Aviation Environment Research Articles

제트엔진에서의 추진축의 피로 수명해석에 관한 융합연구

The vibration happened at the revolution movement of driving shaft driven with the thrust of airplane affects the great influence on the life of the shaft. And a great loss of life is caused when the fatigue damage is occurred at the driving shaft during revolution. The chattering is occurred at the driving shaft placed at the various revolution due to the aviation environment. Therefore, the part of the driving shaft concerned about the fatigue damage is grasped through the analysis study in this paper. So, the durability to prevent damage can be improved and it is possible to be grafted onto the convergence technique on the basis of a recent safe design and show the esthetic sense.

Affection of high altitude aviation on the trachea cannula cuff

Objective To investigate the effect of high altitude aviation on the pressure and diameter of the trachea cannula cuff after injecting air or water. Methods In the circumstance 5 km height and 795 hPa cabin pressure, the air injected cuffs were divided into two groups, one was under the ground circumstance, the other was in the high altitude aviation environment. The volumes of injected air were 5 ml, 7 ml, 9 ml, 11 ml, 13 ml, 15 ml, 17 ml, and the cuff pressure and its diameter were measured. The water injected cuffs were also divided into two groups of ground and high altitude aviation environment. The volumes of injected water were 10 ml, 12 ml, 14 ml, 15 ml, 16 ml, and the cuff pressure and its diameter were measured. The results were compared between the ground circumstance and high altitude aviation environment. Results The diameter of injection air group versus under the ground circumstance group had the statistical significance (t=5.000-9.449,P 0.05), while different air volume injection had significant effect on pressure and diameter (F=5.132, 5.980,P<0.01). When the water volume was 10 ml, the cuff pressure was (24.00±4.62) cmH2O (1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa) , which was appropriate to the range of cuff pressure (20-30 cmH2O). Conclusions In high altitude aviation environment the trachea cannula cuff should adopt water injection, and the best water volume is about 10 ml. Key words: Intubation, intratracheal; Air sacs; Pressure; High altitude aviation

An Integrated Framework for Fostering Human Factor Sustainability and Increased Safety in Aviation Ramp Operations

The aviation work environment has one of the highest accident rates of any industry sector in the United States, resulting in significant costs for both employee injuries and equipment damage. In fact, injury rates exceed rates found in areas that are widely recognized as hazardous, such as construction and mining, and it is estimated that aircraft ground damage costs are as high as 5 billion to 10 billion dollars per year. Purdue University’s Aviation Technology Department has conducted numerous safety and human factors studies in the past decade encompassing maintenance and repair operations, corporate flight departments, and over ten major airlines. Based on the accumulated knowledge gained from these studies, a systematic method to reduce workplace costs associated with aircraft damage and worker injuries has been developed. This concept paper summarizes the resulting best practices and methods, which are centered on four main themes: (1) organizational infrastructure, (2) systematic process, (3) measurement, and (4) education. Successfully addressing components related to these four areas has been a major driver and the key to successful ramp operations in the commercial passenger aviation sector. This framework has been used to successfully develop, implement, and maintain and manage human factors sustainability, which refers to creating and maintaining a sustainable environment in terms of the human factors needed to safely and efficiently conduct operations in the aviation environment.

Fatigue proofing: The role of protective behaviours in mediating fatigue-related risk in a defence aviation environment

In the military or emergency services, operational requirements and/or community expectations often preclude formal prescriptive working time arrangements as a practical means of reducing fatigue-related risk. In these environments, workers sometimes employ adaptive or protective behaviours informally to reduce the risk (i.e. likelihood or consequence) associated with a fatigue-related error. These informal behaviours enable employees to reduce risk while continuing to work while fatigued. In this study, we documented the use of informal protective behaviours in a group of defence aviation personnel including flight crews. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to determine whether and which protective behaviours were used to mitigate fatigue-related error. The 18 participants were from aviation-specific trades and included aircrew (pilots and air-crewman) and aviation maintenance personnel (aeronautical engineers and maintenance personnel). Participants identified 147 ways in which they and/or others act to reduce the likelihood or consequence of a fatigue-related error. These formed seven categories of fatigue-reduction strategies. The two most novel categories are discussed in this paper: task-related and behaviour-based strategies. Broadly speaking, these results indicate that fatigued military flight and maintenance crews use protective ‘fatigue-proofing’ behaviours to reduce the likelihood and/or consequence of fatigue-related error and were aware of the potential benefits. It is also important to note that these behaviours are not typically part of the formal safety management system. Rather, they have evolved spontaneously as part of the culture around protecting team performance under adverse operating conditions. When compared with previous similar studies, aviation personnel were more readily able to understand the idea of fatigue proofing than those from a fire-fighting background. These differences were thought to reflect different cultural attitudes toward error and formal training using principles of Crew Resource Management and Threat and Error Management.

