Avoidance Of Error Research Articles

Husserl: Psychological Epoché and Pure Psychology

Abstract The experience error is the fallacy of attributing to our experience of a thing what we know to be true of that thing from an objective point of view. This paper argues that the “method of purification” advocated by Edmund Husserl for psychology is nothing other than avoidance of the experience error. The purity of psychology is not philosophical (transcendental) purity. Psychology remains in the natural attitude; it is pure if it is true to the subjective, psychical, genuinely lived content of experience and thus is purely descriptive. But that is easier said than done. Due to the dominance of the modern scientific outlook, the experience error is so insidious that, as the paper argues in a final section, Husserl himself was not immune to it.

Investigation of the Relationship Between Nursing Students’ Teamwork Aptitude and Their Avoidance of Medical Error in Surgical Patient Care

Objective: Impaired teamwork between healthcare professionals in the surgical patient care is considered to be one of the major causes of medical errors in perioperative process. However, scientific data on the relationship between teamwork aptitude and ability to avoid medical error in surgical patient care is limited. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between student nurses' teamwork aptitude and their ability to avoid medical errors in the care of surgical patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 492 nursing students. They were surveyed using the teamwork aptitude scale and a researcher-designed instrument to assess avoidance of medical errors in surgical care. Correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between teamwork aptitude and medical error prevention. To identify significant predictors associated with medical error avoidance, multiple linear regression analysis was used. Results: There was a significant relationship between teamwork aptitude and avoidance of medical errors (r=0.332, p<0.001). Teamwork aptitude (β=0.309, p<0.001), gender (β=0.091, p=0.030) and reason for choosing nursing (β=0.142, p=0.001) were found to significantly predict the level of avoidance of medical errors in surgical patient care. Conclusions: The development of teamwork skills in nursing students as part of the educational process can contribute to a reduction in medical errors in perioperative process and thus an increase in the quality of surgical patient care.

The thawing process in gentamicin and polyethylene glycol hydrogel: The impact of selected parameters on the calculation of activation energy using the methods of Belichmaer and Duswalt

AbstractThe subject of the research conducted by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was hydrated mixtures of polyethylene glycol and gentamicin (GEN) in a 1:1 (w/w) ratio. In this way, a system with a particularly high ability to form hydrogen bonds was created. It was postulated that studying the effective activation energy (EA) of the thawing process of diverse hydrated polymer mixtures will indirectly allow for an attempt to assess the distribution of water molecules in the examined material in future studies. This article presents a detailed analysis of the impact of selected parameters on the calculation of EA using the Belichmaer and Duswalt methods. The research focused on assessing how the interpolation method affects the accuracy of results obtained from these techniques. The interpolation method was analyzed in terms of its ability to accurately replicate experimental data. By evaluating the impact of the number of points from the DSC curve used in linear interpolation, a standard deviation from the average value of EA was obtained, respectively: 2.4% for the Belichmaer method and 1.9% for the Duswalt method. The article also shows that by using both methods simultaneously, it is possible to detect the moment when additional endothermic and exothermic reaction activity becomes present in the reaction curve. This allowed for the avoidance of the depletion error. Computer modeling and simulations were used to compare the effectiveness of both techniques in various scenarios. The results showed that the choice of interpolation method and taking into account the depletion error significantly affect the accuracy of calculating EA. The computed activation energy via Duswalt method was EA = 363.32 kJ mol−1 with a standard deviation of 7.07 kJ mol−1 and using the Belichmaer method the EA was 364.81 kJ mol−1, with a standard deviation of 9.10 kJ mol−1.

Expert laparoscopist performance on virtual reality simulation tasks with and without haptic features.

Virtual reality (VR) simulation for laparoscopic training is available with and without haptic feedback features. Currently, there is limited data on haptic feedback's effect on skill development. Our objective is to compare expert laparoscopists' skills characteristics using VR delivered laparoscopic tasks via haptic and nonhaptic laparoscopic surgical interfaces. Five expert laparoscopists performed seven skills tasks on two laparoscopic simulators, one with and one without haptic features. Tasks consisted of 2-handed instrument navigation, retraction and exposure, cutting, electrosurgery, and complicated object positioning. Laparoscopists alternated platforms at default difficulty settings. Metrics included time, economy of movement, completed task elements, and errors. Progressive change in performance for the final three iterations were determined by repeated measures ANOVA. Iteration quartile means were determined and compared using paired t-tests. No change in performance was noted in the last three iterations for any metric. There were no significant differences between platforms on the final two quartiles for most metrics except avoidance of over-stretch error for retraction; and cutting task was significantly better with haptics on all iteration quartiles (p < 0.03). Economy of movement was significantly better with haptics for both hands for clip application (p < 0.01) and better for right hand on complex object positioning (p < 0.05). Accuracy was better with haptics for retraction and cutting (p < 0.05) and clip application (p < 0.05). Results showed higher performance in accuracy, efficient instrument motion, and avoidance of excessive traction force on selected tasks performed on VR simulator with haptic feedback compared to those performed without haptics feedback. Laparoscopic surgeons interpreted machine-generated haptic cues appropriately and resulted in better performance with VR task requirements. However, our results do not demonstrate an advantage in skills acquisition, which requires additional study.

