Aviation Infrastructure Research Articles

Analysis of the Potential of Meeting the EU’s Sustainable Aviation Fuel Targets in 2030 and 2050

Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is anticipated to have a significant impact on decarbonizing the aviation industry owing to its ability to be seamlessly incorporated into the current aviation infrastructure. This paper analyzes the potential of meeting the proposed SAF targets set by the ReFuelEU initiative. The approved SAF production pathways according to ASTM D7566 using renewable bio-based feedstocks were defined and analyzed. Moreover, a detailed matrix for comparison was used to provide an overview of the current state of those pathways. The analysis has shown that hydroprocessed esters of fatty acids (HEFA), alcohol to jet (ATJ), and Fischer–Tropsch (FT-SPK) are the most promising pathways in the foreseeable future due to their high technology readiness and fuel levels. HEFA is the most mature and affordable pathway; therefore, it is expected to form the backbone of the industry and stimulate the market in the short term despite its low sustainability credentials, limited feedstock, and geopolitical implications. On the other hand, FT-SPK can utilize various feedstocks and has the lowest greenhouse gas emissions with around 7.7 to 12.2 gCO2e/MJ compared to the conventional jet fuel baseline of 89 gCO2e/MJ. Overall, the EU has enough sustainable feedstocks to meet the short-term SAF targets using the current technologies. In the long term, the reliability and availability of biomass feedstocks are expected to diminish, leading to a projected deficit of 1.35 Mt in SAF production from bio-based feedstocks. Consequently, a further policy framework is needed to divert more biomass from other sectors toward SAF production. Moreover, a significant investment in R&D is necessary to improve process efficiencies and push new technologies such as power-to-liquid toward commercial operation.

Evaluating and Comparing Airspace Structure Visualisation and Perception on Digital Aeronautical Charts

Abstract. Given the challenge of visualising 3D space on a 2D map, maps used for in-flight navigation by pilots should be designed especially carefully. This paper studies, based on existing aeronautical charts, the visualisation, interaction, and interpretation of airspace structures with aviation infrastructure and the base map.We first developed a three-tiered evaluation grid for a cartographic analysis of existing aeronautical charts. Subsequently, we evaluated four countries’ maps based on our evaluation grid. To validate our analysis, we conducted a user study with 27 pilots, the users of aeronautical charts.The results of our cartographic analysis show that aeronautical charts produced by different countries all fulfil the need of pilots being able to orient themselves. According to our evaluation, the Swiss aeronautical chart scored slightly more favourably than the other evaluated charts for effective map-reading. These findings were confirmed in the results of the user study.The major contribution of this work is the evaluation grid for the cartographic analysis. With its different layers, adaptable main- and sub-topics, it can be used to compare and improve the design not only of aeronautical charts, but for a broad spectrum of thematic maps.

РОЛЬ ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ АВИАЦИОННО-ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ В СОЦИ-АЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОМ РАЗВИТИИ РЕГИОНОВ РОССИИ

The article provides an overview of the cur-rent state of the civil aviation industry, in par-ticular, the segment of passenger air trans-portation and civil aviation infrastructure, identifies its role and impact on the regional economy. The authors show that the devel-opment of the passenger transportation market reflects the socio-economic devel-opment of the territories, as it largely deter-mines their accessibility, investment attrac-tiveness and convenience for economic ac-tivities. As a theoretical significance of the study, it should be noted the substantiation of the contribution of the regional air transport system to the gross regional prod-uct. Of practical interest are recommenda-tions for taking into account the development of Russian civil aviation in modern condi-tions.

