AVI Format Research Articles

DETECTION OF UNCONTROLLED MOTION BEHAVIOR IN HUMAN CROWDS

Analysis of crowd behavior using surveillance videos is an issue for public security. Crowd behavior can be analyzed using two approaches, first one is analyzing individuals behavior in a crowd which is termed as object based and the other one is analyzing the crowd as a whole which is termed as holistic based approach. Identifying and tracking the crowd motion is a major interesting research topic in vision analysis, crowd dynamics and visual surveillance fields. In order to develop the proposed work holistic approach is used. Crowd is the agglomeration of many people in the same area at same time. Music festivals, sports events, pilgrimage are the mass events. In such mass gatherings, the density of the people is more and this may often lead to crowd disasters. Due to this, people will die by suffocating high pressure on their chest. This system is developed to overcome such situations. The proposed system will help the security personnel to evaluate the situation to take necessary actions against the crowd disasters. The decision “if and how to” react solely based on the expert knowledge of the security personnel. The proposed system is based on the optical flow computations and detects the patterns in crowd motion that indicate the dangerous situations. Lucas – Kanade method is used to find the optical flow. Here two input videos are used to conduct the experiment. System will allow only authorized person to use it by entering the “Username and Password”. The videos consist of many numbers of frames and this system will extract those frames in the input video. After extracting the frames from the input video, it will divide each frame into sub parts for easy and efficient processing of video sequences and for the respective subpart optical flow vectors are calculated. Threshold optical flow values are chosen in such a way that the tracking of congested region in video is easily performed by comparing it with respective subpart’s estimated optical flow values. The system will automatically detect the congested area and also represent the result by plotting the graphs. The proposed system is developed using MATLAB tool. Here videos with .avi format are used as the input to the system. This system gives result for the videos taken from the top view and for the crowd with extreme density. This system preserves privacy of people being monitored at the mass event, since it does not detect and track individual people.

A New Algorithm Designing for Detection of Moving Objects in Video

Now a day’s video motion detection is implemented targeting a wide class of applications such as in autonomous video surveillance strategies for security and vision analysis, detecting human presence in destructed environments, etc. This paper proposes a method for detection of moving objects in highly secured environments where it can be deployed either on a robotic vehicle or at a static permanent position. The robot acquires information about its surroundings through a camera mounted on it in real time. Another objective of this paper is to increase the efficiency of moving objects detection in offline and online video processing mode. In offline mode, an AVI file is read and it is decomposed into frames. Noise removal is done to improve the image quality and segmentation is performed to detect the moving objects in the foreground by separating it from a known static background. Various operations are carried out and the moving object is identified by marking a rectangular box around the detected object in each frame. When a movement is spotted, alarm is activated. The distance between the centroid of the object in the video file is found and thus the velocity of the movement is determined. In online mode, by comparing each and every frame the presence of moving object is checked. When a prowler is detected, the proposed algorithm triggers the alarm. At that instant, the snapshot of the object is generated and from this, the distance to the object is identified. The proposed algorithm is tested with input AVI format video file of 320 x 240 frame size and frame rate 15fps in offline mode. In online mode, video file of 640 x 480 frame size and frame rate 25fps is captured in real time using a webcam. MATLAB is used for the execution of motion detector algorithms. The result is demonstrated in a different real sequence and analysis of algorithm on the basis of its performance is evaluated.

Research on Storage Algorithm of Video Stream in Video Surveillance System Based on H.264

This paper research video stream collected and compressed to H.264 format in video surveillance system, saving as readable video file via network. On the basis of introducing H.264 standard and AVI format, the paper analyzed video data acquisition in the condition of multi-channel and packet losing in network, and proposed the corresponding method. According to the analysis and method, the paper proposed the storage algorithm implementation steps of storing H.264 video stream in AVI format file.

