AVR System Research Articles

Designing the Robust Fuzzy PI and Fuzzy Type-2 PI Controllers by Metaheuristic Optimizing Algorithms for AVR System

In this paper, two robust controllers have been designed to automatically regulate the synchronous generator voltage for an extensive domain of the system parameters in a single-machine infinite bus (SMIB) framework. These two controllers are based on the fuzzy set, and the type-2 fuzzy logic plus the proportional–integral (PI) operation, respectively. The Fuzzy and Type-2 fuzzy logic decisions are independent of the system parameters which increase the system robustness against the uncertainties and disturbances, and the PI controller can eliminate the terminal voltage steady-state error. The performance of the controllers has been optimized by adjustment of the four coefficients of each controller through Artificial Bee Colony, Imperialistic Competitive Algorithm, and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Five scenarios with four different patterns for reference input and disturbances have been considered to show the competency of the designed controllers. The simulations which have been done by PSO optimization results show the higher robustness of these controlling combination against the load fluctuations, the sequence of the input voltage, and changes in the system parameters, such as the gains and time constants of the amplifier, exciter, and generator in contrast to optimized PID with metaheuristic algorithms.

Jaya optimization algorithm for transient response and stability enhancement of a fractional-order PID based automatic voltage regulator system

Considering the higher flexibility in tuning process and finer control action of the fractional-order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controller over the conventional proportional integral derivative (PID) controller, this paper explores its application in the automatic voltage regulator system. FOPID contains five tuning parameters as compared to three in the conventional PID controller. The additional tuning knobs in FOPID provide increased control flexibility and precise control action, however, their inclusion makes the tuning process more complex and tedious. Thus, the intelligence of an artificial intelligence (AI) technique called jaya optimization algorithm (JOA) is utilized in order to obtain an optimal combination of FOPID gains which further led to the optimal transient response and improved stability of the considered AVR system. To validate the performance superiority of the proposed approach its corresponding system’s dynamic response is compared with that of the other well-known AI-based approaches explored in recent literature. Furthermore, the stability study of the proposed AVR system is carried out by evaluating its pole/zero and bode maps. Finally, the robustness of the proposed optimized AVR system against the system’s parameter variation is evaluated by varying the time constants of all the four components of AVR (generator, exciter, amplifier and sensor) from −50% to +50% independently. The proposed algorithm based FOPID tuning technique provides 59.82%, 56.09%, 14.94%, 34.24%, 35.70%, 21.64%, 12.0%, 41.33%, 14.84% and 15.17% reduced overshoot than that of differential evolution (DE), particle swarm optimization (PSO), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), Bibliography Based Optimization (BBO), Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA), Pattern Search Algorithm (PSA), Improved Kidney Inspired Algorithm (IKA), Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) and Local Unimodal Sampling (LUS) algorithm respectively, thus validates its competence and effectiveness.

PID Controller Tuning using ACO Algorithm for AVR Systems

This paper features an effective technique to device the parameters of PID controllers for utilization together with an Automatic Voltage Regulator System (AVR). The quintessential goal is to acquire a good load disturbance response by minimizing the performance index/(Integral time square error). Simultaneously, the transient response is assured by limiting maximum overshoot, settling time and rise time of the step response to minimal values. For achieving these goals, optimum and quick tuning of the parameters (Kp, Ki, and Kd) is essential. In an effort to accomplish the aforementioned, the paper put forth an algorithm developed based on the Ant Colony Optimization technique (ACO) to decide optimal gains of PID controller and for getting optimal performance within an AVR system. Simulation results establish superior control response may be accomplished in comparison with methods like conventional tuning method (trial and error) and built-in genetic algorithm (GA) took-kit.e.

A Droop-Based Diesel Generator Emulator for Microgrid Frequency Control Studies

In laboratory-scale studies, researchers usually prefer to use diesel generator emulator, instead of real diesel generator due to its flexibility in parameters design. Using diesel generator emulator, the behavior of a real diesel generator is emulated by a voltage source converter with voltage and current control loops in d–q frame. In this paper, an inverter-based prototype of a simple diesel generator emulator is presented for frequency variation studies in laboratory-scale microgrids. The proposed control system includes two separated paths for frequency and voltage. In the first path, two cascaded voltage and current control loops in d–q frame are employed to regulate the voltage like AVR system. In the second path, a proposed transfer function and a P–f droop curve are used to generate the reference frequency for inverse park transformation considering the transfer functions of prim-mover, governor and synchronous machine. The real diesel generator and the diesel generator emulator are simulated in MATLAB/Simulink software and compared to investigate the proposed control system. Also the experimental results verify the performance of the implemented prototype of the proposed diesel generator emulator in AUT microgrid.