Coupling and complexity at the global scale: flows, networks, interconnectedness and synchronicity (e.g. Covid-19)

The argument of this paper is that the notions of coupling and complexity introduced by Perrow to discuss high-risk technologies need to be scaled up from their original scope to a wider, global one considering the evolution of the operational landscape of safety–critical systems. One value of Perrow in the 1980 s was to trigger core debates, contributing to a new form of causal reasoning. It provided a way of thinking about causality within a context of expanding sociotechnical systems such as nuclear power plants, civil commercial aviation or petroleum infrastructures. In the 2020 s, high-risk technologies do not only represent potential for single catastrophic events anymore but are also the sources of wider problems associated with globalised flows (systemic risks) and ecological degradation known as anthropocene (leading to existential risks). In this context, the scope, scale and timeframe of high-risk systems is extended in comparison to Perrow’s original work. In these new circumstances, coupling and complexity categories apply to a much wider spectrum of issues than initially conceived by Perrow and notions such as flows, nodes, networks, interconnectedness, and synchronicity should be incorporated to illustrate a move to the global stage. After a presentation and discussion of Perrow’s coupling and interaction, the “global turn” in research is discussed, using sociology and history as examples. It is followed by the contribution by Guillén on the “architecture of collapse” characterising our contemporary era. Its implications for safety science research are then explored using Covid-19 as an example.

EKC hypothesis testing and environmental impacts of transportation infrastructure investments in China, Turkey, India, and Japan.

A key strategy for social development and sustainable urban expansion is building sustainable and affordable transport systems. In this study, we aim to test the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis and reveal the impact of infrastructure investment in transportation systems in China, Turkey, India, and Japan over the period 1995-2020 on environmental degradation. According to dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) method analysis, per capita GDP and per capita GDP3 have a significant positive impact on per capita CO2 emission, while per capita GDP2 has a significant adverse impact on per capita CO2 emission. These results confirm the validity of the N-shaped EKC assumption, while inconsistent with the results of the FMOLS technique, showing that per capita GDP is significantly positive, while per capita GDP2 and per capita GDP3 have a significant negative impact on per capita carbon emissions. Moreover, as clarified by the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and DOLS methods, road infrastructure investment (RO), aviation infrastructure investment, trade openness, and foreign direct investment (FDI) have significant positive effects, while railway infrastructure investment (RA) has a significant negative effect on per capita carbon emission. Country-level estimates of per capita carbon emission-based DOLS strategies in the model show that only China and Japan have N-shaped EKC hypothesis. Road infrastructure investment, aviation infrastructure investment, and trade openness have significant positive effects, while railway infrastructure investment has a significant negative effect on per capita CO2 emission in selected central and east Asian countries. The latest electrified rail systems are well thought out and less polluting, so the contribution of rail infrastructure investment to the transport mix can support sustainable and safe transport systems at city center and intercity levels and reduce environmental pollution in central and east Asian countries. Moreover, the implementation of the basic environmental settings of trade agreements should be strengthened to condense the growing impact of free trade on environmental pollution.

An approach to modeling regional effects in the implementation of air transport infrastructure projects

Aim. The presented study aims to describe the elements of the assessment of the cumulative regional effect from projects for the development of transport and related sectors of the economy of the Russian Federation.Tasks. The authors investigate the dynamics of changes in passenger traffic in the Far Eastern region through the example of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Airport; identify the growth areas of air transport; explore the possibility of regional development based on investment in tourism business; propose an approach to assessing the cumulative regional effect from projects for the development of transport and related sectors of the region’s economy.Methods. This study uses well-known methods for evaluating composite, sectoral, and multiplicative effects. The proposed approach is based on the formation of a cumulative regional effect with allowance for the advantages of the examined methods and the method of direct calculation of the generated effects.Results. Development trends and dynamics of passenger traffic in the Far East are determined through the example of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Airport, along with the dynamics and current trends of air traffic (including routes to China) in the context of external factors. Opportunities for the development of tourist routes between China and Russia and the need to establish tourist business in the Far East are identified. An approach is proposed to describe the cumulative regional effect from projects for the development of aviation and tourism infrastructure in the region, which in the future can serve as a basis for the development of an appropriate methodology for calculating the effects.Conclusions. The results of the study can be used to create a methodology for assessing the cumulative regional effects from projects for the development of transportation and related sectors of the economy based on multiplicative effects.

