Aviation Complexes Research Articles

Methodological approach to the integrated assessment of the effectiveness of the use of aviation complexes with UAVs. Part 3. Methodology for determining the weighting coefficients of the significance of solving particular target tasks, taking into account the stage of the strategic situation

Methodological approach to the integrated assessment of the effectiveness of the use of aviation complexes with UAVs. Part 3. Methodology for determining the weighting coefficients of the significance of solving particular target tasks, taking into account the stage of the strategic situation

Формирование компонентов критического мышления курсантов в процессе изучения русского языка как иностранного

Introduction. One of the tasks of modern education is the formation of the competencies of the «Systemic and Critical Thinking» group. Theoretical analysis. The article reveals the meaning of the concept of critical thinking, highlights its components and substantiates the significance of the development of this thinking in the cadets of the preparatory course, since it is during this period that the skills of working with scientific literature written in Russian are laid. Empirical analysis. These methods and techniques of working with didactic material based on the texts of the disciplines of the professional cycle made it possible to increase not only interest in learning the Russian language, but also to prepare students for the analytical reading of textbooks, which contributes to the development of critical thinking. Conclusion. The article presents arguments proving the importance of the development of critical thinking in military personnel, since the study of scientific and methodological literature led to the conclusion that, first of all, grammatical skills are formed in the process of learning a language as a foreign one. Examples of tasks that form and develop the components of critical thinking are given, the methods used in the process of studying Russian as a foreign language are briefly substantiated, the purpose and objectives of studying this discipline are indicated. The article is advisory in nature, and its relevance is justified by the requirements of the educational standard of the specialty “Flight Operation and Application of Aviation Complexes”.

Model for calculating quantitative indicators for assessing the efficiency of protecting a critical infrastructure object from impacts of unmanned aviation complexes

The growing potential for the use of unmanned systems, which are designed to perform combat missions in the air, on the ground, on/under water than ever before, leads to an increase in threats to the defense landscape of defense forces. This is the reason for the rapid growth of interest in technologies that neutralize threats of this type. For the party that protects a critical object from an air attack by an unmanned aircraft complex (or group), the issue of guaranteed effectiveness or economic proportionality of methods of protection against low-cost attacks that can be carried out by such complexes is always relevant. The answer to this question begins with the availability of a device for calculating quantitative indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of protecting a critical infrastructure object from an air attack. The process of functioning of a critical infrastructure object, which includes a deployed protection system, a control point and subsystems with critical equipment, through which the general purpose of this object is carried out, is proposed to be described by analogy with the model of the process of functioning of a renewable system with limited element reliability. In order to quantitatively assess the effectiveness of the protection of a critical infrastructure object from air attacks by unmanned aerial systems, it is proposed to take a comprehensive indicator of the reliability of the functioning of the renewable system, which consists of the following components: the readiness factor, the vulnerability factor and the protection from air attacks. Expressions of calculation formulas are given in accordance with the proposed process description model. The obtained indicators for the quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of the protection of a critical infrastructure object from air attacks will be converted into specific proposals for persons who make decisions on the selection of the necessary types of countermeasures against unmanned aircraft systems for the expansion of the defense system, and which are required for the justification of financial and economic costs when overcoming this type of threat. The directions of further research in order to ensure the specified indicators of the protection of a critical infrastructure object will be the method of calculating the reservation of protection means.

Исследование характеристик алгоритма корреляционно-экстремальной навигации для летательного аппарата

Correlation-extremal navigation and guidance systems are widely used in controlling the moving objects. The paper considers the aircraft correlation-extreme navigation algorithm designed for the aviation complexes. This algorithm provides radio identification and guidance for long-range detection of the enemy objects, as well as guidance of the destruction and interception weaponry against it. Classification of methods of the correlation-extreme navigation is presented, and each of the methods is being considered separately. Using the example of an airfield identified from the air, the error between the current and the reference images is determined as the distance between two points in the original image pixel coordinate system. When moving, the object image could be distorted by geometric, luminance and noise transformations. Using the found image, error dependencies on alterations in brightness, rotation angle and noise level of the image fragment, as well as the error dependencies on the selected navigation element, are investigated. Results are presented in the form of graphs. It is shown that the phase correlation method is more resistant to brightness and noise distortions of the image fragment, and the gradient correlation method is more resistant to the geometric transformations. It was found that navigation of heterogeneous and diverse navigation elements (cities) is better than the monotonous and homogeneous ones (roads and forests).