Enhanced crow search algorithm for AVR optimization

This paper proposes an enhanced crow search algorithm (ECSA) for solving numerical and real-life engineering problems. Novelties of the proposed method are fourfold: (1) addition of an archive component in the standard crow search algorithm (CSA) to incorporate past experience of finding solution (2) formulation of non-hideout position so that crow will remain near its hideout position, (3) Rechenberg’s 1/5th rule is exploited to change the flight length (instead of fixed) to speed up optimization process and (4) awareness probability is regulated to set a trade-off between local and global exploration. The performance of proposed technique is investigated on 23 benchmark functions such as unimodal, multimodal and fixed-dimension multimodal benchmark functions. The results of ECSA are compared to other state-of-the-art metaheuristic algorithms, in which ECSA outperformed other algorithms in majority of the benchmark functions. Further, to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, ECSA has been used for optimization of proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller. Results of ECSA–PID have been compared with conventional CSA as well as with other state-of-the-art techniques like Ziegler–Nichols (Z–N), Kitamori, ACO, multi-objective ACO, multi-objective GA and fuzzy and space gravitational optimization algorithm. The proposed algorithm is implemented on the AVR system and tested under various conditions for robustness. Consistency in the results on benchmark systems as well as on their variants and AVR system and its variants prove the robustness of the proposed method. Also, the performance of the proposed algorithm is found to be better than the existing techniques.

Estimacija ugla snage sinhronog generatora

In this paper a load angle estimation method of round rotor synchronous generator is presented, for load angle limiter in AVR systems design purpose. To get information of load angle, it is necessary to have values of the one terminal voltage, one phase current and q-axis reactance Xq. Mentioned values are acquired by synchronous sampling technique and processed by discrete Fourier transformation. The accuracy of presented method highly depends on quality of zero-crossing detection of the input voltage signal and on the calculation estimation of the fundamental frequency. This method is of reduced sensitivity to higher harmonics presence contence in voltages and current waveforms. Another advantage, when compared to other dq or ab based calculations estimations, is the necessity of use only two measurement channels. Drawback of described approach is lack of immunity to current asymmetry. However, a solution to overcome this problem is offered by introducing the additional measurements into the algorithm to extract the synchronous sampled direct components of all three phase currents.

Enhanced Chaotic Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm Based PID Controller for Automatic Voltage Regulator System

This work presents, the PID controller design for AVR system using Enhanced Chaotic Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (ECGOA). The system response under the different settings are studied with PID controller for stable and minimum error operation. The gain of the controller revealed from traditional methods to recent optimization algorithm. The ECGOA will be implemented for AVR system with PID controller and the performance in-terms of transient response, robustness, stability and error is compared with existing optimization algorithm. The ECGOA based PID controller provides good response and examined upto ±50% of variation in several component of AVR system.

Optimal FOPID/PID controller parameters tuning for the AVR system based on sine–cosine-algorithm

To enhance the controller performance, an advanced sine–cosine-algorithm (SCA) is employed for Fractional order PID (FOPID) controller tuning in this paper. The SCA-FOPID controller is based on model-based controller design method of physical systems to get better performance. The FOPID controller is designed by SCA optimization technique using the time domain objective function for AVR system. The SCA technique is responsible to optimize five parameters of FOPID controller based on minimum value of objective function of the controller design. The proposed SCA-FOPID controller is design at a global optimum of objective function is acheived. Then, the AVR system has good regulation of terminal voltage at the output to meet desired performance. The proposed method has a good reference tracking ability and frequency responses. This method is compared with the PID and FOPID controller designs of AVR system in the recent years, the proposed SCA-FOPID controller gives an excellent performance from the extensive simulations studies.