Life Cycle Assessment and its Application to the Aviation Sector

Air transport plays an important role in multiple aspects of human lives, such as business and leisure. Air transport constitutes an important part of the global economy and, at the same time, has a crucial role in both domestic and international transport. It provides people and goods with connectivity that cannot be challenged by any other means of transport and therefore offers crucial services within the modern economy and society. On the other hand, it is the second biggest polluter among the transport methods. Therefore, there is a need to switch to more sustainable solutions within the aviation sector. To choose the right options, a Life cycle assessment can be a useful tool for evaluating environmental impact. Most of the studies concerned with the environmental impact of aviation focus on the pollutants emitted during the flight, ignoring other direct and indirect effects on the environment. The extraction of raw materials needed for the construction of aviation infrastructure, its manufacturing, operation and maintenance and fuel production is often ignored. In this paper, the first life cycle assessment methodology is explained, along with its benefits and the important role played by the mining industry within LCA. In the next part, we present a possible model for evaluating the overall environmental impact of air transport, divided into four main parts – production, operation, maintenance and liquidation, followed by the analysis of the social aspect of the impact evaluation.

Duoport lotniczy jako sposób efektywnego rozwoju infrastruktury lotniczej – doświadczenia międzynarodowe i krajowe

The expansion of low-cost airlines over the last few decades has significantly influenced the requirements and directions of development of aviation infrastructure, opening up development opportunities for many regional and former military airports. In the second phase of development, low-cost airlines increased their presence at major airports. The low-cost model is evolving, just like the models of traditional and charter airlines. These changes are followed by the development and changes in the airport infrastructure. The model infrastructure adapted to serve low-cost airlines is geared towards reducing the cost for the airlines and shortening the turnaround time of aircrafts – it is therefore smaller and simpler, devoid of certain elements, e.g., jet bridges. Similarly, the time and comfort of travel from the airport to the centre of the metropolitan area are not as important as in the case of airports serving traditional airlines. Meeting the requirements of low-cost airlines is influencing changes in the design of airport systems serving metropolitan areas. Various models of aviation market development are implemented around the world – they depend on the size and specificity of the market and, above all, on the social and environmental conditions related to new infrastructure projects. In many areas of the world, in response to the low-cost market boom, duoport systems have been developed in which one of the airports is focused on servicing traditional traffic, and the other on servicing low-cost airlines. Several such projects are being implemented at the same time. Based on these experiences, it is possible to construct an optimal model of a duoport that would enable the development of the aviation market, including both the development of the hub of the local flag carrier and the development of the low-cost segment. This model assumes the specialisation of both airports, cooperation between them, an appropriately attractive location of the secondary airport (serving low-cost airlines) as well as the flexibility of the system (enabling the adaptation of its elements to changing market conditions). The layout of the Warsaw duoport consisting of Warsaw Chopin Airport and Warsaw Modlin Airport must be defined as far from optimal. This is mainly due to the lack of long-term support of the Polish state for this model and the resulting lack of cooperation between the two airports. However, there are objective reasons why the Warsaw duoport may become effective. Both airports have the ability to increase their capacity. Their location in relation to the serviced metropolitan area is optimal. Therefore, this model may be an attractive and worth detailed analysis alternative to the project of the construction of a new central airport within the framework of the CPK project (Centralny Port Komunikacyjny – Solidarity Transport Hub). Key words: air transport, airport, low-cost airline, aviation infrastructure, regional airport, Warsaw Chopin Airport, Warsaw Modlin Airport

Making and Unmaking Airports in Tunu (East Greenland): The Socio-Material Dynamics of Hope and Connectivity