Effectiveness and Efficiency of Map Symbols for Dynamic Geographic Information Visualization

The quality of dynamic map symbols plays an important role in the representation of spatial-temporal changes. This paper reports an investigation into the quality of dynamic symbols. To assess the quality of such symbols, a set of traffic flow data is used for the production of different kinds of dynamic maps, with focus on four variables, i.e. size, color, frame rate and display format. Two quantitative measures are used for analysis, i.e. deviation and response time. A set of traffic data is used for the production of dynamic maps for evaluation. The experimental results show that the size is more efficient and more effective than color for dynamic maps with the same frame rate and display format. The most efficient and effective color class number is 10 on the large format display such as 1024 × 768 pixels. And the most efficient and effective size class number is 15 on large format display such as 1024 × 768 pixels. The effective frame rate for dynamic map animation is smaller than that of the general animation on the Internet or Quick Time and AVI format video. The most efficient and most effective frame rate is 3 frames per second in the color expression and 6 frames per second in the size expression. In sum, the effective and efficient value of color, size and frame rate on large format display is less than the value on the small format display. These results suggest the frame rate should be reduced on the small format display. It is hoped that the results from this study will be of help in the design of effective and efficient dynamic map symbols for geographical information visualization.

Microscopic structure influencing macroscopic splash at high Weber number

Download options Please wait... Supplementary files Supplementary archive of movies in AVI format ZIP (9330K) Supplementary archive of movies in MOV format ZIP (18589K) Article information DOI https://doi.org/10.1039/C1SM05801K Article type Paper Submitted 02 May 2011 Accepted 05 Jul 2011 First published 13 Sep 2011 Download Citation Soft Matter, 2011,7, 11325-11333 BibTex EndNote MEDLINE ProCite ReferenceManager RefWorks RIS Permissions Request permissions Microscopic structure influencing macroscopic splash at high Weber number P. Tsai, M. H. W. Hendrix, R. R. M. Dijkstra, L. Shui and D. Lohse, Soft Matter, 2011, 7, 11325 DOI: 10.1039/C1SM05801K To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page. If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you want to reproduce the whole article in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page. Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content. Social activity Tweet Share Search articles by author Peichun Tsai Maurice H. W. Hendrix Remko R. M. Dijkstra Lingling Shui Detlef Lohse

Toward optimal display of physiologic status in critical care: I. Recreating bedside displays from archived physiologic data

Background Physiologic data display is essential to decision making in critical care. Current displays echo first-generation hemodynamic monitors dating to the 1970s and have not kept pace with new insights into physiology or the needs of clinicians who must make progressively more complex decisions about their patients. The effectiveness of any redesign must be tested before deployment. Tools that compare current displays with novel presentations of processed physiologic data are required. Regenerating conventional physiologic displays from archived physiologic data is an essential first step. Objectives The purposes of the study were to (1) describe the SSSI (single sensor single indicator) paradigm that is currently used for physiologic signal displays, (2) identify and discuss possible extensions and enhancements of the SSSI paradigm, and (3) develop a general approach and a software prototype to construct such “extended SSSI displays” from raw data. Results We present Multi Wave Animator (MWA) framework—a set of open source MATLAB (MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA) scripts aimed to create dynamic visualizations (eg, video files in AVI format) of patient vital signs recorded from bedside (intensive care unit or operating room) monitors. Multi Wave Animator creates animations in which vital signs are displayed to mimic their appearance on current bedside monitors. The source code of MWA is freely available online together with a detailed tutorial and sample data sets.

ESP : 녹화 및 검색 기능 향상을 위한 DVR전용 파일 포맷

DVR(Digital Video Recorder) system stores video inputs in compressed digital formats and retrieve them. DVR system has several advantages over traditional analog tape recorder system which are (1) improved real-time monitoring, recording and searching capability, and (2) other capabilities such as watermarking and remote monitoring through network. AVI format is the most popular format used for DVR systems. However, AVI format has drawbacks in recording and searching due to structural problem. Some vendors develop and use their own format, do not open the format to the public. In this paper, ESP format is proposed. ESP format solves the drawbacks of AVI format, and the advantages of AVI format apply to ESP format. Moreover, ESP format provides multistream recording/replay and event-recording. In result, ESP format enchances functionality of recording and searching in DVR system.