Research on Switching Technology of Aviation 270V DC System

In this article, large capacitor charging and discharging experimental system is utilized to generate 270V DC-current by pre-charging to the large capacitor and discharging. Interrupter switching experiments of 540A, 1800A are done in aviation environment, and results of arcing breakdown manner are analyzed and explained. The experiment results indicate that 270V DC-current and arc in aviation environment can be broken by the way of using IGBT in appropriate time; In aviation environment, the breaking capability can be improved, and arcing breaking manner can be used to estimate the arc time constant by several experiments.

Point-of-care ultrasound in aerospace medicine: known and potential applications.

Since its initial introduction into the bedside assessment of the trauma patient via the Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) exam, the use of point-of-care ultrasound has expanded rapidly. A growing body of literature demonstrates ultrasound can be used by nonradiologists as an extension of the physical exam to accurately diagnose or exclude a variety of conditions. These conditions include, but are not limited to, hemoperitoneum, pneumothorax, pulmonary edema, long-bone fracture, deep vein thrombosis, and elevated intracranial pressure. As ultrasound machines have become more compact and portable, their use has extended outside of hospitals to places where the physical exam and diagnostic capabilities may be limited, including the aviation environment. A number of studies using focused sonography have been performed to meet the diagnostic challenges of space medicine. The following article reviews the available literature on portable ultrasound use in aerospace medicine and highlights both known and potential applications of point-of-care ultrasound for the aeromedical clinician.

POOR COMMUNICATION SKILLS MEANS HIGH RISK FOR AVIATION SAFETY

This article analyses different types of communication in the aviation environment. The research has a qualitative approach underlined by a documentary analysis of the reports issued by National Aviation Agencies. In the aviation field, communication is a complex system which consists in verbal, non-verbal, written, spoken and also the automatic communication. Communication can be a crucial factor to manage critical situations. According to the results, the lack of communication skills among all those individuals involved in the air operations contribute to the critical failures ocurred in most of the aviation accidents and incidents. Conclusions pointed out that: each set of aviation activities requires well-trained people in communication skills besides technical capacity; professionals should be put together as a task force team to work towards aviation safety; it is emergencial to implement Communication Skills Training; professionals trained in communication skills have better conditions to detect threats and communicate the need for support to manage risks and to implement actions as required by the philosophy of the Safety Management System.

English

The aviation industry has always been seeking the technological progress that will optimise the economic, operational and environmental way of flying. In the first part of this study the author describes the impact of the CO2 emissions on the climate change. Also, the author emphasises the fact that once again the aviation environment is asking for new breakthroughs to face the challenge of the aviation's sustainable growth. Airbus and its approach with the least possible impact on environment are introduced in the last part of this paper. Additionally, the environmental way of greener aviation is illustrated by examples of fuel consumption and CO2 emissions measurements made for several selected airlines.

Lack of International Uniformity in Assessing Color Vision Deficiency in Professional Pilots

Color is an important characteristic of the aviation environment. Pilots must rapidly and accurately differentiate and identify colors. The medical standards published by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) require that pilots have "the ability to perceive readily those colors the perception of which is necessary for the safe performance of duties." The general wording of that color vision (CV) standard, coupled with the associated flexibility provisions, allows for different approaches to the assessment of color vision deficient (CVD) pilots. Data was gathered and analyzed regarding medical assessment practices applied by different countries to CVD pilots. Data was obtained from 78 countries, representing 78% of the population and 92% of the aviation activity of the world. That data indicates wide variation in the medical assessment of CVD pilots. Countries use different tools and procedures for the testing of pilots, and also apply different result criteria to those tests. At one extreme an applicant making one error upon Ishihara 24-plate pseudoisochromatic plate (PIP) testing is declined a class 1 medical assessment, while at another extreme an applicant failing every color vision test required by the regulatory authority may be issued a medical assessment allowing commercial and airline copilot privileges. The medical assessment of CVD applicants is not performed consistently across the world. Factors that favor uniformity have been inadequate to encourage countries toward consistent medical assessment outcomes. This data is not consistent with the highest practicable degree of uniformity in medical assessment outcomes, and encourages aeromedical tourism.