LIMITS OF REMAND POWER IN THE LIGHT OF ONE JUDGEMENT OF THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA

Article 412 of Civil Procedure Code of Georgia deals with remand power of cases to lower court and is one of the most central norms in the context of right to a fair trial. On the one hand, fair use of the mentioned norm by courts, ensures the avoidance of judicial error as well as chance of rendering wrong/unreasonable decision and increases the possibility of delivering a correct/reasoned decision to the party, all abovementioned is important component of a right to a fair trial. On the other hand, heavy caseloads could trigger improper use of article 412 in practice, that can lead to undue delay or belated justice, that is also covered by the right to a fair trial. This article is dedicated to a case study of Judgment No.758-2019 of the Supreme Court of Georgia, under which the limits of the remand power will be discusse

ENSAIO SOBRE UM PONTO DE VISTA EPISTÊMICO NÃO INDIVIDUALISTA ACERCA DA REFLEXÃO

ABSTRACT This essay aims to motivate an epistemic non-individualistic conception of reflection. The proposal is non-individualistic because (a) it addresses more than individual metacognitive performance and (b) it refers to a situation in which two or more people are in dialogical disagreement about the same subject matter or target proposition; (c) their dispute is based on conversational space and they are entitled to expect one another to be engaged in attempts at truth, avoidance of error, and understanding. I call this proposal a Dialectical account of Reflection (DaR). According to (DaR), reflection is a conscious and intentional intellectual operation through which an individual becomes aware of the contents of disputed beliefs in a dialogical or interpersonal exchange, involving both her own beliefs and the beliefs of her interlocutors. In (DaR), reflection produces the epistemic good of avoiding epistemic vices and promoting epistemic moderation.

The Level of Universities Students’ Test Wiseness in Jordan during Distance Learning in Light of Some Variables

This study aimed to determine the level of students’ test wiseness during remote learning. The study sample included (391) students from Amman Arab University. A scale consisting of (28) items was deployed to the participants after assuring its validity and reliability. The results showed a high level of students’ test wiseness. Moreover, there were no statistically significant differences at ( α = 0.05 ) between the arithmetic means of the total degree of test wiseness attributed to the study variables, while there were statistically significant differences at ( α = 0.05 ) between the means of the dimension “Using of Time” on favor of male students. In addition, the findings elucidated that there were statistically significant differences at ( α = 0.05 ) between the arithmetic means of the dimension “Avoidance of Error” attributed to faculty in favor of the humanities faculties. Finally, the results showed statistically significant differences at ( α = 0.05 ) between the arithmetic means of the dimension “Deductive Thinking” attributed to the academic program in favor of master and bachelor students.

Robust Formation Control for Multi-Agent Systems: A Reference Correction Based Approach

In this paper, the problem of formation control is studied for second-order multi-agent systems with practical issues like mismatched uncertainties and obstacle avoidance. A reference correction algorithm based sliding mode control scheme is proposed to ensure the boundedness of each agent's position tracking error. Both disturbance observer and artificial potential field are implemented to first tackle the problem of obstacle avoidance with the existence of mismatched uncertainties. The unreachable reference scenarios are then defined to describe the passive correcting behaviours of the multi-agent system when agents are trying to avoid obstacles. A distributed reference correction algorithm is developed for each agent to attenuate the harmful effects of passive correcting behaviours. The effectiveness of obstacle avoidance and boundedness of position tracking error are both verified by Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, multi-robot system based numerical simulations and comparisons are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and controller.