Determination of erythrocyte flow velocity by dynamic grey scale measurement using off-line image analysis

Determination of erythrocyte flow velocity is an important parameter for microcirculatory research. We established an off-line method for determining erythrocyte velocity in microcirculation by computer- ized dynamic grey scale analysis. In principle, the method is based on the dual-slit photometric technique (1), and updated by software image analysis. We have applied high speed video recorder (FASTCAM- ultima APX, Photron, San Diego, CA) to capture digital images for mesentery microvessels in rat and rabbit since 2004. Each series of images during 10 seconds is captured at a speed of 2000 frames/s (fps) and is composed of images of 704 × 576 pixels with 256 grey levels. The video recording is converted to AVI format required by the software of ImagePro Plus (versions 4.5 or 5.0). The video is then inves- tigated frame by frame with the help of the Sequencer Toolbar in the menu of ImagePro Plus. The criterion for selecting an investigative segment in a capillary is that the erythrocyte flow keeps smooth and steady for 10 seconds at least. A reference line perpendicular to the axis of the capillary is setup to show the grey scale distribution along the radial line in the first frame of image. Then, a down-stream measuring line perpendicular to the axis of the capillary is setup with a distance about 10 µm apart from the reference line. The dynamic grey scale changes at the measuring line in the subsequent images are monitored frame by frame and the changes are compared with the grey scale distribution at the reference line in the first image (Figs 1 and 2). When the most grey scale with the reference distribution is detected, the time interval for erythrocytes flowing from the reference line in the first frame to the measuring line in the matchable frame can be figured out by multiplying the frame difference by the duration between each frame. The erythrocyte velocity can be easily calculated by dividing the distance between the reference line and the measuring line by the time interval (Fig. 2).

Resultados preliminares de um sistema computadorizado e estereoscópico para pupilometria in vivo

We developed a digital system with accommodation capacities for measurement of the diameter and shape of the in vivo pupil for 10 different levels of illumination intensity, varying from mesopic to photopic. An optical system for conjugating images from an infrared and white light illuminated pupil was designed and mounted using an ophthalmoscope helmet and a typical diving mask as support for a high-resolution and sensitivity CCD. Using an IBM compatible computer sequences of video in AVI format were digitized for several seconds at a mean rate of 30 Hz. Algorithms using principles of image processing were implemented for detection of the pupil edges. We present preliminary results of this system for a voluntary patient. Data for the horizontal (x) and vertical (y) central position and for the diameter of the pupil were then exported to files that could be read by typical spread sheet programs (Excel). In this manner, precise data can be obtained stereoscopically (for both pupils at the same time) for any patient, given that the accommodation process is guaranteed by using a white LED virtual mire located 6 meters from the patient's eye. An electronic board precisely controls the level of illumination. We believe here developed instrument may be useful in certain ophthalmic practices where precise pupil geometric data are needed.

Combined videofluoroscopy and manometry in the diagnosis of oropharyngeal dysphagia: examination technique and preliminary experience

