinucleated osteoclasts is temporally regulated by resident periodontal fibroblasts (PDLF). The current study aims to assess the effect of engineered bioactive chitosan nanoparticles (CSNP), sustained released dexamethasone conjugated CSNP (CS-DEX) and CSNP functionalized with photosensitizer Rose Bengal (CSRB) for application in root resorption using an in-vitro PDLF-Mϕ direct coculture model and in-vivo delayed reimplantation model. MethodsPDLF-Mϕ direct coculture system was exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), macrophage colony stimulating factor, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa β ligand with or without CSNP/CS-DEX for 7 days. Clastic differentiation was assessed by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining on day 7. On day 2 and 7, immunofluorescence analysis was conducted to assess the expression of Mϕ polarization markers (CD80, CD206), multinucleation markers (NFATc1, STAT6) in Mϕ and matricellular protein periostin in PDLF and cytokine profiling in cell culture supernatants. Delayed replantation model with extraoral air dry/LPS exposure for 1h followed by root surface treatment with CS-DEX/CSRB was used in Wistar rats. After 21 days, rats were euthanized for histologic and immunofluorescence analysis. Statistical analysis one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons was used to analyze the data (P < .05). ResultsCS-DEX significantly reduced TRAP+ multinucleated cells and CSNP treatment showed no TRAP+ cells. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that CSNP/CS-DEX reduced CD80, NFATc1 and STAT6 expression and increased periostin as expressed by fluorescence intensity. CSNP/CS-DEX significantly reduced TNFα, MMP9 and increased IL10, TGFβ1. Osteoprotegerin was upregulated only by CSNP. Root surface treatment in delayed replantation model showed that CS-DEX and CSRB substantially reduced the degree of resorption and ankylosis. Further, CD80, CD206, and MMP2 expression in groups with root surface treatment with CS-DEX and CSRB was lower than airdry/LPS group and similar to healthy control and NFATc1, STAT6, and MMP9 expressions were lower than healthy control. ConclusionThe engineered nanosized immunomodulatory bioactive materials chitosan nanoparticles functionalized with photosensitizer and dexamethasone effectively reduced the clastic differentiation of Mϕ in in-vitro coculture and minimized the resorption and ankylosis in a delayed reimplantation model. These biomaterials have the potential to serve as root modification agents, promoting favorable healing outcomes in cases of dental avulsion.

Deciphering 3D periodontal fibroblast-macrophage crosstalk in bioactive nanoparticle-guided immunomodulation for treating traumatic dental avulsion

Prolonged extra-oral period in dental avulsion is often associated with loss of viability of Periodontal fibroblasts (PDLF) and increased risk of ankylosis. Root surface treatment with bioactive agents to reduce the risk of ankylosis can be a potential strategy. The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of an engineered chitosan nanoparticles (CSNP), photosensitizer Rose Bengal (RB) functionalized CSNP (CSRB) and sustained dexamethasone (CSDEX) releasing CSNP for application in management of delayed replantation of avulsed teeth. The 3D PDLF-macrophage (Mϕ) collagen model was developed and exposed to LPS, MCSF, RANKL with and without CSDEX/CSNP. Immunofluorescence and cytokine analysis was done at 2 and 7 days to assess cellular interactions. Maxillary right incisors in male Wistar rats were extracted, exposed to extraoral dry or LPS for 1 h and treated with or without CSDEX/CSRB for 1 min before replantation. Rats were euthanized after 21 days for micro-CT, TRAP, and immunofluorescence analysis. CSDEX/CSNP treatment in 3D model significantly reduced CD80, NFATc1, STAT6 and increased CD206 and periostin expression (p < 0.05). TNFα, MMP9 was downregulated and IL10, TGFβ1, MMP2 upregulated with CSDEX/CSNP (p < 0.05). CSDEX/CSRB in animal study significantly reduced resorption, ankylosis, TRAP activity and osteocalcin expression and increased periostin (p<0.05). CSDEX demonstrated higher anti-inflammatory activity by downregulating TNFα, while CSNP upregulated TGFβ1, periostin, and downregulated MMP9. The combination of matrix stabilization with CSRB with periostin upregulation and sustained releasing CSDEX showed potential for hampering root resorption and ankylosis in dental avulsion.