Surgical “error traps” of open posterior component separation—transversus abdominis release

Past techniques for the repair of complex incisional hernias have been met with unacceptably high recurrence rates and postoperative complications. The transversus abdominis release (TAR) is a versatile and durable solution gaining popularity amongst both abdominal wall specialists and general surgeons. However, several preoperative factors and specific intraoperative pitfalls can have a major impact on patient outcomes. The authors review the current literature and draw upon their own practice experience to highlight key preoperative and perioperative steps for avoiding common pitfalls or "error traps" often performed by a surgeon new to this surgical technique. We discuss preoperative factors that influence the outcomes of patients undergoing incisional hernia repair. We show how a TAR that preserves the neurovascular bundles supplying the rectus complex and dissection in the correct plane prevents the formation of new, challenging unintended hernia defects and provides for wide prosthetic overlap offering the patient a sustainable repair. Lastly, we highlight key postoperative factors that affect a patient's recovery. Avoidance of surgical error traps combined with technique mastery can lead to the successful repair of challenging abdominal wall defects using the TAR approach.

ДОКАЗУВАННЯ В АПЕЛЯЦІЙНОМУ СУДІ (ІСТОРИЧНИЙ ЕКСКУРС)

Метою статті є історичний аналіз існування апеляційного перегляду рішень суду першої інстанції на території України в різні історичні періоди в аспекті доказування та побудова на підставі цього можливостей удосконалення цього інституту в сучасних умовах. Дослідження присвячено аналізу в історичному ракурсі інституту апеляційного перегляду рішень суду першої інстанції. Викладаються основні положення розвитку апеляції на території України. Зазначається, що інститут апеляційного перегляду був притаманний українським землям здавна, а інститут касації як друга інстанція був тимчасовим явищем. Аналізуються особливості доказування, що зумовлені саме цією стадією судочинства. З’ясовано, що справедливість судового рішення неможлива без реалізації права зацікавленої особи на його перевірку іншим складом суду. Причому таким складом суду, який є колегіальним, незалежним від суду, що постановляв оскаржуване рішення, та який без відправлення справи в той самий суд може сам скасувати попереднє рішення і, дослідивши необхідні обставини справи, постановити своє, остаточне. Такий порядок перевірки судових рішень прийнято називати апеляційним. Через свою надійність він притаманний більшості країн світу і служить додатковою гарантією дотримання прав людини та уникнення судової помилки. Наголошено, що подання апеляційної скарги чи протесту призупиняло виконання вироку, але тільки в тій його частині, яка була оскаржена. Проти скарги, поданої однією стороною, інша сторона могла подати свої заперечення чи пояснення обов’язковому члену мирового з’їзду (якщо справа розглядалася мировим суддею) і в судову палату (при оскарженні рішень загальних судових ухвал), куди передавалась і сама справа для апеляційного розгляду. Зроблено висновок, що загальним для процесу доказування в апеляційному порядку є те, що положення, які не досліджувалися в суді першої інстанції, не переглядаються, за винятком тих, де учасники заявляли про це клопотання під час попереднього розгляду місцевим судом, або вони стали відомі після ухвалення судового рішення, а також процес доказування обмежується апеляційни-ми вимогами (хоча історично були і моменти повного перегляду).

The Proper Work of the Intellect

AbstractThere is a familiar teleological picture of epistemic normativity on which it is grounded in the goal or good of belief, which is taken in turn to be the acquisition of truth and the avoidance of error. There is also a widespread platitude to the effect that this is at heart two distinct goals in tension with one another. The teleological picture faces numerous challenges, but one of the most interesting is an argument that rests on this platitude. This paper looks more closely at the standard way of understanding the truth goal, drawing out its explicit and implicit features. The aim will be to show that the standard way the truth goal is understood is deeply mistaken, to propose and defend an alternative model, and to show how this alternative model restores the unity of the goal and its potential to ground and explain the normative dimensions of belief.

IoT-Based Implementation of Field Area Network Using Smart Grid Communication Infrastructure