Dysphagia is a symptom of different pathological conditions characterised by alteration of the swallowing mechanism, which may manifest at different levels. We report our experience in the evaluation of the swallowing mechanism with combined videofluoroscopy and manometric recordings. For the combined study, we used a Dyno Compact computerised system (Menfis Biomedical s.r.l., Bologna, Italy) equipped with: (1) graphics card for the management of ultrasonographic or radiological images; (2) A.VI.U.S. dedicated software package, which enables digital-quality recording (PAL/NTSC, composite video or S-Video) of the videofluoroscopy study in AVI format with 320 x 240 resolution and 25 Hz acquisition frequency. The delay introduced by the process of image digitalisation is in the order of 200 ms, so for analysis purposes, the images can be considered synchronised with the manometric recordings. The videomanometry study was performed with the administration of contrast material either in bolus form or diluted. Data were collected on a specifically designed grid for the evaluation of 46 videofluoroscopic items, of which 34 are derived from the laterolateral view (seven in the oral preparatory phase, 15 in the oral transport phase and 12 in the pharyngeal phase) and 12 in the anteroposterior view (six in the oral preparatory phase and six in the oropharyngeal phase). A positive finding for the individual parameters is expressed in a binary fashion. Manometric evaluation was based on 11 items divided into four major and seven minor criteria. Dynamic videofluoroscopy swallow study combined with concurrent manometry enabled the simultaneous recording of anatomical alterations and the functional data of oropharyngeal pressure, thus providing a picture of the anatomical, biomechanical and physiological conditions of swallowing and the manner of bolus propulsion and transit. An early and effective diagnosis of oropharyngeal dysphagia means being able to effectively implement appropriate rehabilitation techniques, improve the patient's quality of life, and minimise the complications associated with swallowing disorders (choking, aspiration pneumonia, malnourishment). Distinction of the anatomical level of dysphagia is not a matter of simple classification; rather, it is essential in that different clinical presentations require different diagnostic strategies, and a precise definition of the anatomical-functional substrate is required to implement the correct therapeutic approach. This study presents the authors' experience with the use of combined videofluoroscopy and manometry with particular emphasis on the examination technique.

Computer‐aided diagnosis for the classification of focal liver lesions by use of contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography

The authors developed a computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) scheme for classifying focal liver lesions (FLLs) as liver metastasis, hemangioma, and three histologic differentiation types of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), by use of microflow imaging (MFI) of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. One hundred and three FLLs obtained from 97 cases used in this study consisted of 26 metastases (15 hyper- and 11 hypovascularity types), 16 hemangiomas (five hyper- and 11 hypovascularity types) and 61 HCCs: 24 well differentiated (w-HCC), 28 moderately differentiated (m-HCC), and nine poorly differentiated (p-HCC). Pathologies of all cases were determined based on biopsy or surgical specimens. Locations and contours of FLLs on contrast-enhanced images were determined manually by an experienced physician. MFI was obtained with contrast-enhanced low-mechanical-index (MI) pulse subtraction imaging at a fixed plane which included a distinctive cross section of the FLL. In MFI, the inflow high signals in the plane, which were due to the vascular patterns and the contrast agent, were accumulated following flash scanning with a high-MI ultrasound exposure. In the initial step of our computerized scheme, a series of the MFI images was extracted from the original cine clip (AVI format). We applied a smoothing filter and time-sequential running average techniques in order to reduce signal noise on the single MFI image and cyclic noise on the sequential MFI images, respectively. A kidney, vessels, and a liver parenchyma region were segmented automatically by use of the last image of a series of MFI images. The authors estimated time-intensity curves for an FLL by use of a series of the temporally averaged MFI images in order to determine temporal features such as estimated replenishment times at early and delayed phases, flow rates, and peak times. In addition, they extracted morphologic and gray-level image features which were determined based on the physicians' knowledge of the diagnosis of the FLL, such as the size of lesion, vascular patterns, and the presence of hypoechoic regions. They employed a cascade of six independent artificial neural networks (ANNs) by use of extracted temporal and image features for classifying five types of liver diseases. A total of 16 temporal and image features, which were selected from 43 initially extracted features, were used for six different ANNs for making decisions at each decision in the cascade. The ANNs were trained and tested with a leave-one-lesion-out test method. The classification accuracies for the 103 FLLs were 88.5% for metastasis, 93.8% for hemangioma, and 86.9% for all HCCs. In addition, the classification accuracies for histologic differentiation types of HCCs were 79.2% for w-HCC, 50.0% for m-HCC, and 77.8% for p-HCC. The CAD scheme for classifying FLLs by use of the MFI on contrast-enhanced ultrasonography has the potential to improve the diagnostic accuracy in the histologic diagnosis of HCCs and the other liver diseases.

