AVL BOOST Software Research Articles

Efficient and Ecological Indicators of CI Engine Fuelled with Different Diesel and LPG Mixtures

The effect of additionally fed LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) on the energy and environmental performance of a compression ignition (CI) engine that operates of diesel fuel and the combustion process in it has been examined. In course of the experimental tests, it was found that additionally fed LPG reduced the volume of diesel fuel injected into the cylinder and caused a delay of its injection moment, thus affecting the combustible mixture combustion process and reducing the engine efficiency. Increasing the LPG concentration causes growing of the concentrations of partial combustion products, such as CO (carbon monoxide) and HC (hydrocarbons), in the exhaust gas and the smokiness of the latter; however, emissions of NOx (nitrogen oxides) and CO2 (carbon dioxide) decrease. If 20–60% LPG is added to diesel fuel and the fuel injection advance angle Θ is up to 16 CA (crank angle) bTDC (before the Top Dead Center), the engine efficiency is close to the efficiency of the one operating on diesel fuel, because combustion of the combustible mixture is improved and the concentration of the partial combustion products decreases; however, NOx concentration in the combustion products grows. The analysis of the combustion process upon applying AVL BOOST software showed that increasing the LPG concentration in the mixture of fuels and the injection advance angle Θ causes shortening of combustion duration and the ROHR (Rate of Heat Release) becomes more intensive. The latter cause increases mechanical and thermal loads of the engine details.

BIOFUEL AND HYDROGEN INFLUENCE FOR OPERATION PARAMETERS OF SPARK IGNITION ENGINE / BIODEGALŲ IR VANDENILIO ĮTAKA KIBIRKŠTINIO UŽDEGIMO VARIKLIO VEIKIMO RODIKLIAMS

Paper presents research of efficient and ecological parameters of gasoline engine working with biobuthanol (10% and 20% by volume) and addi-tionaly supplying oxygen and hydrogen (HHO) gas mixture (3.6 l/min), which was obtained from from water by electrolysis. Biobuthanol addition decreases rate of heat release, the combustion temperature and pressure are lower, which has an influence on lower nitrous oxide (NOx) emission in exhaust gases. However, biobuthanol increases carbon monoxide (CO) concentration. Biobuthanol fuel has a simplier molecular structure, therefore the concentration of HC in the exhaust gas is decreasing. Due to lower heating value of biobuthanol fuel and slower combustion process, the engine efficiency decreases and specific fuel consumptions increase. The change of engine energetical indicators due to biobuthanol, can be compensated with advanced ignition angle. Using experimental investigation, it was determined, that negative biobuthanol influence for the combustion process and engine efficient inicators can be compensated also by additional supplied HHO gas, in which the hydrogen element iprove fuel mixture com-bustion. Fuel combustion process analysis was carried out using AVL BOOST software. Experimental research and combustion process numerical simulation showed that using balanced biobuthanol and hydrogen addition, optimal efficient and ecological parameters could be achieved, when engine is working for petrol fuel typical optimal spark timing. Straipsnyje pateikiami kibirkštinio uždegimo variklio energinių ir ekologinių rodiklių tyrimo rezultatai, gauti varikliui veikiant benzino ir biobutanolio (10 % ir 20 % tūrio) mišiniais ir papildomai tiekiant elektrolizės būdu iš vandens išgautą deguonies ir vandenilio (HHO) dujų mišinį (3,6 l/min). Biobutanolio priedas mažina šilumos išsiskyrimo intensyvumą degimo metu, mažėja degimo temperatūra bei slėgis. Tai mažina azoto oksidų (NOx) koncentraciją, tačiau didina anglies viendeginio (CO) koncentraciją išmetamosiose dujose. Dėl paprastesnės biobutanolio molekulinės struktūros ne iki galo sudegusių angliavandenilių (CH) koncentracija deginiuose mažėja. Biobutanolis dėl mažes-nio šilumingumo ir lėtesnio degimo mažina variklio efektyvų sukimo momentą ir didina lyginamąsias degalų sąnaudas. Biobutano-lio paveiktus variklio energinius rodiklius galima iš dalies kompensuoti paankstinus uždegimo paskubos kampą. Eksperimentiniu tyrimu nustatyta, kad neigiamą biobutanolio priedo įtaką degalų degimo procesui ir variklio energiniams rodikliams galima kompensuoti papildomai tiekiant HHO dujas, kuriose esantis vandenilis greitina ir gerina degalų mišinių degimą. AVL BOOST programa atlikta degalų mišinių de-gimo proceso analizė. Įvertinus eksperimentinių tyrimų ir degimo proceso skaitinio modeliavimo rezultatus nustatyta, kad, naudojant sude-rintą biobutanolio ir vandenilio priedą, optimalūs energiniai ir ekologiniai rodikliai gali būti pasiekti varikliui veikiant benzinui optimaliu už-degimo paskubos kampu.