Biological Emergency Management: The Case of Ebola 2014 and the Air Transportation Involvement

The putative spread after the outbreak of the haemorrhagic fever epidemic caused by Ebola virus in West Africa, in the early months of 2014, puts the spotlight on the management of biological risks involving air transportation. Ebola virus is a highly pathogenic agent, causing a haemorrhagic fever defined Ebola HF, characterized by a high fatality. This virus is generally considered to be self-limiting in terms of diffusion; its lethality is in fact so high as to prevent the exit from rural areas where outbreaks generally occur. However, when the virus comes from rural areas and reaches urban places, it is important to assess the risk of spreading even in areas far from the outbreak of origin. Therefore, the development or strengthening of strategies and plans to take action with timely and effective response in order to reduce the consequences of public health emergencies is paramount. During Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa in 2014, World Health Organization focused attention on many airports, stops of main flights coming from Africa; the aviation, due to its nature, has the potential to help boost the global spread of transmissible diseases, since air travel allow to reach the most remote locations in hours. The management of biological emergencies during ordinary operations of airlines and airports represents a real constraint in the event of contrast epidemic situations or endemic outbreaks. An effective response plan should include a careful assessment of the risks and the establishment of procedures to carry on board of aircrafts or on the ground. To ensure that this complex system works correctly, a broad and effective cooperation between the different actors involved is required. On the international level, several documents and recommendations relating to the management of contagious diseases in aeronautical environment have been produced by authoritative agencies. In this paper, after an overview on the international response to public health emergencies in the aviation environment, the attention is focused on emergency response to the Ebola virus crisis in 2014, including an evaluation of the potential dispersion of the pathogen.

A 5-Year Review of Atrial Fibrillation in Military Aircrew

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cause of disqualification from flying in both civilian and military aircrew. We reviewed 5 yr of atrial fibrillation management in the Royal Air Force (RAF) from both a clinical and occupational perspective. Patients were identified from the RAF Medical Boards (RAFMB) electronic database using search terms "atrial," "fibrillation," and "arrhythmia." Management was compared to current RAF and national clinical guidelines and current civilian and military aviation medicine policy. Over the 5-yr period assessed, 23 aircrew were identified with AF. Paroxysmal AF (PAF) was the most common diagnosis. Five aircrew remained fit to fly with no limitations, 12 fit to fly with restrictions, and 6 were graded permanently unfit for flying, with one of these being medically discharged. The incidence and demographics of aircrew identified with AF in this paper is comparable to previous studies. All aircrew in our study were treated in accordance with current RAF/national guidelines. Emerging treatments such as radiofrequency ablation and the new anticoagulants remain to be assessed for suitability in a military context. Management of AF in RAF aircrew requires a holistic approach, with an awareness of the arrhythmogenic aviation environment in which RAF aircrew operate. Most RAF aircrew with AF will retain a restricted flying status, but this should be considered on a case-by-case basis.

System Simulation of General Aviation Airborne Conflict Detection and Resolution

In this paper, a general aviation airborne conflict detection and resolution simulation system is designed and implemented. We do some researches and improvements on the conflict detection and resolution algorithm that is suitable for general aviation environment. Based on this, the core system software functional modules based on VxWorks are realized. In the end, simulation and test are carried out to prove the effectiveness of its functionality and performance. Test result shows that the system is stable and meets the simulation requirements.

Air transport in Africa: toward sustainable business models for African airlines

Although there is a vast amount of literature on airline business models and their evolution in changing global landscapes, there is a general lack of research into the applicability of those models, traditionally defined in European and North American contexts, to the African scene. Implicit in this study is the hypothesis that the African environment is unique enough to warrant its own host of strategies, which may be distinctive enough to form part of a new strategic template, or business model. Initially, a review of existing literature is undertaken to profile the African aviation environment and evaluate existing airline business models and their evolution, both globally and in Africa. The methodology consists firstly of a cluster exercise, whereby 57 African airlines are analysed in terms of their network and size, to yield a number of heterogeneous groups which serve to identify the current business models of airlines on the continent. Following this, eight airlines (representative of the groups outlined in the cluster analysis) were subsequently selected for analysis in terms of the Product and Organisational Architecture framework. While it was evident that the traditional models are followed in Africa, in some instances variations were apparent. Full-service network carriers and regional carriers were concluded as being the most prominent and stable in the African market. The applicability of the low-cost carrier model in Africa was also examined at length, with mixed results. The analysis also raised network density and connectivity as essential components of business models for delivering profits in an African context.

