Avian Infectious Bronchitis Research Articles

Therapeutic effect of Artemisia argyi essential oil nasal drops on avian infectious bronchitis

ABSTRACT This study aimed to explore the therapeutic activity of Artemisia argyi essential oil (AAEO) nasal drops against avian infectious bronchitis and the underlying mechanism in the avian respiratory tract. Overall, 96 14-day-old broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups: control (control), A. argyi essential oil (AAEO) control, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and AAEO treatment (IBV + AAEO) groups (n = 24/group). Mortality was 25% (6/24) in the IBV group compared to 4.2% (1/24) in the AAEO treatment group. The clinical symptoms of the treatment group were significantly improved compared with those of the IBV group after 5 days of treatment. The broilers recovered at the end of the experiment. AAEO treatment relieves IBV-induced tracheal mucosal edema and bleeding and inhibits viral replication in the lungs. In addition, it enhanced SIgA secretion in the tracheal mucosa and increased type I interferon release by regulating IRF7 expression. Furthermore, we explored the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of AAEO. It maintains TLR7 at a high level in broilers and further upregulates MyD88, IRF7, and IL–10. Thereby enhancing the immune system and anti-inflammation. Our results suggest that AAEO can be used as a therapeutic agent for IBV.

Avian infectious bronchitis virus (AIBV) review by continent.

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a positive-sense, single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus responsible for substantial economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide by causing a highly contagious respiratory disease. The virus can spread quickly through contact, contaminated equipment, aerosols, and personal-to-person contact. We highlight the prevalence and geographic distribution of all nine genotypes, as well as the relevant symptoms and economic impact, by extensively analyzing the current literature. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis was performed using Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA-6), which provided insights into the global molecular diversity and evolution of IBV strains. This review highlights that IBV genotype I (GI) is prevalent worldwide because sporadic cases have been found on many continents. Conversely, GII was identified as a European strain that subsequently dispersed throughout Europe and South America. GIII and GV are predominant in Australia, with very few reports from Asia. GIV, GVIII, and GIX originate from North America. GIV was found to circulate in Asia, and GVII was identified in Europe and China. Geographically, the GVI-1 lineage is thought to be restricted to Asia. This review highlights that IBV still often arises in commercial chicken flocks despite immunization and biosecurity measures because of the ongoing introduction of novel IBV variants and inadequate cross-protection provided by the presently available vaccines. Consequently, IB consistently jeopardizes the ability of the poultry industry to grow and prosper. Identifying these domains will aid in discerning the pathogenicity and prevalence of IBV genotypes, potentially enhancing disease prevention and management tactics.

S2 subunit plays a critical role in pathogenesis of TW-like avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus

To investigate the critical role of the S gene in determining pathogenesis of TW-like avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), we generated two recombinant IBVs (rGDaGD-S1 and rGDaGD-S2) by replacing either the S1 or S2 region of GD strain with the corresponding regions from an attenuated vaccine candidate aGD strain. The virulence and pathogenicity of these recombinant viruses was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicated the mutations in the S2 region led to decreased virulence, as evidenced by reduced virus replication in embryonated chicken eggs and chicken embryonic kidney cells as well as observed clinical symptoms, gross lesions, microscopic lesions, tracheal ciliary activity, and viral distribution in SPF chickens challenged with recombinant IBVs. These findings highlight that the S2 subunit is a key determinant of TW-like IBV pathogenicity. Our study established a foundation for future investigations into the molecular mechanisms underlying IBV virulence.

The spike protein of the apathogenic Beaudette strain of avian coronavirus can elicit a protective immune response against a virulent M41 challenge.