Exhaust Energy Recovery with Turbo Compounding in a Heavily Downsized Engine

Large amount of heat energy is wasted in Internal Combustion (IC) engine through the exhaust manifold, coolant, convective and radiative heat transfer. Significant amount of thermal energy waste occurring at the exhaust manifold of the IC engine can be recovered using various contemporary heat recovering techniques. The paper presented the viability of using turbo compounding waste heat recovering technique in recovering a significant amount of waste energy occurring at the exhaust of a heavily downsized engine. Electric turbo compounding (ETC) simulation using Ford Eco-Boost base line engine with modification using Hy-Boost modelled with AVL Boost software was carried out for the analysis. The simulation results show a 3% reduction in Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), 0.5 bar Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP) increase and up to 2 kW of power output were realized at engine speed of 2500 rpm. The result clearly indicates the effectiveness, viability and commercialization potentials of this waste heat recovery technique.

On-board Monitoring and Simulation of Flex Fuel Vehicles in Brazil

On-road measurement of vehicle tailpipe emissions, analyzing the data and developing a model, is very important to identify and recommend improved design and management approaches for the transport sector. A light-duty vehicle, the flex-fuel Nissan Versa equipped with a 1.6 liter engine and manual transmission was monitored in real operation. The on-board monitoring equipment consisted of a five-gas analyzer for CO, HC(CH4), NOx, CO2 and SO2 in addition to dry systems, with sample lines directly connected to the tailpipe, and an on-board diagnostics (OBD II) connector, GPS, including other additional parameters monitoring (i.e. data logger with embedded microcontrollers). The operating parameters registered in this vehicle were: vehicle speed, engine speed, fuel consumption, angle position of the throttle valve, cooling water, oil and exhaust gas temperatures. The measurements were performed using gasoline with 27%, and 100% ethanol blends (E27 and E100 respectively, where E27 is used in emission certification). The vehicle-experiment (driving pattern) was realized in an urban route in the Fortaleza City, Brazil, under typical traffic conditions. The analysis indicates that the average emission rates (kg/h) for CO are more than a factor of 10 higher to NO idling emissions. AVL CRUISE integrated with AVL BOOST software were used to model the vehicle and the flex-fuel engine engine in both certification driving cycles and real operation ones. Real operation data is used to validate the model.

Simulation on engine characteristic improvement by re-designing intake manifold

In this paper, a simulation of DI diesel engine 1 cylinder, model RV165-2 is used to investigate the effect of intake manifold design on the volumetric efficiency and characteristics by using AVL BOOST software. The proposed plans are evaluated and compared with available models. Conditions of simulation is based on the structure of engine and parameters from experimental test. The parameters of performance, combustion and emission characteristics are selected as evaluation criteria. The results of optimizing intake manifold are increasing volumetric efficiency, ability to blend the mixture of fuel and air, better combustion and increasing engine power, reducing fuel consumption and emission.

Research on the combustion, energy and emission parameters of diesel fuel and a biomass-to-liquid (BTL) fuel blend in a compression-ignition engine

This paper presents the comparable research results of the physical–chemical and direct injection (DI) diesel engine properties of diesel fuel and BTL (biomass-to-liquid) blend (85/15 V/V). The energy, ecological and in-cylinder parameters were analysed under medium engine speed and brake torque load regimes; the start of fuel injection was also adjusted. After analysis of the engine bench tests and simulation with AVL BOOST software, it was observed that the BTL additive shortened the fuel ignition delay phase, reduced the heat release in the pre-mixed intensive combustion phase, reduced the nitrogen oxide (NOx) concentration in the engine exhaust gases and reduced the thermal and mechanical load of the crankshaft mechanism. BTL additive reduced the rates of carbon dioxide (CO2), incompletely burned hydrocarbons (HC) emission and smokiness due to its chemical composition and combustion features. BTL also reduced Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC, g/kWh) and improved engine efficiency (ηe); however, the volumetric fuel consumption changed due to the lower density of BTL. The start of fuel injection was adjusted for maximum engine efficiency; concomitantly, reductions in the CO2 concentration, HC concentration and smokiness were achieved. However, the NOx and thermo-mechanical engine load increased.