A power grid is a network that carries electrical energy from power plants to customer premises. One existing power grid is going through a massive and revolutionary transformation process. It is envisioned to achieve the true meaning of technology as “technology for all.” Smart grid technology is an inventive and futuristic approach for improvement in existing power grids. Amalgamation of existing electrical infrastructure with information and communication network is an inevitable requirement of smart grid deployment and operation. The key characteristics of smart grid technology are full duplex communication, advanced metering infrastructure, integration of renewable and alternative energy resources, distribution automation and absolute monitoring, and control of the entire power grid. Smart grid communication infrastructure consists of heterogeneous and hierarchical communication networks. Various layers of smart grid deployment involve diverse sets of wired and wireless communication standards. Application of smart grids can be realized in the facets of energy utilization. Smart grid communication architecture can be used to explore intelligent agriculture applications for the proficient nurturing of various crops. The utilization, monitoring, and control of various renewable energy resources are the most prominent features of smart grid infrastructure for agriculture applications. This paper describes an implementation of an IoT-based wireless energy management system and the monitoring of weather parameters using a smart grid communication infrastructure. A graphical user interface and dedicated website was developed for real-time execution of the developed prototype. The prototype described in this paper covers a pervasive communication infrastructure for field area networks. The design was validated by testing the developed prototype. For practical implementation of the monitoring of the field area network, multiple sensors units were placed for data collection for better accuracy and the avoidance of estimation error. The developed design uses one sensor and tested it for IoT applications. The prototype was validated for local and wide area networks. Most of the present literature depicts a design of various systems using protocols such as IEEE 802.15.1 and IEEE 802.15.4, which either provide restricted access in terms of area or have lower data rates. The protocols used in developed system such as IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.3 provide ubiquitous coverage as well as high data rates. These are well-established and proven protocols for Internet applications and data communication but less explored for smart grid applications. The work depicted in this paper provides a solution for all three smart grid hierarchical networks such as home/field area networks, neighborhood area networks, and wide area networks using prototype development and testing. It lays a foundation for actual network design and implementation. The designed system can be extended for multiple sensor nodes for practical implementation in field area networks for better accuracy and in the case of node failure.

Damage Identification for Underground Structure Based on Frequency Response Function.

Damage identification that is based on modal analysis is widely used in traditional structural damage identification. However, modal analysis is difficult in high damping structures and modal concentrated structures. Unlike approaches based on modal analysis, damage identification based on the frequency response function allows for the avoidance of error and easy verification through other test points. An updating algorithm is devised is this study by utilizing the frequency response function together with the dynamic reduction with respect to the selected design parameters. Numerical results indicate that the method can be used to define multiple parameters with large variation and incomplete measurement data and is robust against measurement noise. With the purpose of avoiding the occurrence of resonance and gaining additional information, the trial and error method has been used to choose a proper frequency. Furthermore, an experimental scale model in a soil box is subjected to the excitation of moving load to validate the effectiveness of the damage identification approach. The improved damage identification method for underground structures, which is based on the analysis of the frequency response function, can be adopted as an efficient and functional damage identification tool.

Introduction to Myths & Methodologies series.

Podcast available at: http://www.yada-yada.co.uk/wiley/ExperimentalPhysiology/audio/Mike_Mnm_Aug17.mp3.

THE FLEXIBILITY RULE IN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

AbstractAdministrative officials are permitted to have policies as to the exercise of their discretionary powers, but those policies must be flexible, not rigid. The “flexibility rule”, as I call it here, is nearly a century old. Over time, it has become part of the furniture of judicial review: often used, rarely examined. That neglect has led to confusion, on display in recent cases. In this article I try to put the flexibility rule back on a sound footing. I argue, first, that the flexibility rule requires authorities to treat policies merely as rules of thumb. Second, the primary justification for the flexibility rule is neither legislative intent (as courts have said), nor the avoidance of error (as commentators tend to assume); it is the value of participation. Third, and as a result, the flexibility rule ought to apply to policies governing the use of prerogative and other non-statutory powers, as well as to policies governing the use of statutory powers.

Implementation of NAP4 emergency airway management recommendations in a quaternary-level pediatric hospital.

Emergency airway management, particularly outside of the operating room, is associated with a high incidence of life-threatening adverse events. Based on the recommendations of the 4th National Audit Project, we aimed to develop hospital-wide systems changes to improve the safety of emergency airway management. We describe a framework for governance in the form of a hospital airway special interest group. We describe the development and implementation of the following systems changes: 1. A local intubation algorithm modified from the Difficult Airway Society's plan A-B-C-D approach, including clear pathways for airway escalation, and emphasizing the concepts of resuscitation prior to intubation, planning for failure, and avoidance of fixation error. 2. Simplified and standardized airway equipment located in identical airway carts in all critical care areas. 3. A preintubation checklist and equipment template to standardize preparation for airway management. 4. Availability of continuous waveform endtidal capnography in all critical care areas for confirmation of correct endotracheal tube placement. 5. Multidisciplinary team training to address the technical and nontechnical aspects of nonoperating room intubation. In addition, we describe methodology for ongoing monitoring of performance through a quality assurance framework. In conclusion, changes in the process of emergency airway management at a hospital level are feasible through collaboration. Their impact on patient-based outcomes requires further study.