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Real‐time image enhancement of television for the visually impaired – pilot study

Purpose: To determine whether a universal image enhancement could be conducted in real‐time to enhance the viewing clarity of television images by the visually impaired.Method: One minute clips of television news and advert footage were digitally captured and converted to AVI format. These were displayed to five subjects with low vision (<0.5 logMAR binocular visual acuity) at the same time as a real‐time image of the edges detected (white on black image) and the original colour image overlaid by the detected edges coloured in red.Results: Forced choice comparison resulted in the image enhanced colour image being preferred over the original and edges only image for both video clips in all subjects. This image analysis could be performed on a live television image and displayed at 25 Hz (PAL format).Conclusion: Current technology allows real‐time image enhancement of television images and a universal edge enhancement overlaid on the original footage appears to benefit the visually impaired. If larger trials support this finding, it is envisaged that a small signal processing box could be connected to a television to enhance the viewing clarity for the visually impaired.

Limits of dynamic object perception in pigeons: Dynamic stimulus presentation does not enhance perception and discrimination of complex shape

A go/no-go procedure was used to train pigeons to discriminate pictures of human faces differing only in shape, with either static images or movies of human faces dynamically rotating in depth. On the basis of experimental findings in humans and some earlier studies on three-dimensional object perception in pigeons, we expected dynamic stimulus presentation to support the pigeon's perception of the complex morphology of a human face. However, the performance of the subjects presented with movies was either worse than (AVI format movies) or did not differ from (uncompressed dynamic presentation) that of the subjects trained with a single or with multiple static images of the faces. Furthermore, generalization tests to other presentation conditions and to novel static views revealed no promoting effect of dynamic training. Except for the subjects trained on multiple static views, performance dropped to chance level with views outside the training range. These results are in contrast to some prior reports from the literature, since they suggest that pigeons, unlike humans, have difficulty using the additional structural information provided by the dynamic presentation and integrating the multiple views into a three-dimensional object.

Domain structures in complex 3D magnetic fields

The numerous magnetic fragments that populate the mixed-polarity, quiet-Sun photosphere give rise to many interesting topological features in the corona. In light of this, much recent work has gone into classifying the configurations that arise from simple, point-source potential-field models in efforts to determine the nature of the quiet-Sun magnetic field. These studies have ranged from systematic and detailed examinations of magnetic fields arising from only a handful of sources, involving classifying the configurations that arise (and how some states may bifurcate into other states), to statistical studies of the overall properties of fields arising from hundreds of magnetic sources. Such studies have greatly increased our understanding of what we might expect the magnetic field over the quiet Sun to behave like; the purpose of the study presented here is to extend this understanding further by examining the structure of the individual domains (the regions in space through which pairs of opposite-polarity sources are connected). In particular, the features of lesser-known domain structures that are absent from fields arising from only a few sources and overlooked by sweeping statistical studies are documented. In spite of the incredible complexity of the coronal field, previous studies have shown that there are only two types of building block in a potential field arising from coplanar point sources: namely, an isolated dome, bounded by a single unbroken separatrix surface, and a separator-ring domain, engirdled by a ring of separators. However, it is demonstrated here how both isolated domains and separator-ring domains may be categorised further depending upon their particular geometrical and topological traits. As many models predict coronal heating at topologically distinct features in magnetic fields such as null points, separators and separatrices, for any such models to be applied to general fields would require a scheme for identifying which topological features are related to a given domain. The study here explores some of the issues that would need to be taken into account by such a scheme, and in particular the problems associated with trying to deduce the properties of a general magnetic field from knowledge of domain footprints alone. Animated 3D-rotational views of some of the figures in this manuscript may be viewed in AVI, MPEG and animated-GIF formats by visiting http://www-solar.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/robertc/animations/blocks.html and following the desired link.