Principles оf Storing and Monitoring Configuration Information in the Task of On-Board Equipment Complex Redundancy Managing

The article proposes the principles of the main structural components formation for the implementation of the task of managing the on-board equipment complexs (OEC) redundant resources: configurations tables, readiness indices and functional efficiency indicators of the software and hardware equipment components, allowing to formalize the processes of their development and use in the task of managing the excess on-board equipment complex resources. The separation of redundant components into groups of resources is proposed: computing modules, operating system core components, onboard software components, peripheral switching system components, hardware peripheral components. The general organization of redundant resources monitoring is formulated, which allows using the schemes and capabilities of both traditional built-in controls (the lower level of monitoring) and more advanced algorithmic solutions based on the logical processing of control results (the middle and upper levels of moni- toring). The formation mechanisms, as well as the forms of configuration tables for hardware components and on-board applications, as well as the rules for filling them, focused on the use of configuration supervisors, are proposed. The principles of readiness indices and functional efficiency indicators forming have been developed and detailed, allowing to implement in the software environment the accounting of various factors that determine the capabilities and effectiveness of various computing tools and OEC configurations. A method for correcting the configurations functional efficiency indicator due to the mode generator, which adapts the complex reconfiguration to the conditions of its use, the tasks to be solved, and the operators commands, is proposed. An example of considering the variety of tasks and modes of the OEC of an aircraft: flight stages, emergency situations, services and support, life support modes, the operation of the flight and navigation complex, as well as the crew control commands, is given. The proposed solutions can be used in computer-aided design systems for equipment complexes, flight safety systems, control of general aircraft equipment, software-controlled radio communication equipment systems, multispectral onboard reco naissance systems, target designation and control of aviation weapons and special target loads of promising aviation complexes.

Investigations of the algorithms linear properties for strapdown inertial navigation systems

The basic operation principles of the strapdown inertial navigation systems (SINS) without platform and models of the measuring sensors errors, including offsets of zero signals, errors of scale factors and cross-links connections, are considered. The influence of various components of these errors and their linear combinations on the numeration accuracy of coordinates, velocity and orientation angles is investigated by the method of mathematical modeling of the SINS operation at one and a half hour intervals. To assess the linear properties of SINS algorithms, a quantitative measure is introduced — the value of the numeration error deviation, caused by a linear combination of input errors, relative linear combination of errors caused by separate input errors, as a percentage is expressed. Numerical estimates for typical trajectories of a maneuverable aircraft are obtained for this value. The obtained results can serve as the basis for the formation of technical requirements, used at the design and testing of aviation navigation systems and complexes. Keywords strapdown inertial navigation system, potential of the gravity field, gravitational acceleration, apparent acceleration, numeration errors, math modeling

Optimization of the Process of Improving Aviation Complexes Based on the Concept of Functional Design

Optimization of the Process of Improving Aviation Complexes Based on the Concept of Functional Design

TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNMANNED AVIATION COMPLEXES AND THEIR RADIO EQUIPMENT

The issues of modern trends in the development of unmanned aviation complexes are considered. The main ways of their current and promising application are given, the main differences from pilot. The main ways of improving radio equipment of unmanned aviation complexes are considered. It is listed that in the near future, unmanned aerial vehicles will significantly affect the progress of military conflicts.

Practical results and prospects of using fiber optical sensors of acoustic emission for diagnosting the technical condition of aircraft units

Peripheral sensors for measuring aircraft parameters are an integral part of any system for diagnostics and forecasting of technical condition. Their principle of operation in relation to operation at aviation complexes is to convert mechanical, electromagnetic or light quantities into electrical ones for their subsequent processing. The process of radiation of disturbances propagating in the material caused by the dynamic local rearrangement of the structure of materials under the action of internal stresses leading to a change in the crystal lattice or the movement of micro- and / or macrodefects is called acoustic emission. So, the analysis of differences in the form of acoustic waves allows the classification of the type of deformation: crack or plastic deformation, which allows you to more accurately determine the current state of the airframe or diagnosed nodes. The principle of operation of such sensors is based on the effect of converting the linear dimensions of a Bragg cell, made on an optical fiber, into a change in the reflected wavelength. A necessary condition for obtaining correct results of measurements of stress states is the need for temperature compensation of the Bragg cells, which is achieved by introducing additional cells that are mechanically decoupled from the material being diagnosed and react only to the temperature component. The advantage of this method is the absence of the need for additional adjustment of the cells and their alignment, as well as the independence of measurements from the effects of electromagnetic radiation; the sensors are lightweight, vibration-resistant, and insensitive to electromagnetic fields. The article presents the practical results of using fiber-optic acoustic emission sensors for diagnosing the technical condition of critical components and assemblies of aircraft, as well as outlines the prospects for their deepest integration into a unified information and analytical system for diagnosing and predicting the technical state of aviation complexes. The developed technical solutions aimed at simplifying the methods of processing broadband acoustic emission signals, which make it possible to design acoustic emission sensors based on optical fiber, are structurally simpler and cheaper, with an increased signal-to-noise ratio, due to one conversion of an acoustic-optical signal into an electrical one.