Performance of coordinated interline power flow controller and power system stabilizer in combined multiarea restructured ALFC and AVR system

Performance of coordinated interline power flow controller and power system stabilizer in combined multiarea restructured ALFC and AVR system

A particle swarm optimization, fuzzy PID controller with generator automatic voltage regulator

The role of an intelligent control system with a certain stage of autonomy is prerequisite for effective operation. We designed a particle swarm optimization, fuzzy proportional integral derivative (PSOFPID) controller using MATLAB for a set point voltage and frequency. The projected controller intended to ease the frequency and the terminal potential difference constantly under any operating conditions and loads which can be attained in the wanted range via the rule of the generation system. PSOFPID used to carry out the AVR system auctions main voltage control. The existing algorithm was based on particle swarm optimization (PSO), and Sugeno fuzzy logic (SFL). It required optimal tuning for thematic factory operation of the generation system. The newly developed controller combined the PSO and fuzzy logic control (FLC) to determine the optimal PID controller of generator parameters in the AVR system. The PSOFPID controller was used as a hybrid full control system for the voltage and frequency. Optimal PID gains obtained by a combined PSO and SFL for various operating conditions of PSO (β and know about birds’ no.) were employed to develop the principle subject of the Sugeno fuzzy system. The hybrid controller arranged the control signal based on communication and thereby decreases the voltage error and the swaying in the terminal voltage and frequency control process. An outstanding potential and frequency control presentation was achieved when the projected hybrid controller was broken on the AVR system in synchronous generator to improve the transient response.

AVR System Optimization through Optimum Design of PID Controller

AVR System Optimization through Optimum Design of PID Controller

A Multi-Objective Model Predictive Controller for Power Oscillation Damping and Voltage Control in Power System

Abstract This paper proposes a multi-objective model predictive control (MO-MPC) strategy for power oscillation damping (POD) and voltage control in a coordinating manner. In the objective function, a time-varying weight is imposed on the objective function to accommodate the continuous changes of the power system dynamics. With online-optimization, the MO-MPC searches for coordinated control actions to different AVR system and SVC in power system. In simulation tests, two single-objective MPC (SO-MPC) strategy are compared to the MO-MPC. The results demonstrate that, for different faults, the MO-MPC is capable of handling both oscillation and voltage drop problem. However, the control performance of each SO-MPC scenario is restricted. Moreover, the feasibility of implementing the proposed MO-MPC in realtime power system control is evaluated. The innovative “publisher-subscriber” framework is proposed as the communication architecture. Furthermore, the run time of MPC optimizer routine is also timed and it is in a feasible range for high-speed control.

PSO-Based PID Controller for AVR Systems Concerned with Design Specification

PSO-Based PID Controller for AVR Systems Concerned with Design Specification

Performance of coordinated FACTS and energy storage devices in combined multiarea ALFC and AVR system

This paper emphasizes the impact of a coordinated flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) and energy storage devices in the combined automatic load frequency control and automatic voltage regulator model of a multiarea system having reheat thermal, wind, solar thermal, and diesel units in each area. The generation rate constraints and the governor dead band for the thermal plant are considered. A fractional integral derivative controller with filter (FOIDF) is proposed for this model, and the lightning search algorithm is implemented to optimize the controller parameters. The comparative analysis of FOIDF with integer order controllers shows the superiority of the former to others. The system performance with different area capacity ratios demonstrates the significant effect of the same on the system dynamics. Analyses reflect the satisfactory performance of the proposed renewable integrated system with a drastic change in step load perturbation. Investigation of the integration of FACTS devices like a thyristor controlled series capacitor, a static synchronous series compensator, and an interline power flow controller (IPFC) indicates that the inclusion of FACTS devices improves the system dynamics and IPFC is better among these. Analysis of the effect of energy storage devices such as capacitive energy storage (CES) and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) in coordination with IPFC reveals that energy storage devices along with FACTS enhance the system responses and IPFC-SMES is much better than IPFC-CES. The investigation indicates that IPFC inbetween Area1 and Area3 and SMES in Area1 are the optimal locations. Sensitivity analysis reflects that the proposed controller parameters are not required to be optimized again for changing system conditions.

Robustness Study of Fractional Order PID Controller Optimized by Particle Swarm Optimization in AVR System

<p>In this paper a novel design method for determining fractional order PID (PI<sup>λ</sup>D<sup>µ</sup>) controller parameters of an AVR system using particle swarm optimization algorithm is presented. This paper presents how to employ the particle swarm optimization to seek efficiently the optimal parameters of PI<sup>λ</sup>D<sup>µ</sup> controller. The robustness study is made for this controller against parameter variation of AVR system. This work has been simulated in MATLAB environment with FOMCON (Fractional Order Modeling and Control) tool box.The proposed PSOPI<sup>λ</sup>D<sup>µ</sup> controller has superior performance and robust compared to GA tuned PI<sup>λ</sup>D<sup>µ</sup> controller. The results are also compared with PSO tuned PID controller.</p>