Like many airports throughout the Arctic, Kulusuk Airport, the entrance to the sparsely populated East Coast of Greenland, is built on the remnants of past military activities and is located some distance from the regional capital, Tasiilaq. For years, there have been discussions regarding the construction of a new airport in Tasiilaq to improve connectivity and reduce dependence on helicopter flights. Throughout the East Coast, many residents feel that they are looked down upon by the (West) Greenlandic population and are given little priority in the political and economic decisions taking place in the faraway national capital of Nuuk, which feeds into residents’ attitudes towards the ever-suspended airport plans. Many residents place great hope on this plan, as this “infrastructural hope” (Reeves 2017) includes economic and social possibilities and an improvement of the region’s status both within the country and abroad. On the other hand, in the village of Kulusuk, near the current airport, people fear the repercussions of this new airport. I explore the hopes, fears, and affect generated by and embedded within infrastructure, considering issues of remoteness, social and physical connectivity, “infrastructural violence” (Rodgers and O’Neill 2012), and residents’ future imaginaries and historical experiences in (post)colonial Greenland. Describing the socio-material dynamics of hope and connectivity, this article shows how aviation infrastructure is never just about the physical infrastructure but is always enabled by and embedded in societal processes.

THE RECONSTRUCTION OF UKRAINE'S TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE FIELD OF LOGISTICS AND TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGIES

This article explores the importance of restructuring Ukraine's transportation infrastructure for the development of logistics and transportation technologies. The development and improvement of infrastructure are critical to ensuring efficiency and competitiveness of the country. The article examines key components of the transportation infrastructure restructuring, including the development of railway, maritime, river, and aviation infrastructure, the implementation of information technologies, and the development of roads and logistics centers. It highlights how these measures contribute to improving transportation efficiency, regional connectivity, and cost reduction. It emphasizes that successful restructuring of the transportation infrastructure requires collaboration among various stakeholders, such as the government, private sector, academic community, and society. It is important to consider the social aspect and meet the needs of society, ensuring environmental sustainability and the preservation of natural resources. In conclusion, the article underscores that the success of Ukraine's transportation infrastructure restructuring is a crucial strategic priority for the country's development. This opens up opportunities for transportation improvement.

АНАЛІЗ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ У СФЕРІ РОЗВИТКУ ТРАНСПОРТНО-ЛОГІСТИЧНОЇ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРИ УКРАЇНИ

The article examines the potential and modern conditions of the functioning of the transport and logistics infrastructure of Ukraine. The state and trends of investment activity in the field of development of the transport and logistics infrastructure of Ukraine have been described in terms of its components – land (vehicle) infrastructure, railway infrastructure, water, and aviation infrastructure. An analysis and assessment of the transport and logistics potential of countries have been carried out based on the ranking of the World Bank's International Logistics Efficiency Index. Aspects of the manifestation of the Corona crisis and military aggression of the Russian Federation in the transport and logistics sphere have been studied. An assessment of the subjective and objective factors of the low development of the transport and logistics infrastructure and the attraction of investments has been carried out. The consequences of the military aggression of the Russian Federation on the studied sector of the economy have been outlined and substantiated. The state and potential opportunities of the transport and logistics sphere in Ukraine in the conditions of the war economy and the possibility of attracting investments have been characterized. The directions of state programs in the field of development of transport and logistics infrastructure, sources, and amounts of funding have been substantiated. The implementation of measures related to the implementation of the program "On the National Transport Strategy of Ukraine" during 2019–2022 has been summarized. The systemic problems of low investment activity in the transport and logistics sphere have been analyzed. The main approaches of state policy to stimulating the processes of investment attraction in the industry have been noted based on the creation of a favorable investment climate for private investors were noted; formation of legislative prerequisites for the implementation of concession agreements; promotion of projects of common interest for the EU and Ukraine based on financial instruments (Neighborhood Investment Facility –- NIF, Connecting Europe Facilities (CEF)), which can be adaptive for economic recovery in the post-war period; to contribute to the introduction of a transport safety management system in accordance with European CADaS standards, etc.

