Avocado Extract Research Articles

Synthesis of Persea americana extract based hybrid nanoflowers as a new strategy to enhance hyaluronidase and gelatinase inhibitory activity and the evaluation of their toxicity potential

This study aimed to evaluate the hyaluronidase and gelatinase inhibitory activities and toxicity potentials of Persea americana Mill. extract and its synthesized hybrid nanoflowers. In the first part of the study, characterization of the nanoflower structures was carried out and then, enzyme inhibitory activities of the methanol extract and hybrid nanoflowers were investigated. It was determined that the enzyme inhibitory activity of both nanoflowers was higher than the methanol extract. Zinc nanoflower was more effective in hyaluronidase enzyme inhibition, while copper nanoflower showed higher inhibitory activity on gelatinase enzyme. In the second part of the study, toxicological profiles of these compounds were investigated. Toxicological evaluations demonstrated that zinc nanoflower may be a safer therapeutic alternative than the copper nanoflower, especially at high concentrations. All these data appear to contribute to the development of effective new generation preparations including nanoflowers for skin problems using Persea americana leaves extract and its nanostructures.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Avocado Pear Peel (Persea americana) Extract

This study evaluated the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity in Persea americana peel it also assessed the efficiency of Persea americana peel (Avocado Pear fruit peel) waste in different in vitro activities in order to explore the possibility of utilizing waste as a value-added product in various applications.. Quantitative phytochemical analysis was performed. Quantitative phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids (56.5063 ug/ml), flavonoids (245.6875 ug/ml), phenols (15.65 ug/ml), tannins (27.03 ug/ml) phytate (9.68 ug/ml), oxalate (13.65%), saponin (22.73 ug/ml). For antioxidant activity, the peels of fruit sample of Persea americana were prepared in ethanol solution. The vitamin content of the peel extract was assayed using calorimetric and titration methods while the antioxidant enzyme assay was determined by spectrophotometric method. The antioxidant enzyme assay was also determined for catalase, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase. The Vitamins A, C and E were found to be present, with Vitamin A being the highest in concentration. Copper, Zinc, Iron and manganese were also present in the peel extract. The result from this study indicates that the peel extract of Persea americana possess antioxidant properties and could serve as free radical scavenger or inhibitor.

Persea americana Mill.: As a potent quorum sensing inhibitor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 virulence

The emergence of bacteria resistant to conventional antibiotics and the inability of these antibiotics to treat bacterial biofilm-induced infections cause millions of deaths every year. This situation has prompted scientists to develop alternative strategies to combat infectious diseases. Among these, researches on phytochemicals to reduce bacterial virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa have gained momentum in recent years. The main reasons behind this are the production of virulence factors and biofilm formation, all of which are under the control of quorum sensing (QS) system. Hence, inhibition of the QS pathways is an eligible strategy for the control of microbial pathogenesis. For the first time in the present study, the methanolic seed extract of avocado was evaluated for its anti-QS activity against P. aeruginosa PAO1. The results of the experiments carried out proved that the extract has inhibitory activity on the regulation of virulence and biofilm formation. Phytochemical analysis resulted in the identification of epicatechin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, vanillin, ferulic acid in the extract. Then, the mechanism of action for the extract was investigated through molecular docking. Docking outcomes demonstrated that the major components, catechin, epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, could bind to the receptors of QS competitively. Hence, the mode of action for the extract might be through the inhibition of the QS. Considering the computational analysis results and the literature, it is thought that the anti-QS activity of the extract prepared from avocado seeds may be related to the synergistic effect of the phytochemicals it contains.

Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Alpukat (Persea americana Mill) Terhadap Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Infectious disease is a serious health problem in the world of health. Escherichia coli causes diarrhea, Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes nosocomial infections which are Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Treatment with antibiotics is the therapy that is currently used, but other efforts in the use of herbal medicines are also being carried out in various studies. The purpose of this study was to analyze the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill.) against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The method used is agar diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) with variations in the concentration of the test solution. The results showed that at a concentration of 500 mg/mL the three bacteria had an inhibition zone diameter of Escherichia coli with a value of 12.37±0.15 mm, Salmonella typhi with a value of 11.60±0.20 mm and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a value of 10.87±0.15 mm. The ethanol extract of avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill.) showed antibacterial activity against three Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria.