Analysis of Engine Performance Parameters of Electrically Assisted Turbocharged Diesel Engine

Charging system is used to increase the charge density. Supercharging system suffers from fuel consumption penalty because of compressor powered by engine output. Turbocharging system uses wasted exhaust energy that means compressor powered by exhaust turbine but has a turbo lag problem. The electrically assisted turbocharger which can eliminate turbo lag problem and fuel consumption penalty is the topic of this paper. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of electrically assisted turbocharger on diesel engine performance parameters. The AVL Boost software program was used to simulate the electrically assisted turbocharged diesel engine. Simulations results showed that electrically assisted turbocharger increases low end torque and improves fuel economy.

Simulation Study on Electric Turbo-Compound (ETC) for Thermal Energy Recovery in Turbocharged Internal Combustion Engine

Exhaust gas heat utilization in the form of Thermal Energy Recovery (TER) has attracted a major interest due to its potentials with Internal Combustion Engines (ICE). Recovering useful energy, for example in the form of electrical power from the engine exhaust waste heat could benefit in the form of direct fuel economy or increase in the available electric power for the auxillary systems. The methodology in this paper includes the assessment of each waste heat recovery technology based on the current research and development trends for automotive application. It also looked into the potential for energy recovery, performances of each technology and factors affecting its implementation. Finally, the work presents an Electric Turbo Compounding (ETC) simulation using a Ford Eco-Boost as a baseline engine modeled with the 1-Dimensional AVL Boost software. A validated 1-D engine model was used to investigate the impact on the Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP) at full load. This paper presents some reviews on the turbo-compounding method and also the modelling efforts and results of an electric turbo-compounding system. Modelling shows that the turbo-compounding setup can be more beneficial than turbo-charging alone.

Dynamic Model Parameter Identification and Simulation of SCR Based on Genetic Algorithm§

The Selective Catalytic Reduce (SCR) is studied. The unknown parameters of the SCR kinetic model equations are fitted based on the Genetic Algorithm (GA), which is in the range of the allowable error, compared to the experimental data. Then in AVL Boost software, the simulation results of SCR reaction are obtained. Compared to the test data, the simulation results prove that the parameter identification is effective. At last, the SCR reaction is simulated in AVL Boost, and at the same exhaust temperature, the effect of GHSV and NSR on the SCR reaction is studied.

Computational simulation of a diesel generator consuming vegetable oil "in nature" and air enriched with hydrogen

A diesel generator was simulated operating with palm oil as fuel and hydrogen doping the inlet air. The objective was to investigate how the addition of hydrogen can accelerate the end of vegetable oil combustion, and consequently improve the electrical efficiency of the generator set up, for the same mass flow rate of fuel. The simulations were performed using AVL BOOST software and validated with experimental data. The generator was simulated operating with 75%, 80% and 100% of the nominal load using palm oil in nature, and hydrogen being injected at the intake manifold in parcels of 5% to a maximum of 20% in energy content by replacing the main fuel. The simulations showed increase in electrical power, reduction in specific fuel consumption, improving the overall efficiency of the generator set with 100% load. Good results were obtained with operation at 75% of the nominal load.

THE INFLUENCE OF HYDROGEN GAS ON THE MEASURES OF EFFICIENCY OF DIESEL INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE / VANDENILIO DUJŲ ĮTAKA DYZELINIO VIDAUS DEGIMO VARIKLIO EFEKTYVUMO RODIKLIAMS