Freezing of water and melting of ice: theoretical modeling at the nanoscale.

Freezing of water and melting of ice at the nanoscale play critical roles in science and technology fields, including aviation systems, infrastructures, and other broad spectrum of technologies. To cope with the icing challenge, nanoscale anti-icing surface technology has been developed. The freezing and melting temperatures can be tailored by manipulating the size (the radius of water or ice); however, it lacks systemic research. In this work, the size effect on the melting temperature of ice nanocrystals was first established, which considered the variation of bond energy and equivalent heat energy from the perspective of the force-heat equivalence energy density principle. Based on the heterogeneous nucleation mode and by further considering the size and temperature effects on the interface energy involved solid-liquid energy and liquid-vapor energy as well as the above developed melting temperature model, another model is established to accurately predict the freezing temperature of water nanodroplets. The parameters required by the two models established in this paper have a clear physical meaning and establish the quantitative relationships among freezing temperature, melting temperature, surface stress, interface energy, and other thermodynamic parameters. The agreement between model prediction and experimental simulation data confirms the validity and universality of the established models. The higher prediction accuracy of this work compared to the other theoretical models, due to the more detailed consideration and the reference point, captures the errors introduced by the experiment or simulation. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanism of freezing of water and melting of ice nanocrystals and provides theoretical guidance for the design of cryopreservation systems and anti-icing systems for aviation.

INFLUENCE OF AIR TRANSPORT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

In the modern world, aviation plays an extremely important role because it allows us to cover thousands of kilometres quickly. Every year, more and more new airlines are created, trying to win the favour of passengers. Aviation serves almost all points of the globe. The main task of the industry is to ensure the rapid and sustainable development of aviation technology and infrastructure and to adapt existing capacities to new opportunities for their operation. Air transport is an integral part of the modern system of economic relations. In the conditions of the progressive international division of labour and the growth of international economic and cultural ties, its importance for the world economy is becoming increasingly significant. Air transport belongs to the branches of the world economy that develops much faster than others. Today, one of the main sources of atmospheric pollution is transport. Although aviation is significantly (approximately 15 times) inferior to road transport in terms of the pollutants emitted into the air, it affects the ecology of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere every day. The peculiarity is that aviation affects air quality at the local, regional and global levels, unlike other forms of transport. The share of air transport in the world economy is constantly growing, which is facilitated by both technological development and the latest developments in the aviation industry, as well as globalization and ever-closer business and cultural ties between different countries of the world (Civil Code of Ukraine, 2003).

ФІНАНСОВО-ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНІ МЕХАНІЗМИ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА ТА ШЛЯХИ ЇХ УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ

The article defines the role of air transport and airports as an integral part of the world transport system. Features that provide competitive advantages of air over other types of transport are highlighted. A macroeconomic assessment of airport finances was carried out based on the statistics of auxiliary air transport services during 2013–2021. It has been established that the value of non-current and current assets of airports has increased, and at the highest rates – for small enterprises. Statistically, it is shown that the main part of non-current and current assets falls on large enterprises, a smaller part – on medium ones, and a very small part – on small and micro enterprises. Similar trends also apply to the dynamics and structure of equity capital. Its dynamics is described by a linear trend with a high multiple coefficient of determination. It has been proven that the airports of Ukraine have sufficient stability, since the specific weight of own capital is high enough, they have a positive amount of own working capital, with the exception of 2019–2020. It is argued that during the years 2013–2021, the financial condition of the airports was sufficiently strong, in the emergency conditions of the martial law, its deterioration should be expected. The characteristics of the State target program for the development of airports for the period up to 2023 are provided, in the implementation of which 18 airports are involved, investment objects are determined for each of them. The forecast of the expected results of the implementation of the Program was carried out: technical (quantitative – increasing the carrying capacity of airports, and qualitative – bringing their operational level in line with international standards), economic (increasing the total passenger flow and cargo turnover, increasing the transit potential of Boryspil Airport and turning it into an international transport hub, activating the public-private partnership for investment and operation of airports, developing regional airports and increasing the market share of air carriers operating under the "low-cost" model cost"), social (preserving existing and creating additional jobs at aviation infrastructure entities in the regions).