Protective effects of Persea americana fruit and seed extracts against chemically induced liver cancer in rats by enhancing their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and apoptotic activities

This study aims to explore the chemopreventive mechanisms of hydroethanolic extracts from avocado (Persea Americana) in diethylnitrosamine (DEN)/2-acetylaminofluorene (2AAF)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Chemical induction of hepatocarcinogenesis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of DEN at 150 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) twice a week for a fortnight, followed by oral administration of 2AAF at 20 mg/kg b.w. four times a week for 3 weeks. Rats administered DEN/2AAF were orally treated with hydroethanolic extracts of avocado fruits and seeds at a dose of 50 mg/kg b.w. every other day for 20 weeks. Moreover, rats administered DEN/2AAF and treated with avocado extracts revealed a marked decrease in liver enzyme activities, total bilirubin levels, and elevated liver tumor markers, but revealed an increase in total protein and albumin levels. The hepatocytes with hyperchromatic and bile duct cystadenoma observed in the liver of rats administered DEN/2AAF were reduced due to treatment with avocado extracts. Furthermore, the treatments prevented the elevation of lipid peroxidation levels and ameliorated the lowered glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase activities, and glutathione content in the liver tissues. Also, antigen Ki-67, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B expression levels were decreased, but of the suppressor proteins p53 and BAX levels were increased in the liver of rats administered DEN/2AAF and treated with avocado extracts. In conclusion, the current results demonstrated that avocado extracts could abate hepatocarcinogenesis in rats administered DEN/2AAF through activation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and apoptotic properties.

FORMULASI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN ALPUKAT (Persea americana Mill) DAN DAUN SIRIH (Piper betle) SEBAGAI REPELLANT (ANTI NYAMUK) BERBENTUK MAT ELEKTRIK TERHADAP NYAMUK Aedes aegypti

The epidemiology and area of the spread of DHF is increasing along with the increasing mobility and population density. One of the efforts made in eradicating mosquito vectors is by using insecticides. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the combination of avocado (Persea americana) and betel leaf (Piper betle) ethanol extracts against the death of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the combination of avocado (Persea americana) and betel leaf (Piper betle) ethanol extracts against the death of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. This research design is experimental with post test only control group design. The electric mat that had been soaked with a combination of ethanolic extract of avocado (Persea americana) and ethanolic extract of betel leaf (Piper betle) was divided into 4 concentration groups, namely positive control, negative control, and a combination of extracts with concentrations of 1%, 3% and 5 %. Then tested with 10 Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in each treatment. Then tested with 10 Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in each treatment. The results showed that at a concentration of 5% it was able to kill 10 Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in just 5 minutes compared to concentrations of 1% and 3%. From this study it can be concluded that the greater the concentration of extract used, the faster the duration of time to kill the Aedes aegypti mosquito.

Mitigation of streptozotocin-induced alterations by natural agents via upregulation of PDX1 and Ins1 genes in male rats.

Diabetes is the most common endocrine disorder contributing to high morbidity and mortality globally. Due to the side effects reported for anti-diabetic drugs, there is a rising interest in herbal medicine for diabetes mitigation. However, rare studies were performed to analyze the molecular effects of natural agents on diabetes. Therefore, this study is the first to assess the possible ameliorating effects of avocado and cinnamon extracts on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced disturbances in the gene expression of PDX1 and Ins1 in type-2 diabetic rats, in comparison to metformin. A total number of 50 male Albino rats were randomly divided into five groups; normal control, STZ-induced diabetic group (65mg/kg b.w divided into three doses 5days apart), three other STZ-diabetic groups were treated orally for 6weeks with metformin (500mg/kg b.w/day), an avocado fruit ethanolic extract (300mg/kg b.w/day), or a cinnamon aqueous extract (200mg/kg b.w/day). All rats were fasted overnight then euthanized, blood was collected, and serum was separated for biochemical analyses. The pancreas was processed for the evaluation of PDX1 and Ins1 gene expression by qRT-PCR. Oral administration of the avocado/cinnamon extract significantly improved the altered levels of blood glucose, insulin, lipid profile, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and upregulated the pancreatic expression of PDX1 and Ins1 genes. In conclusion, this study added another mechanism of anti-diabetic action for the plant extracts via upregulating the gene expression of PDX1 and Ins1 in STZ-diabetic rats. Metformin has a more profound effect than the plant extracts; however, cinnamon has a comparable effect. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Diabetes is a worldwide chronic serious problem; therefore, different efficacious drug treatments are currently available. However, several side effects of these drugs also negatively affect patient welfare. Therefore, the present study provides an additive/adjunct biochemical rationale for further natural intervention strategy for type-2 diabetes through the introduction of plant-derived products that revealed a wide range of therapeutic effects without causing untoward actions. This study revealed that cinnamon and avocado extracts exhibited marked anti-diabetic and antioxidant effects in rats, as compared to the standard drug, metformin. These results augmented the previous ones and added a new molecular mechanism of action through upregulation of Ins1 and PDX1 in type-2 diabetic rats.