Review of the works in the USA and Europe on the new generation of aviation complexes and aero engines for their propulsion systems

Review of the works in the USA and Europe on the new generation of aviation complexes and aero engines for their propulsion systems

ACOUSTIC EXPRESS METHOD FOR MEASURING ELASTIC METAL CONSTANTS OF HIGH-LOADED CONSTRUCTIONS WORKING IN EXTREME CONDITIONS. PART 1

A review of contingencies related to the failure of potentially hazardous equipment of the aviation and space-rocket complexes showed that they lead to explosions, fires, deaths and destruction of infrastructure. The causes of accidents and disasters are errors in the selection of technical solutions and materials during design, imperfection of algorithms and software for flight control systems, malfunctions in on-board computers and security systems, navigation systems, engine failure, defects in components and assemblies. Examples of accidents and disasters related to technical failures leading to a violation of the tightness of the aircraft fuselage and depressurization of spacecraft are given. It is shown that the main types of damage to the units are corrosion damage, fatigue and metal wear. The conclusion is made about the negative impact of the “human factor” regarding the adoption of erroneous decisions, failure to comply with regulatory requirements and actions in extreme situations. There is a risk of fatigue cracks and degradation of the properties of stringer metal, landing gear struts, wing tail trim, fuel tanks, engine pylon flanges, and imperfect methods, equipment, and technology for monitoring fatigue defects of critical components and mechanisms of aircraft, helicopters, and space systems. It is shown that modern achievements are poorly used in research and development of physical methods and diagnostics of elastic constants of metals working under high pressure, their changes in conditions of wide temperature drops, cosmic vacuum, vibration and other influences. It is proposed to combine efforts with scientists and experts in the field of strength, resource assessment and operational safety of aviation and space technology.

Методический подход к интегральной оценке эффективности применения авиационных комплексов с БПЛА. Часть 1. Методики оценки эффективности решения задач радиосвязи и дистанционного мониторинга

Currently, the use of aviation systems with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) of various classes and special purposes has gained particular relevance and practical importance in the interests of both special customers and civilians. Modern UAVs are used both individually and as part of a group, they can carry several target loads on board simultaneously, they are built on various physical principles: a multifunctional optoelectronic system, a digital aerial system, an airborne radar station, a radio and electronic reconnaissance system, and a system communications for transmitting data from target loads (sensors) to a mobile device (for example, a tablet) to a remote subscriber, etc. However, the question of determining the effectiveness of solving both individual UAV targets and finding an integrated assessment of the effectiveness of using aviation complexes with UAVs when solving a set of targets (sequentially or sequentially-in parallel in time) taking into account their priority and a number of other factors. This article structurally consists of three parts. In the first part, we can observe a scientific and methodological approach to determining the effectiveness of solving particular communication targets and remote monitoring by a complex with UAVs according to the probability of their solution is developed. In the framework of this approach, a mathematical apparatus has been developed for the functional depend-ence of the probabilities of solving particular target problems with the design parameters of target loads as part of the UAV, taking into account the peculiarities of its functioning and under the conditions of existing limitations and assumptions. The scientific and methodological approach allows already at the stage of the formation of the tactical and technical task for the complex with UAVs to obtain, using the calculation method, quantitative estimates of the probabilities of solving particular targets taking into account the technical backlog of industrial enterprises for key components of the complex (target loads, communications equipment complex, etc.). The methodological apparatus developed in the article is universal and invariant with respect to input parameters, i.e., the number of tasks to be solved, the stages of operation of the complex with UAVs, and can be easily adapted to new conditions of use. It should be noted that the result of the article is the methodological apparatus for finding exactly the integral estimate. Finding performance assessments for the group use of UAVs, as well as taking into account possible countermeasures, is beyond the scope of this article and is a direction of further research on this topic.