In this research paper energy and ecological parameters of diesel engine which works under addition of hydrogen (10, 20, 30 l/ min) are presented. A survey of research literature has shown that addition of hydrogen gases improve diesel combustion; increase indicated pressure; decrease concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons (HC), particles; decrease fuel consumptions. Results of the experiment revealed that hydrogen gas additive decreased pressure in cylinder in kinetic combustion phase. Concentration of CO2 and nitrous oxides (NOx) decreased not significantly, HC – increased. Concentration of particles in engine exhaust gases significantly decreased. In case when hydrogen gas as additive was supplied, the fuel consumptions decreased a little. Using AVL BOOST software combustion process analysis was made. It was determined that in order to optimize engine work process under hydrogen additive usage, it is necessary to adjust diesel injection angle. Straipsnyje pateikiamas dyzelinio variklio, veikiančio su vandenilio priedu (10, 20, 30 l/min), energetinių ir ekologinių rodiklių tyrimas. Atlikus literatūros apžvalgą pastebėta, kad vandenilio dujų priedas pagerina dyzelino degimą, padidina indikatorinį slėgį, sumažina anglies dvideginio (CO2), angliavandenilių (HC), kietųjų dalelių koncentraciją, sumažina degalų sąnaudas. Bandymo rezultatai parodė, kad vandenilio dujų priedas sumažino variklio indikatorinį slėgį kinetinės degimo fazės metu. CO2 ir azoto oksidų (NOx) koncentracija nedaug sumažėjo, HC – padidėjo. Kietųjų dalelių koncentracija variklio išmetamosiose dujose itin sumažėjo. Tiekiant vandenilio dujas kaip priedą nedaug sumažėja dyzelino sąnaudos. AVL BOOST programa atlikta degimo proceso analizė. Nustatyta, kad siekiant optimizuoti variklio darbą, naudojant vandenilio priedą, būtina reguliuoti dyzelino įpurškimo paskubos kampą.

Numerical Studies of Engine Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Hydrogen Blends

In this study the performance, exhaust emission characteristics and combustion process of the engine fueled with hydrogen-diesel blends were compared to diesel fuel. Hydrogen was blended with diesel fuel at the volumetric ratios of 5%, 10% and 20%. AVL BOOST software was dedicated to simulate the performance and emission values for various blends of hydrogen with diesel fuel. The simulation results showed that hydrogen addition to diesel fuel improve both engine performance and exhaust emmisions.

Investigation of Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics of Si Engine Fuelled with Ethanol Blends by Numerical Simulation

In this study the influences of ethanol addition to gasoline on an spark ignition engine performance and emissions were explored. AVL BOOST software was used to simulate the performance and emission characteristics of different ethanol-gasoline blends. The blended fuels contain 5%, 10% and 15% of ethanol by volume, and indicated as B95E5, B90E10, and B85E15, respectively. The results showed that ethanol addition to gasoline fuel improve combustion process, decrease CO emissions and reduce BSFC of the SI engine.

Simulation research into the influence of the combustion chamber blowby on the efficiency of a diesel engine

Combustion chamber leakage, caused mainly by blowby, results in a reduced engine performance and higher fuel consumption. The blowby rate is, to some extent, determined by the design of the piston-ring-cylinder assembly (PRC) and the blowby rate varies throughout the life of an engine due to wear of the said assembly. The paper presents a quantitative evaluation of the influence of the combustion chamber blowby on the engine performance and fuel consumption on the example of two diesel engines: older generation naturally aspirated indirect injection diesel engine and a modern turbocharged direct injection engine. The assessment was made based on a simulation research using the AVL Boost software and the input data for the calculations were ascertained based on measurements performed on actual objects. The results have shown that a reduction of the blowby by half compared to the values occurring in engines of good technical condition would increase the maximum torque and power by approx. 0.5% for both investigated engines. The results of the simulation have also shown that increases in the blowby occurring in engines after long service lead to increased fuel consumption from 1% to 7% and the lower the engine speed and load the greater theses values.

Optimisation of the 2.2 liter high speed diesel engine for proposed Bharat stage 5 emission norms in India

Direct injection diesel engine combustion system offers improvements in performance and fuel economy benefits. 4 valves per cylinder, turbocharged and intercooled diesel engine became trustworthy for automobile application. Electronic diesel control, use of common rail with increase in injection pressures, and flexibility in injection control has changed the image of diesel engine. Evolutions in piston crown shape, intake ports with different swirl level helped to enhance mixing of air and fuel for better performance and emissions. In this describe the work done on 4 cylinder diesel engine, upgraded to BS5 (Bharat stage 5) emission norms with 20% power increase. A systematic approach of engine development was fallowed. Engine performance prediction was done using AVL Boost software. Boost Model was validated with existing engine cylinder pressure. Combustion parameters have been varied to predict higher power. Vehicle model has been build using AVL cruise software and used to obtain steady state load- speed points. Engine emission development has been done on engine test bench. Typical hardware like piston crown, turbocharger, EGR system with EGR cooler and various combustion parameters were tested and optimized. Suitable after-treatment system was selected optimized for precious metal loading reach Bharat stage 5 emissions.