Performance Analysis of Controllers For AGC And AVR in Two Area System

This paper presents performance analysis of different type of conventional and intelligent controllers for AGC and AVR system. The purpose of AGC controller is used to maintain zero steady state error in frequency deviation. The role of AVR is to hold terminal voltage magnitude of the generator at a preset value. In this paper, simulation of AGC and AVR has been carried out using PID, IMC , FLC and FLC-IMC in MATLAB environment and the simulation results have been presented. Also, a comparative analysis of different conventional and intelligent controllers has been done. The designed controller effectively reduces the frequency deviation and regulates terminal voltage of synchronous generator to a desired value.

A New Meta-Heuristic Optimization Algorithm Inspired by FIFA World Cup Competitions: Theory and Its Application in PID Designing for AVR System

This paper presents a new optimization algorithm based on human society’s intelligent contests. FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition competed by the senior men’s national teams. This contest is one of the most significant competitions among the humans in which people/teams try hard to overcome the others to earn the victory. In this competition there is only one winner which has the best position rather than the others. This paper introduces a new technique for optimization of mathematic functions based on FIFA World Cup competitions. The main difficulty of the optimization problems is that each type of them can be interpreted in a specific manner. World Cup Optimization (WCO) algorithm has a number of parameters to solve any type of problems due to defined parameters. For analyzing the system performance, it is applied on some benchmark functions. It is also applied on an optimal control problem as a practical case study to find the optimal parameters of PID controller with considering to the nominal operating points $$(K_{g}$$ , $$T_{g})$$ changes of the AVR system. The main objective of the proposed system is to minimize the steady-state error and also to improve the transient response of the AVR system by optimal PID controller. Optimal values of the PID controller which are achieved by WCO algorithm are then compared with particle swarm optimization and imperialist competitive algorithm in different situations. Finally for illustrating the system capability against the disturbance, it is applied on a generator with disturbance on it and the results are compared by the other algorithms. The simulation results show the excellence of WCO algorithm performance into the nature base and other competitive algorithms.

AVR의 응답속도개선을 위한 제어기법에 관한 연구

Method for regulating voltage using a generator voltage regulating device (AVR) is divided in an existing analog system and a digital replacement. Typically, to adjust the voltage by using a brushless excitation system of the type to be reduced for a voltage change under all. The control method of the AVR as a PID (proportional-integral-differential) control method is widely used. However, the control scheme is to reduce the transient response of the control parameters of the controller to the control object. Therefore, if the control target should change, there is a problem, reset the parameters of the controller again. In this study, without having to reset the parameters of the controller for the parameter variations to be controlled iPID (intelligent PID) using a controller designed to obtain a generator AVR system voltage variation is small in response to full load is applied to and through simulations and experiments improved transient response.

Design of fractional order PID controller for automatic regulator voltage system based on multi-objective extremal optimization

Design of an effective and efficient fractional order PID (FOPID) controller, as a generalization of a standard PID controller based on fractional order calculus, for an industrial control system to obtain high-quality performances is of great theoretical and practical significance. From the perspective of multi-objective optimization, this paper presents a novel FOPID controller design method based on an improved multi-objective extremal optimization (MOEO) algorithm for an automatic regulator voltage (AVR) system. The problem of designing FOPID controller for AVR is firstly formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem with three objective functions including minimization of integral of absolute error (IAE), absolute steady-state error, and settling time. Then, an improved MOEO algorithm is proposed to solve this problem by adopting individual-based iterated optimization mechanism and polynomial mutation (PLM). From the perspective of algorithm design, the proposed MOEO algorithm is relatively simpler than NSGA-II and single-objective evolutionary algorithms, such as genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), chaotic anti swarm (CAS) due to its fewer adjustable parameters. Furthermore, the superiority of proposed MOEO-FOPID controller to NSGA-II-based FOPID, single-objective evolutionary algorithms-based FOPID controllers, MOEO-based and NSGA-II-based PID controllers is demonstrated by extensive experimental results on an AVR system in terms of accuracy and robustness.

Combination of Continuous Action Reinforcement Learning Automata & PSO to Design a PID Controller for AVR System

Combination of Continuous Action Reinforcement Learning Automata & PSO to Design a PID Controller for AVR System