The avian Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes major economic losses in the poultry industry as the aetiological agent of infectious bronchitis, a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens. IBV causes major economic losses to poultry industries across the globe and is a concern for global food security. IBV vaccines are currently produced by serial passage, typically 80 to 100 times in chicken embryonated eggs (CEE) to achieve attenuation by unknown molecular mechanisms. Vaccines produced in this manner present a risk of reversion as often few consensus level changes are acquired. The process of serial passage is cumbersome, time consuming, solely dependent on the supply of CEE and does not allow for rapid vaccine development in response to newly emerging IBV strains. Both alternative rational attenuation and cell culture-based propagation methods would therefore be highly beneficial. The majority of IBV strains are however unable to be propagated in cell culture proving a significant barrier to the development of cell-based vaccines. In this study we demonstrate the incorporation of a heterologous Spike (S) gene derived from the apathogenic Beaudette strain of IBV into a pathogenic M41 genomic backbone generated a recombinant IBV denoted M41K-Beau(S) that exhibits Beaudette's unique ability to replicate in Vero cells, a cell line licenced for vaccine production. The rIBV M41K-Beau(S) additionally exhibited an attenuated in vivo phenotype which was not the consequence of the presence of a large heterologous gene demonstrating that the Beaudette S not only offers a method for virus propagation in cell culture but also a mechanism for rational attenuation. Although historical research suggested that Beaudette, and by extension the Beaudette S protein was poorly immunogenic, vaccination of chickens with M41K-Beau(S) induced a complete cross protective immune response in terms of clinical disease and tracheal ciliary activity against challenge with a virulent IBV, M41-CK, belonging to the same serogroup as Beaudette. This implies that the amino acid sequence differences between the Beaudette and M41 S proteins have not distorted important protective epitopes. The Beaudette S protein therefore offers a significant avenue for vaccine development, with the advantage of a propagation platform less reliant on CEE.

The effect of bromhexine on mucosal immune response against avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis vaccine in chickens

Avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis (IB) is one of the most important and contagious disease in chickens, all over the world. Using of chemical compounds that improve the mucosal immune response to IB vaccine can increase resistance against the virus. To examine the effect of Bromhexine on the mucosal immune response against IB vaccine, 360 one-day broiler chicks were allocated to eight groups, randomly. Group one was the control group with no vaccine so that the group only used Bromhexine. Groups 2, 3, and 4 received IB vaccine for once, twice, and three times at the age of 5, 15, and 25 days, respectively. These groups received Bromhexine from 48 hrs before the vaccination to 24 hrs after receiving the vaccine in drinking water. Group five was the negative control group and did not receive Bromhexine and IB vaccine. Sampling in group five was at the age of 15 days. Groups six, seven, and eight were the main treatment control groups and received IB vaccine at the age of 5, 15, and 25 days without Bromhexine. The chickens were slaughtered 10 days after the vaccination and nose and trachea samples were collected and the mucus surface of respiratory was rinsed. Afterwards, specific immunoglobin A (IgA) level against IB vaccine in the respiratory mucus was measured through ELISA using chicken IgA specific antiglobulin. The results showed that the use of Bromhexine on the first vaccination had no effect on mucosal immune response. However, with the second and third vaccinations, antibody titter to IB vaccine was higher than chickens received vaccine without Bromhexin. It appears that using Bromhexine in booster IB vaccination can improve specific mucosal immune response.

Applied Research Note: Maternal flaxseed diet did not affect body weight of broiler chickens diagnosed with novel avian reovirus and infectious bronchitis

Applied Research Note: Maternal flaxseed diet did not affect body weight of broiler chickens diagnosed with novel avian reovirus and infectious bronchitis

One-pot Golden Gate Assembly of an avian infectious bronchitis virus reverse genetics system.

Avian infectious bronchitis is an acute respiratory disease of poultry of particular concern for global food security. Investigation of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), the causative agent of avian infectious bronchitis, via reverse genetics enables deeper understanding of virus biology and a rapid response to emerging variants. Classic methods of reverse genetics for IBV can be time consuming, rely on recombination for the introduction of mutations, and, depending on the system, can be subject to genome instability and unreliable success rates. In this study, we have applied data-optimized Golden Gate Assembly design to create a rapidly executable, flexible, and faithful reverse genetics system for IBV. The IBV genome was divided into 12 fragments at high-fidelity fusion site breakpoints. All fragments were synthetically produced and propagated in E. coli plasmids, amenable to standard molecular biology techniques for DNA manipulation. The assembly can be carried out in a single reaction, with the products used directly in subsequent viral rescue steps. We demonstrate the use of this system for generation of point mutants and gene replacements. This Golden Gate Assembly-based reverse genetics system will enable rapid response to emerging variants of IBV, particularly important to vaccine development for controlling spread within poultry populations.