Symptomatic slow-acting drugs (SYSADOAs)/disease modifying anti-osteoarthrosis drugs (DMOADs) in the treatment of osteoarthrosis: what is the opinion of the different rheumatology/osteoarthritis societies in 2021?

The various Rheumatology/Osteoarthritis Societies (the American College of Rheumatology, the Arthritis Foundation, the European League Against Rheumatism, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, the European society for clinical and economic aspects of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, and the Italian consensus on appropriateness of osteoarthrosis therapies) published specific recommendations for the management of osteoarthrosis affecting hand, hip and knee. These evidence-based guidelines take into account safety and tolerability of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions available from the scientific literature as well as the opinions of the clinical specialists to provide complete, clear and transparent recommendations for the management of osteoarthrosis. This article provides an update of the scientific literature for selected treatments of osteoarthrosis focusing on the therapy with symptomatic slow-acting drugs (SYSADOAs) and disease modifying anti-osteoarthrosis drugs (DMOADs) (chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine, diacerein, unsaponifiable soy and avocado extracts). Moreover, the management of osteoarthrosis pain and function, avoidance of adverse events and long-term outcomes by SYSADOAs/DMOADs molecules is considered. Finally, based on the real-world data, the opinion of the various Rheumatology/Osteoarthritis Societies of all over the word is illustrated and discussed also by considering the structure, quality and properties of the SYSADOAs/DMOADs agents used in the treatment of osteoarthrosis. In particular, the results reported in numerous studies are contradictory and not always convincing about the efficacy of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine as SYSADOAs and DMOADs. The cause of these non-homogeneous results could be due to the use in different studies of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine preparations of varying quality. It is therefore mandatory to carry out new clinical studies using chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine of pharmaceutical grade or of the best possible quality to ascertain their usefulness as biomolecules in the treatment of osteoarthrosis.

Hydro-Ethanol Extract of <i>Persea americana</i> Fruit Pulp Ameliorates Dyslipidaemia and Cardiotoxicity Exerted by Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes-induced dyslipidaemia has been associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart diseases. Persea americana fruit has been reported to possess anti-diabetic properties. Therefore, this study assessed the lipid profile and likely cardio-protective effects of hydroethanolic extracts of P. americana fruits in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Thirty-five male rats (150 ± 30 g) were divided into 5 groups (n = 7) and treated orally as follows; groups I-II were normal animals treated with distilled water (0.3 ml/day) and P. americana (300 mg/kg) only respectively. Animals in groups III-V were made diabetic using alloxan monohydrate (100 mg/kg i.p.) and treated orally with distilled water (0.3 ml/day), P. americana (300 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) respectively for 21 days. Fasting blood glucose level was monitored prior to, after induction of diabetes mellitus, and on day 21 post-treatment, respectively. Thereafter, retro-orbital blood samples were collected after anaesthesia and analysed for insulin, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, apolipoproteins A1 and B, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities, reduced glutathione (GSH), Vitamin C and malondialdehyde levels, respectively. VLDL, atherogenic index (AI) and ApoB/A1 ratio were estimated mathematically. Pancreatic and cardiac structures were also investigated using Haematoxylin and Eosin stains. Treatment with P. ameriacana extracts reduced (p P. americana treated diabetic group. The hydro-ethanol fruit extract of Persea americana attenuates diabetes induced dyslipidaemia and reduces the susceptibility to cardiac impairment in experimental diabetes mellitus.