Study on Identification Method of Chemical Reaction Kinetic Parameters in Heavy Duty Diesel's SCR Catalytic Converter

Chemical reaction kinetic parameters are key factors to influence the NOx conversion in heavy duty diesel's SCR catalytic converter. Therefore the identification method of SCR chemical reaction kinetic parameters is studied in this paper. Based on the software AVL BOOST , SCR catalytic reaction model and its transient rate equations are established according to Eley-rideal mechanism. The identification method of kinetic parameters is studied applying AVL Design Explorer. The simulation model shows good agreement with experiment after identification. The result shows that the identification method is reasonable and feasible to ensure the reliability of catalytic converter model.

Internal combustion engine supercharging: turbocharger vs. pressure wave compressor. Performance comparison

AbstractThis paper aims on comparison between a turbocharged engine and a pressure wave charged engine. The comparison was accomplished using the engine simulation software AVL Boost, version 2010. The grahps were extracted using AVL Impress, version 2010. The performance increase is limited by the mechanical side of the simulated engine.

Effect of Physical Parameters on DeNOx Conversion in Selective Catalytic Converter Used in Diesel Vehicles

The Urea SCR system is a promising approach to reduce NOx in order to meet stringent limits on Euro 1V and Euro V standards. Apart from thermodynamic properties (temperature, pressure,heat and mass transfer), the cell geometry of SCR also got significant role in reduction of NOx. The current study focuses on the calculation of NOx conversion by varying the Open Frontal area of monolith, volume of monolith, cell density thereby to choose best cell geometry which will result in maximum DeNOx efficiency. It has been found that as the cell density increases the NOx conversion efficiency also increases. In the current analysis, a cell density varying from 200 CPSI to 400 CPSI is considered. One dimensional steady state and transient kinetic analysis are carried out using AVL BOOST software. The monolith volume is varied from 0.002m3 to 0.008m3 and the effects on DeNOx efficiency are discussed. The Open frontal area of SCR catalyst also been varied, and the effects on NOx conversion is studied. It has been found that as the cell density, monolith volume increases, the NOx conversion efficiency also increases, where as it decreases with increase in Open frontal area. The results are validated through experimental results obtained from the literature.

The influence of biodiesel fuel on injection characteristics, diesel engine performance, and emission formation

The presented work focuses on numerical and experimental analyses of biodiesel fuel’s influence on the injection characteristics of a mechanically-controlled injection system, and on the operating conditions of a heavy-duty diesel engine. Addressed are mineral diesel fuel and neat biodiesel fuel made from rapeseed oil. The influence of biodiesel on mechanically controlled injection system characteristics was tested experimentally on an injection system test-bed. The injection test-bed was equipped with a glass injection chamber in order to observe the development of the fuel-spray by using a high-speed camera. The results of the experimental measurements were compared to the numerical results obtained by using our own mathematical simulation program. This program has been used to analyze the influences of different fuel properties on the injection system’s characteristics. The photos taken with a high-speed camera were compared to the simulation results obtained by using the AVL FIRE 3D CFD simulation program. This software was used to simulate the fuel-spray development during different stages of the injection process. Furthermore, the influence of biodiesel fuel on the engine operating condition of a heavy-duty diesel engine and its’ emission formation was tested experimentally on an engine test-bed, and numerically by using the AVL BOOST software. It was found out that the tested biodiesel could be used as an alternative fuel for heavy-duty diesel engines.

Key Parameters Simulation and Design of Natural Gas Engine Based on Diesel

In the paper, the natural gas engine (NGE)model based on AVL BOOST software is built and simulated. The simulation value and experiment value coincide, showing that the NGE model is correct and reasonable. On this basis, the model has been used to analyze the effect of the key parameters, such as compression ratio, ignition advance angle, valve timing, supercharging ratio on the engine power, maximum combustion pressure, exhaust temperature, the maximum rise rate of pressure. Combined with the relevant theories of engine, the value ranges of the key parameters can be designed. The research achievement is valuable in the development and optimization matching of the NGE.