Pathology and molecular detection of influenza Asubtype H9N2 virus in commercial poultry in Nigeria, 2024

Background: After the first Avian Influenza H5N1 outbreak in Nigerian poultry in 2006, subsequent waves of outbreaks occurred, causing substantial losses. Despite effective control measures by 2008, a resurgence in 2015 led to further losses and required depopulation efforts. Aim: The aim of this study was to do Pathology and molecular detection of influenza A subtype H9N2 virus in commercial poultry in Nigeria during 2024. Methods: In February 2024, a poultry farmer reported high mortality in his mixed commercial poultry flock in Ibadan, Nigeria, submitting carcasses to the University of Ibadan's V.T.H. and the FAO Regional Laboratory at NVRI, Vom. Results: Necropsy of nine Isa Brown layers and three Abor Acre broilers revealed cyanosis of comb and wattles, generalized petechial and ecchymotic haemorrhages including shank haemorrhages with sinusitis, pneumonia, and severe greenish faecal pasting also observed. At histopathology, denudation of the tracheal epithelia and parabronchial epithelial necrosis, obliteration, with airsac oedema and emphysema were observed. At NVRI, qPCR detected an Influenza A H9N2 virus in several pooled organ samples of layers, and broilers and eliminating the avian infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease viruses. Conclusion: This is the first report of H9N2 outbreak in commercial poultry in Southern Nigeria. The high pathogenicity shown in commercial poultry in this outbreak and the risk of dispersal of infected live poultry in Nigeria as previously seen in H5N1 require stakeholders’ intervention.

Novel CRISPR/Cas13- based assay for diagnosis of avian infectious bronchitis

Novel CRISPR/Cas13- based assay for diagnosis of avian infectious bronchitis

Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus: Molecular Detection in Southwestern Ethiopia Chickens.

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a significant threat to poultry worldwide, but its status in Ethiopia remains understudied. Thus, this study aimed to detect the virus and associated risk factors in South West Ethiopia. Ninety oropharyngeal swab samples were purposively collected from symptomatic chickens located in Jimma town, Seqa Chekorsa, and Tiro Afeta woredas of the Jimma zone between November 2021 and April 2022 to detect IBV virus by using RT-PCR. A side-by-side questionnaire was administered to assess risk factors. Total RNA was extracted, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was conducted, and products were visualized under UV light. The overall proportion of IBV was 16.6% (15/90). No statistical association was observed between any of the animal risk factors and the detection of the virus (P=0.57, 0.586, and 1). However, the proportion of birds infected by the virus was higher in males, exotic breeds, and adults compared to females, local breeds, and young birds. Similarly, none of the management risk factors had a significantly different effect on virus detection (P=0.25, 0.09, 0.088, and 0.726). However, improper carcass disposal (OR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.13-1.4), lack of veterinary services (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 0.8-8.3), and the presence of wild birds/rodents (OR = 4.4, 95% CI: 0.88-22.3) were associated with increased IBV risk but not cleaning of feeders/drinkers (OR = 1.1, 95% CI: 0.2-4.8). These findings underscore the need for enhanced biosecurity practices and further research to implement informed IBV control strategies in Ethiopia.