Мобильная энергоустановка с генератором на топливных элементах для обслуживания авиационных комплексов

Мобильная энергоустановка с генератором на топливных элементах для обслуживания авиационных комплексов

МОДЕЛЬ КАСКАДУ ГІБРИДНОЇ СЕГМЕНТАЦІЇ ДЛЯ АВТОМАТИЧНОГО ДЕШИФРУВАННЯ ОБ’ЄКТІВ НА АЕРОЗНІМКАХ

Current tasks for today are to search and improve the methods of automatic detailed decoding of objects on aerial photographs obtained from unmanned aviation complexes, which would provide sufficient accuracy of detection and recognition of fine-grained objects in the complex topographical conditions of the terrain above which aerial images are obtained. In order to solve this problem in the article an analysis of methods for automatic image processing and models of neural networks built on their basis. From the analysis, a multi-stage conveyor for aerial photographs has been selected, combining detection approaches, elemental segmentation and semantic segmentation for contextualization. Improved models of cascade of segmentation take into account geometric sizes of objects and their correlation, change in scale, conditions of removal. Using the segmentation cascade model for automatic decoding of objects on aerial photos will increase the accuracy of detection and recognition of such objects.

Experimental results of increasing the bending strength of construction glass after microwave radiation exposure

The analysis of the scientific and technical literature and trends in the development of transport and energy technology showed that advanced plastic complexes and fiberglass plastics are widely used in promising aviation complexes and ground-based robotic complexes for various purposes. The promising point of application of the effects of microwave radiation (microwave electromagnetic field) on the formation of enhanced strength properties of products made of glass-reinforced plastics, especially in terms of bending stresses and interlayer shear, is shown. Experimental studies of the effect of microwave electromagnetic field with a frequency of 2450 MHz on the microstructure of hardened laminated fiberglass and their flexural strength have been performed. A 60% increase in the flexural strength of the samples was achieved after exposure to microwave radiation of an average power level for 2 minutes compared to the control ones. With shorter and longer time of processing, the increase of strength was less pronounced. The reason of hardening is an increase of the solidity of the structure by increasing the contact points of the matrix and fibers during the formation of the characteristic “star” structures. The fact of embrittlement of samples processed at maximum radiation power with an increase in exposure time was revealed.

NAVAL AVIATION ON-BOARD AVIONICS COMPLEX: FROM FIFTH TO SIXTH GENERATION

It is proposed the appearance and the main architectural concepts of distributed hardware and information‑calculating medium construction for sixth generation aviation complexes. An essence of characteristics and principles of sixth generation on‑board avionics complexes construction is revealed. There are shown the main principles of sixth generation on‑board avionics complexes, such as: centralized architecture of integrated information and control medium; high‑intelligence cockpit designed based of interactive technique and expert systems; unified core part of on‑board avionics complexes’ units; jam‑resistant communication system with use of Internet technologies. There are defined the main principles of sixth generation on‑board avionics complexes designing: integration of on‑board avionics complexes’ elements and flight vehicles, centralized architecture of information‑and‑control computing system, wide use of self-earning expert systems, communication system with use of Internet technologies, decision‑making self-earning expert systems, construction of high‑intelligence cockpit on the basis of interactive technique, maximal unification of on‑board avionics complexes’ elements.

Concept of Construction of Ergatical Interface of Multifunctional Aviation Complex with Integrated Modular Avionics

In the focus of this research are the concept of construction and the architecture of the ergatical interface of a prospective aviation complex using integrated modular avionics, which are based on the methodology of rational coordination of the aggregate properties of human operator interaction, technology and the image forming module of the management goal and application in the interests of increasing the efficiency of crew activity and flight safety. Information display and control systems, which are based on digital electronic devices and integrated information management, with the separation of the time of operations for monitoring and displaying data and providing the most convenient form of information representation, are examined in this article. In such systems, only the information that the pilot needs for a given flight mode is reproduced, or called upon them on demand. Wide opportunities in varying the volume and type of presentation of individual parameters depending on the flight modes require engineering and psychological justification for the principles of rational information support for the pilot in the process of solving professional problems. The results of comparative studies of the principles of mapping the spatial position of aircraft for three types of indication are presented: "view from aircraft to ground" (type 1), "view from ground to plane" (type 2) and "view of aircraft and "leader" from another aircraft located behind at the same altitude and ground sp eed" (type 3), which showed the advantages of the third type of indication — information command-leader display. This type of indication provides the pilot with the geocentric image of the flight relative to the earth’s normal coordinate system, the directions of which are the vector of the ground speed, the gravitational vertical and the horizon line, and the image of the control objective and app lication in the form of reflection of change in attitude and change in the configuration position in accordance with the "do as I do" management principle. The possibilities of using IMA-technology and mnemonic frames with information command-leader indication, which allow to increase the efficiency of the crew of multifunctional aviation complexes, are presented.