Storage Media for Dental Avulsion: A Literature Review

Tooth avulsion is a critical dental emergency where immediate and appropriate management is essential for the successful reimplantation of the tooth. The choice of storage medium during the extra-alveolar period significantly impacts the viability of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells, crucial for the long-term retention of the replanted tooth. This review examines various storage media proposed for avulsed teeth, assessing their pH, osmolality, and overall efficacy in maintaining PDL cell viability. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, identifying media such as Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS), milk, saline, propolis, coconut water, and more. Ideal storage media should exhibit antimicrobial properties, maintain physiological osmolality and pH, support PDL cell viability, and be readily available. HBSS is highlighted as the gold standard, with its ability to preserve PDL cells for up to 48 hours. Other effective media like milk, soy milk, and oral rehydration solutions are discussed for their accessibility and performance. Emerging media such as propolis and epigallocatechin-3-gallate show promise but require further research. This review emphasizes the importance of public awareness and accessibility to effective storage media to improve the prognosis of avulsed teeth. Keywords: Storage Media, Dental Avulsion, PDL viability.

Empowering paramedics to save teeth: a comprehensive assessment of their knowledge and skills in managing dental traumas

Aims: Dental traumas are prevalent injury types worldwide, and the time of the first intervention is crucial for a favorable prognosis. Paramedics are often the first to arrive at the scene of dental trauma. The significance of paramedics’ knowledge of dental trauma cannot be overstated, yet studies on this subject are limited. This study aims to assess the level of dental trauma knowledge among paramedics. Methods: A Google Forms link measuring dental trauma knowledge level consisting of 17 questions was sent to 1576 participants via WhatsApp. The forms were fully and consistently completed by 300 participants (19.3%). The data collected through Google Forms were imported into Microsoft Excel for statistical analysis. Statistical Analysis: The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine whether there was a difference between the categories. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to determine whether there was a difference between the categories of the qualitative variable and more than two categories in the quantitative variable since average distribution as sumptions were not met. The statistical significance level was taken as 0.05. Results: There are 300 paramedics, with 159 males and 141 females. 87% of the participants did not receive any training regarding dental trauma. According to 85.3% of paramedics, dental traumas are considered an emergency situation. The most important type of dental trauma is avulsion. Only 21.7% of paramedics knew reimplantation was possible, while 78.4% believed that a dentist should do it. Research shows that 38.4% of paramedics prefer using a sterile sponge when storing avulsed teeth, while 10.7% prefer milk. 82.7% of the paramedics reported lacking the knowledge to handle dental traumas, and 84% expressed interest in receiving training. Conclusion: The research revealed that paramedics have insufficient knowledge regarding dental trauma. Most participants stated their preference not to intervene in cases of dental trauma. They believed that a dentist or emergency physician should handle it.

Assessment of the effects of citric acid and EDTA on cell viability of cultured human periodontal ligament cells attached to simulated avulsed permanent tooth using a spectrofluorometer-An invitro study.

The delayed re-implantation of avulsed teeth results in ankylosis, followed by replacement resorption and eventual loss of the tooth within 2-4 years. To prevent tooth loss, the root surface can be etched with acid to expose the collagen fibers present in the cementum layer. This process facilitates normal reattachment and regeneration of the periodontal ligament. This in-vitro study aimed to assess the viability and number of attached cultured Human Periodontal Ligament Cells (HPLC) on the dehydrated root surface of simulated avulsed teeth treated with citric acid and EDTA solutions. Sound human permanent teeth were included in the study. The root portions of the teeth were sectioned into slices, air-dried for 1 h, and divided into the following three groups: Group A-control; Group B-Citric acid treated for 30 min; Group C-EDTA treated for 5 min. The slices were then placed in cultured HPLC. After a 24-h incubation period, the slices were visualized under the microscope and prepared for reading the viable and dead HPLC using a spectrofluorometer, as well as for counting HPLC in a Neubauer Chamber. The spectrofluorometer intensity for viable and dead HPLC showed a statistically significant difference (p = .003 and p = .002), with the mean intensity for viable HPLC greater in citric acid group (69.52 ± 74.51), followed by EDTA group (31.39 ± 9.12), and control group (-130.93 ± 30.99). The dead HPLC intensity was greater in the EDTA group (19.43 ± 47.31), followed by the citric acid group (1.28 ± 1.85), and the control group (-2.77 ± 0.76). The total number of cells in the Neubauer chamber showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001), with a higher count in the citric acid group (10.83 ± 4.08) followed by EDTA group (2.92 ± 2.92). The application of citric acid for 30 min on the dehydrated root surface of avulsed teeth demonstrated superior outcomes compared to both EDTA treatment for 5 min and the control group.