Molecular Genotyping and Pathogenicity Study for Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Currently Epidemic in Chicken Flocks in Egypt during 2021

Molecular Genotyping and Pathogenicity Study for Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Currently Epidemic in Chicken Flocks in Egypt during 2021

Analysis of Production Performance and Medicine Cost Expenditure Before and After Avian Infectious Bronchitis in Commercial Broiler Farms

Avian infectious bronchitis is one of the diseases that can lead to losses in broiler farming. To investigate its impact, we conducted a recapitulation of plasma maintenance (RHPP) results data gathered from 5 clusters that tested positive for avian infectious bronchitis using PCR and ELISA tests. Subsequently, the RHPP data underwent quantitative analysis using paired sample t-test method. The results of this analysis revealed significant differences in the variables of performance index (PI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and medicine costs within several clusters before and after being infected with avian infectious bronchitis. This study was important for the future to address zero hunger issues.

Molecular Characterization and Pathotyping of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus in some Egyptian provinces

Molecular Characterization and Pathotyping of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus in some Egyptian provinces

Whole genome sequencing analysis of avian infectious bronchitis virus isolated in Hung Yen province in 2021

Infectious bronchitis is an acute disease in chickens caused by the Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV). The disease causes serious economic losses in many countries in the world that have chicken farming industries. Even though vaccines have been used, the disease is still very complicated in many provinces and cities in Vietnam. The reason is that the virus strains causing the disease in the field have many changes compared to the vaccine virus strains. Research showed that there are numerous strains and genotypes of IBV in Vietnam. However, only the S1 gene has been studied, and no research has been done on the full genome. In this study, the IBV strain causing disease in 2021 in Hung Yen Province (North Vietnam) was sequenced and analyzed for molecular characteristics. The analysis results showed that strain IBHYM belongs to genotype QX-like (GI-19) and has a close relationship with Chinese IBV strains. The IBHYM strain has higher nucleotide and amino acid similarities with strains of genotype QX-like (87.5% to 95% for nucleotide and 80.2% to 91.3% for amino acid) and the lowest similarity to strains of genotype TC07-like (70.4% to 70.5% for nucleotide and 53.8% to 56.2% for amino acid). The field pathogenic virus strains also have low nucleotide and amino acid similarity with the Massachusetts vaccine strain currently in use (86% for nucleotide and 77.1% for amino acid). Research results show the importance of molecular epidemiological surveillance and the selection of appropriate vaccine strains in Vietnam. This is the first report of sequencing the whole IBV genome in Vietnam.

Phylogenetic evolution and impact on the immunogenic response of the Avian Infectious Bronchitis virus

Avian Infectious Bronchitis (IAB) is a viral disease that generates great economic losses in the poultry industry. Due to its structural components and particular immunogenic characteristics, the IB virus, the chicken coronavirus (Gallus gallus), has generated a great challenge for its control, given the emergence of different genotypes with global distribution with changing clinical manifestations. This has generated interest in the study and analysis of the dynamics of the phylogenetic evolution of the virus, as well as the impact on immunological activity, requiring the development of new vaccine strains based on the high variability of the S1 gene portion 1. In the present review, updated information on the phylogenetic evolution of IAV was compiled and the impact on the immunogenic response in poultry production systems is analysed.

Synergistic anti-infectious bronchitis virus activity of Phillygenin combined Baicalin by modulating respiratory microbiota and improving metabolic disorders

Phillygenin (PHI) and Baicalin (Bai) are the major chemical ingredients extracted from Forsythia suspensa and Scutellaria baicalensis, respectively. The mixture of Forsythia suspensa and Scutellaria baicalensis according to the theories of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, compounded formulation can effectively exert heat-clearing and detoxifying effect, but the synergistic anti-IBV activity of PHI combined with Bai was unclear. Here, the protection of PHI combined with Bai on avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) M41 infection and the change of respiratory microbiota and metabolomics profiles in broilers that infected with IBV were investigated. According to the experimental findings, the combination of PHI and Bai effectively alleviated broilers' slowing-growth weight and respiratory symptoms. This was accompanied by a reduction in viral copies and histopathological changes, as well as an increase of antiviral protein (G3BP1) level in tracheas and anti-IBV antibody levels in serum. In addition, 16s RNA sequencing revealed that IBV infection significantly changed respiratory microbiota composition at different taxonomic levels and respiratory metabolism composition in broilers. Interestingly, PHI combined with Bai modulated the composition of respiratory microfloras, especially the abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillaceae were upregulated, as well as the abundance of Proteobacteria was downregulated. The metabolomics results indicated that PHI combined with Bai involved in glucose, lipids, amino acids and nucleotide metabolism during IBV infection. In summary, PHI combined with Bai exhibited a synergistic effect on preventing infectious bronchitis (IB), with the protection being closely associated with the composition of respiratory microbiota and metabolites. Therefore, adding the mixture of PHI and Bai to the chicken drinking water is recommended to prevent and control IB in clinical.