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The article presents the results of the theoretical and empirical studies conducted by the authors aimed at establishing the features and optimal ways of professional selection of candidates for the positions of operators of unmanned aerial complexes of tactical classes. On the basis of a professional study of the activity of the specified specialist, revealed psychological features of the performance of his professional tasks and concretization of the most professionally important qualities of the specified subject of work, the specificity of realization of social-legal, educational, medical and psychological stages of the professional selection of candidates has been consistently revealed , that will provide the necessary level of its quality. Taking into account the social importance of the profession of unmanned aerial vehicle operator, the complexity of this activity and its connection with information that constitutes a military secret, the authors identified an array of professionally important characteristics and basic contraindications to the performance of professional duties, which should be objectively evaluated in the documents on the candidate to ensure the quality of the socio-legal selection of candidates entering the military high schools. Within the framework of medical selection, the main contraindications to the fulfillment of professional duties in the specialty of the operator of unmanned aviation complexes related to candidate psychosomatics are specified. The expediency of conducting qualitative psychophysiological examination of the candidates to establish the availability of the necessary psychophysiological resource for performing complex activities physical ly, emotional ly and intellectual ly, the ability of sensory systems and motor skills to provide the implementation of professional actions of this specialist is substantiated. In order to ensure the quality of educational selection, the need to increase the objectivity of assessing the most professionally important quality of candidates as the ability to learn, the development and flexibility of thought, memory and attention processes has been identified. Therefore, in addition to analyzing the success of education in a comprehensive educational institution, the results of EI E are offered to conduct specialized interviews of intellectual orientation to assess the quality of operations of the candidate's way of thinking and his ability to productive communication, as well as to establish the presence of such professional limitations as primitive thinking, limited thinking; instability of attention; the difficulty of remembering information; limited vocabulary and poverty of speech; low categorical-conceptual level. With regard to psychological selection, the optimal set of diagnostic tools for assessing the most professionally important qualities of candidates has been determined. It is suggested to use the psychological map of the successful operator of unmanned aviation complexes, the professional and psychogram of this specialist in the interests of both professional selection and further monitoring of the success of their professionalization.

АНАЛІЗ СТАНУ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ БЕЗПІЛОТНИХ ЛІТАЛЬНИХ АПАРАТІВ, ЯКІ БУЛИ СТВОРЕНІ ЗА ЧАС ПРОВЕДЕННЯ АНТИТЕРОРИСТИЧНОЇ ОПЕРАЦІЇ НА СХОДІ УКРАЇНИ

The article presents the analysis of unmanned aerial vehicles that were created during the conduct of the anti-terrorist operation in eastern Ukraine. The article is based on the description of the features of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in eastern Ukraine. The article also discusses the advantages of using unmanned aerial vehicles when performing combat missions. The leading concepts of creating unmanned aerial vehicles and a set of factors that determine the success of providing unmanned aerial vehicles with the Armed Forces of Ukraine are defined. The experience of using and providing unmanned aerial vehicles and unmanned aviation complexes during anti-terrorist operation in eastern Ukraine was generalized. Ways to improve the traditional methods of creating unmanned aerial vehicles and identify for which tasks unmanned aerial vehicles were used during the anti-terrorist operation. The article describes the types of unmanned aerial complexes used in the area of anti-terrorist operation by Ukrainian military, special forces and guards. As a result of the research the peculiarities of determining operational-tactical requirements for unmanned aerial vehicles for their effective use in the east of Ukraine are revealed. The rational ways of creation of unmanned aerial vehicles for their use in the interests of combat use are offered. The starting point for the analysis was some recent publications on the creation and use of drones for military purposes and guidance documents. The source materials were checked for compliance with the criteria set out in the guidance documents.

Influence of different types of loads on quality of spatial orientation and operator activity of operators of an aviation profile

The positive experience of using modern aviation complexes is repeatedly confirmed by their increasing participation in the solution of many combat and transport tasks. The aircraft equipment in system «pilot - plane - environment», continues to be improved, and possibilities of operators of an aviation profile remain at the same level. This discrepancy requires the experts of aviation medicine to search for new approaches to rising of fastness of a human body to the impact of aggressive air flight factors. It is known that the violation of spatial orientation continues to remain a current problem of flight safety and it accounts for 5 to 14% of all aviation incidents. The preventive events held within the last several decades do not lead to a qualitative solution to this problem. The process of spatial orientation is a complex multi-sensory type of perception, the main input channels of information for which are vestibular and visual analyzers. Research is quality of a training of spatial orientation lasting 10 days at the statokinetic, optokinetic and combined types of influence is investigated. It is established that the most effective type of a training is the combined stato-optokinetic influence, leading to the greatest improvement, as qualities of spatial orientation, so and qualities of performance of operator activity. To achieve sustainable improvement of these qualities it is necessary to conduct training for at least 9 days.