The effect of transport infrastructure (road, rail, and air) investments on economic growth and environmental pollution and testing the validity of EKC in China, India, Japan, and Russia.

A key factor in social development and sustainable urban expansion is the establishment of sustainable and affordable transport systems. This study aims to investigate the impact of transport infrastructure investment on environmental degradation and economic growth and to test the validity of the EKC hypothesis in China, India, Russia, and Japan over the period 1995-2020. The results show that GDP has a significant positive effect, and GDP2 and GDP3 have significant adverse effects on environmental degradation, respectively. These results confirm the validity of the inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis in selected emerging Asian economies. Rail infrastructure investment has significant adverse effects, while road infrastructure investment and aviation infrastructure investment have significant positive effects on environmental degradation. Likewise, the impact of investment in transport infrastructure system (roads, rail, and aviation) on economic growth is positive and statistically significant. Country-level estimates confirm the validity of the inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis in China, India, and Russia, while the N-shaped EKC is only valid in Japan. Investments in rail infrastructure based on modern rail systems that run on electricity are believed to be less polluting in the transport mix, help create sustainable and safe transport systems, and reduce emissions at the urban and intercity levels in emerging Asian countries. In addition, the growing impact of free trade on environmental pollution should be strengthened to harmonize the strict enforcement of environmental conditions dominated by trade agreements.

FUTURE AIR TRANSPORTATION RAMIFICATION: URBAN AIR MOBILITY (UAM) CONCEPT: URBAN AIR MOBILITY

Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is a new concept offered for solving urban transportation system problems, contributing to reducing traffic congestion, atmospheric pollution and mobility around metropolitan areas which is progressively an evolved aviation market. Facing the evolved dynamics in the airspace and on the ground, developed new technologies are able to withstand against destroy transportation infrastructures of the big cities, making it necessary to develop UAM services in the megapolises and regional transportation sector. Based on new technologies and modern business approaches, applying the next generation aviation infrastructure makes it capable of setting up a novel air traffic within the urban environment. This case study aims to explore the urban air transport advantages, particularly adoption of UAM, which might be an alternative next generation air transportation system. Referring to the collected operational data and design performances of the UAM, in this paper, we will try to describe a multi approach studying differences between traditional aviation transportation and UAM operation. The first step of the study consists of defining an airspace classification for UAM mission and use of applicable requirements for air navigation service providers and second part of the study describes performing UAM infrastructure and design of vertiports necessary for vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) vehicles. Detailed design specification is not included in this study but limited characteristics are indicated according to the VTOL manufacturer that are obtained from the test results. As far as VTOL vehicles have not started their mission yet, the UAM operators are at the stage of development to set up their future operation. The expected trend provides justifiable assumptions of the necessity of establishing the new transportation ramification within the aviation industry, upon transforming existing business activities and regulations.

Application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Monitoring Airport Asset Surfaces

Airports facilitate the fastest mode of transportation and connect local communities and businesses with national and international destinations. The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 2021 infrastructure report card rated the aviation infrastructure category with a D+. This highlights the need for frequent monitoring and performing timely preservation techniques to ensure the optimal performance of the asset. The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) periodically inspects the regional airports in Texas through visual surveys and estimates the pavement condition index (PCI) for each airport on a network scale. These ratings are used to assess the need for rehabilitation in a timely manner. In this study, an attempt was made to use an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) mounted with an optical camera to inspect and evaluate the condition of various airport assets. Several observations were outlined to conduct a safe inspection of airport assets using UAVs. A comparison of PCI values, grouped into three categories, obtained from traditional and aerial inspections was made to understand the feasibility of using this new technology for airport asset management. It was observed that both inspections classified most of the airport assets similarly. The traditional inspection was observed to be quicker as it requires inspection of only sampled units, however, UAV data processing takes a relatively long time to offer a comprehensive digital footprint and immersive visualization experience of the whole airport assets. Overall, UAVs are identified to have a great potential as a data collection tool supplementary to the current traditional practices.