Persea americana Mill.: Evaluation of cytogenotoxicity and phytochemical prospection of leaf extracts

Persea americana Mill., belonging to the family Lauraceae, is noteworthy for the large amount of ethnopharmacological information in its regard, attributing to it many and varied medicinal properties. The tea and alcoholic extracts made from its leaves are used in folk medicine to treat various ailments. This study was designed to analyze the cytogenotoxicity and underlying chemistry of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of avocado leaves, using the Allium cepa and micronucleus tests. The results obtained by applying the experimental models demonstrate that the extracts did not have a genotoxic effect at any of the concentrations analyzed, and even demonstrated a certain protective effect, possibly due to the presence of flavonoids and phenols, both of which are antioxidant substances. However, the extracts did present a cytotoxic effect. There were numerous karyorrhectic cells and those with nuclear alterations related to cell death. At the highest concentrations, it was possible to observe cytoplasmic alterations and binucleated cells. The extracts also caused a significant reduction in the number of cells undergoing division. These effects can be a response to the phytochemical agents present in the extracts. The results suggest that the extracts contain bioactive components that deserve further studies related to cancer therapies.

Pengaruh Lama Perendaman Ekstrak Biji Alpukat (Persea Americana) Terhadap Perubahan Warna Resin Akrilik (Kajian Pada Elemen Gigi Tiruan Akrilik)

Background: The denture element is the component that functions to chew food, besides the chewing function it also affects the aesthetics of a person. In the maintenance of denture hygiene, avocado extract can be an option because it has antibacterial and anti-fungal effects, it also has ingredients that can cause discolouration. Purpose: This study aims to determine the effect of soaking time in the avocado seed extract on the discolouration of the acrylic denture elements. Methods: The object of the study was an acrylic denture element with the Naperce brand with colour code A3. The research was conducted by immersing acrylic resin denture elements in aquadest and a solution of avocado seed extract. This study was divided into a treatment group and a control group. In each group 20 ml of fluid. First, the control group was the aqua dest group and the next for the avocado seed extract diet group. Colour measurement using a Spectrophotometry tool with the VITA easy shade V type after immersion at 30, and 45 minutes. The data calculation used the normality test with the Shapiro-Wilk method, the Mann-Whitney test, and the independent T-test. Results: The results obtained from this study showed no significant colour change (p> 0.05). Conclusion: The use of avocado seed extract as a denture-cleaning agent did not provide a significant discolouration of the acrylic denture elements.

Phytogenic compounds from avocado (Persea americana L.) extracts; antioxidant activity, amylase inhibitory activity, therapeutic potential of type 2 diabetes

Diabetes is a worldwide public health disease. Currently, the most effective way to treat diabetes is to mitigate postprandial hyperglycemia by inhibiting carbohydrate hydrolysis enzymes in the digestive system. Plant extracts are rich in bioactive compounds, which can be used in diabetes treatment. This study aims to evaluate the polyphenols content in ethanolic extracts of avocado fruit and leaves (Persea americanaMill.). Additionally, their antioxidant activity using DPPH, while the inhibition ability of α-amylase was examined by reacting different amounts of the extracts with α-amylase compared to acarbose as standard inhibitor. The active compounds were detected in the extracts by LC/MS. The obtained results showed that the leaf extract recorded a significant content of total phenolic compounds compared to the fruit extract (178.95 and 145.7 mg GAE /g dry weight, respectively). The total flavonoid values ​​ranged from 32.5 to 70.08 mg QE/g dry weight of fruit and leaves extracts, respectively. Twenty-six phytogenic compounds were detected in leaf and fruit extract by LC/MS. These compounds belong to fatty acids, sterols, triterpenes, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. The antioxidant activity of the extracts is due to the exist of phytogenic compounds, i.e., polyphenols and flavonoids. The antioxidant activity increased in a concentration dependant manner. Avocado fruit extract (1000 µg/mL) scavenged 95% of DPPḢ while leaf extract rummaged 91.03% of free radicals compared with Vit C and BHT. Additionally, higher α-amylase inhibitory activity was observed in fruit extract than the leaf extract, where the fruit and leaf extract (1000 μg/ml) inhibited the enzyme by 92.13% and 88.95%, respectively. The obtained results showed that the ethanolic extracts of avocado could have a significant impact on human health due to their high content of polyphenols.