The impact of controlling diseases of significant global importance on greenhouse gas emissions from livestock production

BackgroundA considerable body of evidence has reported the beneficial effects of improving productivity on reducing environmental impacts from livestock production. However, despite the negative impacts of animal diseases on reproduction, growth and milk production, there is little information available upon the impacts of animal disease on greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe). This study aimed to partially address this knowledge gap by investigating the effects of globally important vaccine-preventable diseases on GHGe from various livestock systems, namely: intensive dairy, extensive beef, commercial swine and backyard poultry production.MethodsSimple deterministic models were developed within Microsoft Excel to quantify the impacts of livestock disease on productivity (defined as total milk and/or meat yield, MMY) adjusted for disease prevalence both at the population level (high or low), and at the herd or flock level. Disease-induced changes in MMY were applied to the GHGe per kg of milk or meat according to the consequent changes in livestock populations required to maintain milk or meat production. Diseases investigated comprised foot and mouth, brucellosis, anthrax, lumpy skin disease, classical swine fever, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), low and high pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI and HPAI), avian infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease.ResultsAll diseases investigated had multifactorial impacts on total MMY, yet diseases that increased mortality in breeding or growing livestock (e.g. anthrax, classical swine fever and HPAI) showed greater impacts on GHGe per unit of milk or meat produced than those that primarily affecting yields or reproduction (e.g. brucellosis or LPAI). Prevalence also had considerable effects on potential GHGe. For example, maintaining backyard poultry meat production from a 100,000 hen population with 70% prevalence of HPAI increased GHGe by 11,255 MT CO2eq compared to a 30% prevalence at 3475 MT CO2eq above the baseline (0% prevalence). Effective reduction of the prevalence of PRRS in swine from 60 to 10%, FMD in beef cattle from 45 to 5% prevalence, or AIB in poultry from 75 to 20% prevalence would reduce GHGe intensities (CO2eq/kg CW) by 22.5%, 9.11% and 11.3% respectively.ConclusionsControlling livestock disease can reduce MMY losses at the farm level, which improves food security, reduces GHGe and enhances livestock system sustainability.

Epidemic and vaccine of avian infectious bronchitis virus in China

Epidemic and vaccine of avian infectious bronchitis virus in China

Optimizing electrochemical DNA biosensors for the detection of avian infectious bronchitis virus

Optimizing electrochemical DNA biosensors for the detection of avian infectious bronchitis virus

Avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus Beaudette strain NSP9 interacts with STAT1 and inhibits its phosphorylation to facilitate viral replication

Avian coronavirus, known as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), is the causative agent of infectious bronchitis (IB). Viral nonstructural proteins play important roles in viral replication and immune modulation. IBV NSP9 is a component of the RNA replication complex for viral replication. In this study, we uncovered a function of NSP9 in immune regulation. First, the host proteins that interacted with NSP9 were screened. The immune-related protein signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) was identified and the interaction between NSP9 and STAT1 was further confirmed. Furthermore, IBV replication was inhibited in STAT1-overexpressing cells but inversely affected in STAT1 knock-down cells. Importantly, NSP9 inhibited STAT1 phosphorylation. Finally, the expression of JAK/STAT pathway downstream genes IRF7 and ISG20 was significantly decreased in NSP9-overexpressing cells. These results showed the important role of IBV NSP9 in immunosuppression.