Construction of Internal and External Environmental Management System of Human Resources in Civil Aviation Institutions Based on System Dynamics

The basic investment needed for the development of civil aviation transportation has a long period, large investment, and strong exclusivity. The quantity of fixed investment should match the scale of the stage of civil aviation development. Scientific demand forecasting is the basis of reasonable planning of civil aviation infrastructure and fleet construction. Based on the principle of system dynamics, this paper analyzes the internal and external influencing factors of air passenger transport demand, and establishes a system dynamics model between civil aviation passenger transport market demand forecast and human resource management system. Using the model, based on the level of economic and social development, it is predicted that the demand for air passenger transport will reach 1 billion passengers around 2024. The demand system dynamics model of civil aviation passenger transport market has universal applicability and long-term effectiveness for the derived long-term demand forecast and analysis of civil aviation transportation. The results show that based on the derivative characteristics of air transport demand, the demand influencing factors of air passenger transport market can be divided into external and internal factors, which are mainly affected by population, economy, residents’ consumption level, air-rail competition, and other factors. Internal factors mainly include ticket price and service level.

항공 시스템에 대한 사이버 위협 대응 방안

Aviation security activities include countering direct attacks such as preventing or responding to threats of terrorism. Also, actions against cyber attacks and remote control using wired/wireless communication of aircraft or navigation facilities are considered as important indirect security activities. If cyber attacks are occurred in aviation infrastructure such as aircraft or airports in operation, many national losses are anticipated. Cyber intrusions from aeronautical communications networks or aircraft systems are not very different from those seen in other industries. Even though, the communication, navigation, surveillance and passenger service systems of advanced aircraft are developed with enhanced security measures, there are still many vulnerabilities. This paper analyzes the types of cyber threats to the aviation systems and the vulnerabilities to cyber threats in the internal and external infrastructure of aircraft, and discusses measures to counter them.

Cyber-Security Challenges in Aviation Industry: A Review of Current and Future Trends

The integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools into mechanical devices in routine use within the aviation industry has heightened cyber-security concerns. The extent of the inherent vulnerabilities in the software tools that drive these systems escalates as the level of integration increases. Moreover, these concerns are becoming even more acute as the migration within the industry in the deployment of electronic-enabled aircraft and smart airports gathers pace. A review of cyber-security attacks and attack surfaces within the aviation sector over the last 20 years provides a mapping of the trends and insights that are of value in informing on future frameworks to protect the evolution of a key industry. The goal is to identify common threat actors, their motivations, attacks types and map the vulnerabilities within aviation infrastructures most commonly subject to persistent attack campaigns. The analyses will enable an improved understanding of both the current and potential future cyber-security protection provisions for the sector. Evidence is provided that the main threats to the industry arise from Advance Persistent Threat (APT) groups that operate, in collaboration with a particular state actor, to steal intellectual property and intelligence in order to advance their domestic aerospace capabilities as well as monitor, infiltrate and subvert other sovereign nations’ capabilities. A segment of the aviation industry commonly attacked is the Information Technology (IT) infrastructure, the most prominent type of attack being malicious hacking with intent to gain unauthorised access. The analysis of the range of attack surfaces and the existing threat dynamics has been used as a foundation to predict future cyber-attack trends. The insights arising from the review will support the future definition and implementation of proactive measures that protect critical infrastructures against cyber-incidents that damage the confidence of customers in a key service-oriented industry.