System dynamics approach for modelling the variation of organizational factors for risk control in automatic metro

The automatic metro inspires a new way of thinking about the development of urban transportation systems, specifically how the overall system completes the automatic functions. The insights into the potential correlation between safety and system variation are crucial for safe and effective operation management in the automatic metro. Thus, this paper propose a system dynamics (SD)-based model to construct the operational feedback mechanisms of the automatic metro through investigation, interview, and empirical analysis of the Beijing and Shanghai metro systems, covering the aspects of organization resource assignment, organizational experience and avoidance of driver error. From the model, the variation trend of the dynamic processes can be used to analyse the key elements or variables over time. Three key factors (the safety policy, delay time for organizational experience, and resource assignment coefficient), are identified to evaluate the crucial linkage between safety and variation over time. The changing trend of system risk influenced by the combination of these three factors is further analysed to demonstrate how the functionalities of organization should be synchronized with the transformation of different grades of automation. The paper specifies an explicit framework that recognizes the relationships among the automation degree, organization policy and system risk at the macro level and comprehensively reveals the adaptation process of organization corresponding to the revolution process of the automation degree of the metro.

The Flexibility Rule in Administrative Law

Administrative officials are permitted to have policies as to the exercise of their discretionary powers, but those policies must be flexible, not rigid. The “flexibility rule”, as I call it here, is nearly a century old. Over time, it has become part of the furniture of judicial review: often used, rarely examined. That neglect has led to confusion, on display most recently in R (Sandiford) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, in which the Supreme Court appeared to misunderstand key aspects of the flexibility rule. In this article I try to put the flexibility rule back on a sound footing. I argue, first, that the flexibility rule requires authorities to treat policies merely as rules of thumb. Second, the primary justification for the flexibility rule is neither legislative intent (as claimed in Sandiford), nor the avoidance of error (as commentators tend to assume); it is the value of participation. Third, and as a result, the flexibility rule ought to apply to policies governing the use of prerogative and other non-statutory powers (again contra Sandiford), as well as to policies governing the use of statutory powers.

Software Reliability Testing Tools: An Overview and Comparison

Software reliability has been regarded as major quality attribute and still there are very few available standardized tools. Software reliability is such a significant factor in finalizing the overall quality of software, thus it must be estimated. In this paper we will discuss various software reliability metrics. A well designed metrics can helps in detection and correction of requirement faults that will guide in avoidance of error in later stage of software development. A software reliability growth model is one of the basic techniques used to evaluate the software reliability quantitatively. The software growth model is required to have a significant performance in term of goodness of fit, reliability etc. In this paper we will summarize some existing software reliability tools such as CASRE, SMERFS, SOFTREL, SOREL etc. Overall the paper will provide various ways to enhance software reliability. 1. Software Reliability: It is believed that software is always correct and once it runs correctly it will be work rightly forever this gave rise to the idea of Software Reliability. According to ANSI, ―Software Reliability is defined as the probability of software operation that is failure-free for a particular period of time in a particular environment. The probability of failure-free software operation for a specified period of time in a specified environment is known as Software reliability. In highly complex modern software systems, reliability is most significant feature. Software Reliability reduces software failures during the development of software and software quality control in the complex modern software systems. Software reliability can also be defined for software as the probability of carrying out without failures for some specific interval of time. A fault is a defect that causes or can potentially cause the failure of software when it is executed (3). Unpredictability of any software comes due to the failures or occurrence of faults in the system. As software does not exhaust or deteriorate, as a mechanical or an electronic system does, the changeability of software is mainly due to bugs or design faults in it. Reliability is a probabilistic measure that believes that the incidence of failure of software is a random phenomenon.

Increased Awareness for Maritime Human Factors through e-learning in Crew-centered Design

In the past two decades, the need to address human factors in shipping through integration of ergonomics in the design of ships and shipboard equipment has increased significantly as a result of the technological development of modern ships. The International Maritime Organization (IMO), the United Nations’ specialized organization for ship safety issues, has adopted a vision to address human factors as a key element for the improvement of maritime safety, and in that context acknowledges the human element as complex and multi-dimensional. IMO's standards focus on the avoidance of human and organization error. But in spite of this, and despite the availability of qualified guidance on maritime human factors, there is little evidence of what could be seen as a comprehensive regulatory framework for crew-centered design, i.e. a design practice where ships and ships’ equipment is explicitly designed with human operator usability as an integral part of the design process. Recently, a European Commission sponsored project CyClaDes has made an attempt to address this paradox from a number of vantage points: An accident analysis, interviews with mariners (n=23), and short visits on board 5 vessels have been conducted to identify knowledge that provides insights into crew involvement in design, which, in turn, have been used to develop five training packages as one outcome of the project.