Persea Americana L. (Avocado) Fruit Mesocarp intake in Experimental Diabetic Rats: Impacts and Implication of Mode of Consumption

Background: Few epidemiological data exist on the effects of the mode of consumption of avocado on diet quality, weight management, and lipoglycemic profile in diabetic condition and other metabolic disease risk factors. Objectives: This study investigated the metabolic, lipoglycemic, and anthropometric impacts of avocado fruit mesocarp intake and the implication of its mode of consumption on body weight gain, lipid profile, glycemic tolerance and control in male diabetic Wistar rats. Method: Twenty one (21) adult male Wistar rats (150-220g) were randomly categorized into three experimental groups (n = 7, each): Diabetic control fed with normal diet (DC); Diabetic rats fed with avocado supplemented diet (DSA); Diabetic rats treated with aqueous mesocarp extract of avocado (DAE). Diabetes was inducted with 150 mg/dL, alloxan monohydrate solution intraperitoneally. Animals were fed according to the experimental design with water ad libitum for six weeks. Body weights and fasting blood glucose (FBG) concentrations were measured twice weekly. LP and OGTT were conducted. Microsoft Excel and statistical SPSS program version 22 were used for data analysis. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM. Comparison between groups were made using Students’t-test and one way ANOVA. Results: Consumption of avocado mesocarp caused significant reduction in mean body weight gain (DSA: 13.75%; DAE: 10.17%; P value < 0.05) and blood glucose concentrations (DSA: 9.48%; DAE: 21.0%; P = 0.002) with significant improvement in glycemic tolerance and lipid profile (DAE > DSA) over the control. Peaked glycemic responses occurred at 30 minutes of glucose challenge in DSA and DAE groups. Conclusion: Avocado fruit mesocarp intake reduced body weight gain and blood sugar with improved lipid profile and glycemic tolerance in experimental diabetic rats while the mode of consumption influenced its potential impacts.

Persea Americana Mill seed extracts: Understanding insights into the antioxidant and antityrosinase activities and effects on preserving qualities of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaus vannamei) during refrigerated storage

An ethanol extract of avocado seed (TN-1) and six smaller fractions (PD-1 to PD-6) were prepared. Most of the extracts exhibited scavenging DPPH radical, reducing Fe3+ to Fe2+, and inhibiting polyphenoloxidase, consistently matching with their high polyphenolic content (p < 0.05). Most of the 47 compounds identified from TN-1 were classified into phenolic acid, condensed tannin, flavonoid, fatty acids, and alkaloids. Two extracts TN-1 and PD-2 (0.025%, w/v) were used to treat white-leg shrimp and the quality changes were evaluated compared to those treated with sodium metabisulfite (1.25%, w/v) and controls (without treatment) during 8-day storage at 2 °C. Changes in melanosis scores, lipid peroxidation, pHs, microorganisms, and nutrient in shrimps treated with the extracts were comparable to or even much better than others. These results promise a potential use of avocado seed extract as a cost-effective, eco-friendly, and effective alternative to commercial additives in shrimp storage.

316 Polyphenols from Avocado co-valuation product to improve dark circles appearance

Evoking a fatigued and less youthfull appearance, under-eye dark circles are a major aesthetic concern for consumers. Although they may be the result of facial aging, dark circles can affect both men and women of all ages. The formation of dark circles is related to numerous factors among which vascular stasis, hyperpigmentation and loss of skin elasticity play an important role. From up-cycling of an avocado by-product, we obtained an eco-designed extract rich in polyphenols and demonstrated its biological activity on reducing dark circles using in vitro and clinical studies. In vitro, the extract significantly decreased IL8 and PGE2 production in keratinocytes, as well as LTB4 in neutrophils, induced respectively by Phorbol-Myristate-Acetate or zymosan. It significantly decreased lymphatic and microvascular hyperpermeability induced by IL1β on human dermal lymphatic or microvascular endothelial cells (HDLEC, HDMEC), as shown by FITC-Dextran permeability assay. The extract induced a dose-dependent increase in HDMEC of Angiotensin- I-Converting Enzyme activity, involved in vasoconstriction. And significantly inhibited tyrosinase activity as well as melanin production in melanocytes. A clinical study has been performed on 20 women (aged 24 to 66 y.o.) with pigmentary dark circles. After 28 days of twice daily application of Active or placebo (hemi face), assessment of dark circles pigmentation has been performed using standardized pictures (Visia-CR). The avocado extract significantly decreased brown spot counts by 9.7% and brown spots area by 21.5% compared to placebo which presented minor and non- significant effects. Clinical scoring also demonstrated a significant improvement of the color of dark circles treated with the avocado extract. We have shown in vitro that an extract from Avocado, rich in polyphenols, may have a positive effect on the main factors involved in dark circles formation: vasodilatation, vascular permeability, inflammation and hyperpigmentation. This was confirmed by the improvement of pigmented dark circles observed clinically.

Antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-arthritic activities of acetogenin-rich extract of avocado pulp

Avocado is an oil-rich fruit pleasant organoleptic characteristic, high nutritional value and health benefits due to its content of bioactive molecules. The objective of the current study was assessment of the antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-arthritic activities of acetogenin-rich extract of avocado pulp. Total phenolic, total flavonoids, fatty acids profile, phytosterols and hydrocarbons of the extract were determined. Acetogenin was detected using GC-MS. The antioxidant activity of the extract was determined using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assay. The cytotoxicity of the extract was assessed in different cancer cell lines (liver, colorectal and breast carcinoma cells). The anti-arthritic activity of the extract was evaluated in adjuvant induced arthritis (AIA) model in rats. The results revealed that acetogenin-rich extract of avocado contains phenolic compound (58.6±0.579 mg GAE/g extract) and total flavonoids (10.8±0.449 mg QE/g extract). GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of persediene as one of acetogenin compounds by 1.1% in the extract. The extract possessed antioxidant activity in all the studied methods and the maximum activity was against ABTS free radical. The IC50 of the extract against hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HEPG2), breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF7) and colorectal cancer cells (HT29) was 8.1, 52.1 and 11.3 µg/ml, respectively. The extract showed significant anti-arthritic activity in rats through reduction of inflammation volume, improvement in the antioxidant status of arthritic rats as observed by reduction of plasma levels of malondiadehyde and elevation of the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) in association with reduction of the inflammatory marker TNF-α. The extract showed significant improvement in the histopatological studies of the joint tissue of arthritic rats. In conclusion: Acetogenin-rich extract of avocado pulp can be used as alternative treatment for prevention or treatment of cancer and rheumatoid arthritis due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Methanol extract from the seeds of Persea americana displays antibacterial and wound healing activities in rat model

Ethnopharmacological relevancePersea americana Miller (Lauraceae) known as “pear” in Cameroon is comestible by the fruit. The leaves of the plant are traditionally used in the treatment of microbial infections, malaria, diabetes, high blood pressure, to stimulate uterine contractions and relief painful menstruations. The leaves and stem bark are also used to cure malaria and typhoid fever. Fresh pulps are used to lower cholesterol, prevents mental strain and cardiovascular diseases whilst the seeds are used against intestinal worms and skin infections. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity and wound healing efficacy of methanol extract of Persea americana seed on an excision wound infected with Staphylococcus aureus using a rat model and characterise the mode of action of this extract. Materials and methodsThe antibacterial activities of the methanol extract were done against a panel of bacteria using broth microdilution method. The phytochemical analysis as well as the antioxidant activities were evaluated using colorimetric methods. The mode of action of P. americana was studied by targeting bacterial membranes, cytoplasmic contents, and the formation of biofilms. The therapeutic effect of the methanol extract was evaluated on an excision wound infected with Staphylococcus aureus. ResultsThe methanol extract of P. americana seed displayed antibacterial properties MIC varying from 64 to 128 μg/mL which can be linked to its total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents. The antibacterial activity of the extract is due to the bacterial biofilm inhibition and the perturbation of the bacterial membrane through the leakage of intracellular materials, the inhibition of H+-ATPases pumps. The gel based on P. americana extract showed a significant increase in the percentage of wound closure and had a significant reduction of the number of Colony Forming Units (CFU) of S. aureus at the infection site. The plant has antioxidant activity for wound healing which is lower than vitamin C. The toxicological report showed that the gel-based extract had negligible irritation on the skin and non-irritating to the eye, and therefore can be consider safe for use. ConclusionThe present study revealed the antibacterial and wound healing properties of the MEPa and could possibly be used to tackle bacterial infections.