To Assess the Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Dental Trauma and Its Management among School Teachers

ABSTRACT Background: Dental traumas, particularly tooth avulsion, represent a significant dental emergency among children, frequently occurring in schools. The knowledge and immediate response of schoolteachers are crucial for the prognosis of such emergencies. Materials and Methods: This interventional study assessed the knowledge and attitudes of 248 primary school teachers in Rajasthan, India, regarding dental trauma management. Utilizing a questionnaire-based approach, the study was conducted in three phases: preintervention assessment, an informative 45-minute lecture, and a postintervention follow-up. Statistical significance was set at 5%, and the Chi-square test was employed for analysis. Results: The initial survey revealed a lack of knowledge among teachers regarding dental trauma management, with significant improvement observed in the follow-up phase post intervention. Over 90% of participants showed improved knowledge, with statistical significance (P &lt; 0.0001). Conclusion: The study highlights a notable deficiency in school teachers’ knowledge on dental trauma management initially, which significantly improved following an oral health promotion intervention. This underscores the effectiveness of educational programs in enhancing the management of dental emergencies by schoolteachers.

Odontogenesis-Empowered Extracellular Vesicles Safeguard Donor-Recipient Stem Cell Interplay to Support Tooth Regeneration.

Harnessing the developmental events of mesenchymal condensation to direct postnatal dental stem cell aggregation represents a cutting-edge and promising approach to tooth regeneration. Tooth avulsion is among the most prevalent and serious dental injuries, and odontogenic aggregates assembled by stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) have proven effective in revitalizing avulsed teeth after replantation in the clinical trial. However, whether and how SHED aggregates (SA) communicate with recipient components and promote synergistic tissue regeneration to support replanted teeth remains elusive. Here, it is shown that SA-mediated avulsed tooth regeneration involves periodontal restoration and recovery of recipient Gli1+ stem cells, which are mobilized and necessarily contribute to the reestablishment of the tooth-periodontal ligament-bone interface. Mechanistically, the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is revealed indispensable for the implanted SA to mobilize recipient Gli1+ cells and regenerate avulsed teeth. Furthermore, SHED aggregates-released EVs (SA-EVs) are featured with odontogenic properties linked to tissue regeneration, which enhance migration, proliferation, and differentiation of Gli1+ cells. Importantly, local application of SA-EVs per se empowers recipient Gli1+ cells and safeguards regeneration of avulsed teeth. Collectively, the findings establish a paradigm in which odontogenesis-featured EVs govern donor-recipient stem cell interplay to achieve tooth regeneration, inspiring cell-free translational regenerative strategies.

Assessment of Parental Awareness on the Management of Avulsed Teeth: A Survey Study

This study assessed parental awareness of avulsed tooth management among 300 participants at Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Nalgonda. Results revealed significant gaps in understanding, with only 0.66% indicating they would replant an avulsed tooth, and 87.3% disagreed that it could be replanted. Most participants were uncertain about key aspects, such as replantation and tooth storage. These findings emphasize the need for targeted educational interventions to improve parental preparedness for dental emergencies. Addressing these knowledge gaps can empower individuals to provide appropriate first aid and seek timely professional care, ultimately improving outcomes for dental trauma patients.