Development and reliability of the explicit professional oral communication observation tool to quantify the use of non-technical skills in healthcare

BackgroundA lack of non-technical skills is increasingly recognised as an important underlying cause of adverse events in healthcare. The nature and number of things professionals communicate to each other can...

Editor's Forum

Welcome to another issue of the JAAER. We are pleased to share three exciting articles with you. Our first article addresses an interesting issue: what effect do certain variables have on how employees respond to training in the aviation environment. Erin Bowen's article titled Predicting Impact of Maintenance Resource Management Training Utilizing Individual Difference Variables, reveals the findings of a study which was conducted to identify the predictive role certain variables play on the impact of maintenance resource management training program in an aviation maintenance setting.

Survey on understanding after anesthetic induction simulation training in medical students' anesthesiology practice

Survey on understanding after anesthetic induction simulation training in medical students' anesthesiology practice

Performance Measurement of Depot Level Maintenance in Military Aviation Environment

Performance Measurement of Depot Level Maintenance in Military Aviation Environment

The use of noise cancelling headphones to improve concurrent task performance in a noisy environment

The main aim of the present study was to examine the effect of noise cancelling technology (e.g., headphones) on concurrent task performance within an aviation environment, namely the cabin of commercial operations. In addition, the present research sought to determine if price comparable noise cancelling headphones deliver similar performance outcomes. Thirty-six participants (23 male), all with normal hearing and with an average age of 20years (SD=2.12) were asked to listen to six different audio files under six different experimental conditions. The six experimental conditions were presented in a balanced Latin squares experimental design, while the audio files were presented in a counterbalanced order. Each audio file contained information about a specific aircraft that was a combination of both factual and non-factual information. The secondary task consisted of a simple mathematical exercise. Wideband noise played at 65dB(A) and filtered to simulate aircraft noise featured in each experimental condition. At the conclusion of each audio file, participants were provided a written multi-answer test. In relation to the main aim (recognition of audio information), a series of planned comparisons revealed no differences in terms of performance between the two price comparable noise cancelling headphones. However, performance when using noise cancelling headphones was significantly better in both the single-task and dual-task condition compared to using no headphones. As expected, performance in the single-task noise cancelling condition was also superior to the dual-task noise-cancelling condition. Of particular note, there were no differences between the dual-task noise cancelling condition and the single-task no headphone condition. These results highlight the benefits of noise cancelling technology in an aviation setting.

Battling Fatigue in Aviation: Recent Advancements in Research and Practice

Despite knowledge gained through decades of research, fatigue due to insufficient sleep remains an ingrained part of military and commercial aviation and represents a major threat to the health, safety, and effectiveness of aircrew. Long duty periods, high workloads, circadian disruptions, and insufficient recovery time between flights ensure sleepiness is a continued problem for both civilian and military aircrew. The majority of our knowledge concerning the effects of fatigue is gained from acute, total sleep deprivation laboratory-based studies which describe results in terms of the average individual's response to total sleep loss. However, in operational environments, limited sleep over many days, termed chronic sleep restriction, is more commonly experienced than acute, total sleep deprivation, casting some doubt on the operational applicability of many previous studies. Furthermore, recent studies have identified strong individual differences in fatigue resistance. Our understanding of the effects of chronic sleep restriction and the individual differences in response to fatigue is currently limited in comparison to that of acute sleep deprivation. In this review, we identify the substantial progress made over the last 2 decades in closing these gaps. Advances in understanding the effects of chronic sleep restriction, the recovery timeline associated with sleep loss, and individual responses to sleep loss represent a critical step in the improvement of current, and the formulation of future, countermeasures in the aviation environment. Adjustments to duty rotation and crew scheduling, refinement of biomathematical models of fatigue, and application of currently available countermeasures are the most immediate of these improvements.

Strategies for managing risk in a changing aviation environment

Given the increasing volatility in the economic performance of airlines, partially reflecting the dynamics of demand for air transport and the fixed costs associated with the industry, all stakeholders need to consider appropriate strategies for better managing the risks. Many risks were identified in the literature previously, some even decades ago, however most have yet to be satisfactorily addressed. Urgency is growing. Removal of the remaining barriers to competition at all levels, congestion management, open skies policies across continents, computer-centric air traffic management systems and increased research and development into the processes and technology needed to reduce environmental externalities remain among the top challenges for the next decade.