Antihelmintic activity of extracts of papaya and avocado seed using Caenorhabditis elegans as model

BACKGROUND AND AIM: At present, the human being has sought different alternatives to improve their health, taking into account more naturalistic approaches to the treatment of problems related to the cardiac, digestive and nervous system. The latter can be related to parasites, which cause substantial deaths and morbidity in humans and diseases in livestock and domestic animals. Traditional medicine has been used to combat parasitic diseases, using tea from seeds of several fruits. METHODS: In this opportunity, the effectiveness in the antiparasitic activity of the aqueous extract of avocado and papaya seeds was evaluated using the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model, through mortality as an endpoint of acute toxicity. Three solutions of each extract in distilled water (50, 75, 100%) were used to exposure L4-stage larvae of C. elegans wild type Bristol N2 for 24 h. RESULTS:Results indicate a high anthelmintic activity of the two seed extracts, with 86, 91, 94% of mortality with the respective concentration of the avocado seed extract and 63, 76, 90% with the extract of papaya seeds; showing a dose-dependent mortality curve. CONCLUSIONS:The above demonstrates the anthelmintic power of the avocado and papaya seeds and the ability of C. elegans to be used as a model to study anthelmintic activity due to the similarity of the physiological characteristics that shares with the parasitic nematodes that affect health of human beings. KEYWORDS: Toxicology, Food/nutrition, Health co-benefits

Antibiofilm action of Persea americana glycolic extract over Acinetobacter baumannii and absence of toxicity in Galleria mellonella.

This study aimed to evaluate the antibiofilm activity and toxicity of the glycolic extract of Persea americana "P.americana" over multidrug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii "A. baumannii" as alternative therapy to be investigated. A bacterial inoculum of each bacterial strain (4a, 5a, 9a, 12a, ATCC 19606) of A.baumannii was prepared and adjusted by the spectrophotometer. The microdilution broth method was performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). P.americana glycolic extracts were obtained of the tree stalk and leaves. The biofilm viability was tested by MTT assay after 5min exposure. The toxicity of the extracts was tested by invertebrate model Galleria mellonella. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey test and log-rank method (α=0.05). The extract showed an inhibitory and bactericidal action over all the tested strains with the lowest MIC value observed for the reference strain (3.12mg/mL). The extract did not demonstrate toxicity in any of the tested concentrations (12.5, 25 and 50mg/mL) in Galleria mellonella larvae, with a survival percentage above 80% after 168h. The glycolic extract of P.americana has microbicidal and antibiofilm activity on multidrug-resistant clinical strains of A.baumannii and showed low toxicity for the invertebrate model G.mellonella.

Optimisasi Tween 80 dan Span 80 Sebagai Emulgator dalam Formula Krim Tabir Surya Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Alpukat (Persea americana M.) dan Nanopartikel Seng Oksida Dengan Metode Simplex Lattice Design

Avocado leaves contain flavonoid which act as antioxidant whereas nanoparticles of zinc oxide can protect the skin against a wide spectrum of UV. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of variation of Tween 80 and span 80 as emulsifier and determine the optimum formula of sunscreen scream containing ethanol extract of avocado leaves and zinc oxide nanoparticles. Avocado leaves were extracted by maceration method using ethanol. Nano zinc oxide is obtained by the High Energy Ball Milling technique and characterized using Particle Size Analyzer. Determination of the optimal cream formula with variations in the concentration of Tween 80 and Span 80 is done by Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method. The maceration resulted ethanolic extract of avocado leaves with a yield of 34.4%. The synthesised zinc oxide nanoparticles obtained showed 179.47±5.98 nm in diameter. The results showed that increasing concentrations of Tween 80 and decreasing concentration of Span 80 increased spreadability but decreased the viscosity and adhesiveness of creams. The SPF evaluation of creams showed a medium protection category (SPF&gt;15). The optimum formula was obtained with the ratio of Tween 80 and Span 80 was 7,8 and 3,2%, respectively, with the desirability value of 0.863.