The University of South Florida audiovisual phoneme database, v 1.0

An audiovisual database of English speech sounds has been developed for teaching purposes. This database contains a variety of Standard English speech sounds produced in clear speech in isolated words. Phonemes are produced in word initial, word medial, and word final position, unless not allowed by English phonotactics. There is one example of each word spoken by a male talker of Standard American English from the Midwest. The database consists of individual word files that contain simultaneous audio recording, video of the lips, flexible endoscopic image of the pharynx and larynx, and ultrasound video of the tongue in the mid-saggital plane. The files in the database are uncompressed video avi format and are suitable for examination in the Wavesurfer freeware program (Sjolander and Beskow, KTH Stockholm). This database is intended as a multimedia reference for students in phonetics or speech science. Its coverage is relatively complete, though there are some gaps due to technical difficulties with the recording procedure. A demonstration of selected recordings from the database and suggestions for their use will be presented. Plans for further development of the database will also be discussed. [Work supported by a USF Innovative Teaching Grant.]

Benefits of Automated Crystallization Plate Tracking, Imaging, and Analysis

We describe the design of a database and software for managing and organizing protein crystallization data. We also outline the considerations behind the design of a fast web interface linking protein production data, crystallization images, and automated image analysis. The database and associated interfaces underpin the Oxford Protein Production Facility (OPPF) crystallization laboratory, collecting, in a routine and automatic manner, up to 100,000 images per day. Over 17 million separate images are currently held in this database. We discuss the substantial scientific benefits automated tracking, imaging, and analysis of crystallizations offers to the structural biologist: analysis of the time course of the trial and easy analysis of trials with related crystallization conditions. Features of this system address requirements common to many crystallographic laboratories that are currently setting up (semi-)automated crystallization imaging systems.

Tele-diagnostic and Therapeutic Guidance in Urology

To design a Web-based network for diagnostic and therapeutic guidance in urology. We designed an architectural model of a low-cost multimedia Web platform that runs on a collection of distributed collaborative network nodes to provide a set of urologist-oriented Web-enabled services. Any node of the platform was able to share patient-oriented data via automated processes with appropriate authorization, confidentiality, and high-security protocols. The urologist can show the details of the records of patients and additionally enrich the world experience with his or her own cases. Video clips maintained locally at the nodes will be accessible by clinicians in a trouble-free way with MS Windows Media player and a relatively small amount of source code. The primary advantage of this architectural model is that it provides Web-enabled integrated urologic services while using a distributed storage scheme for urological video files (AVI format) and a global repository of laboratory results using Extensible Markup Language (XML) and Data Grid technologies. In addition, this model provides decision-support services (knowledge from a global database and predefined procedures). The architecture model is based entirely on HTTP, XML, GRID-like environment and DotNet technologies. Finally, the platform provides extensibility and scalability targeted to large-scale Web-enabled global urologic databases.

STIVID: A VBSCRIPT-based program for adding visual and auditory stimuli on videotapes.

Some psychological experiments require placement of visual and auditory stimuli on predefined frames in a videotape. We introduce STIVID (STImuli on VIDeo) as a method of performing this task STIVID can add images, words, simple shapes, and audio tones to specific frames of existing video files created in AVI format. STIVID is written in Visual Basic and uses VBScripts to modify the AVI files. Three applications of this program are discussed: adding stimuli for reaction time experiments with couples watching a relational conflict, use of distractors in ADHD experiments, and placing eye masks on actors in existing videotapes to manipulate perceptibility of the target's facial expression during the mind-reading process.

4526 The digitally correlated anatomy database as a tool for teaching endosonography of the thorax.

Introduction: Proficiency in performing EUS is dependent upon accurate interpretation of structures seen during imaging. A lack of good anatomic correlates contributes to a long learning curve. Moreover, EUS is a dynamic imaging process where structures are sometimes identified by their changing relative orientations. Methods utilizing still images are unable to provide a spatial orientation in more than one plane.We describe a method of teaching EUS using the digitally correlated anatomy database (DCAD). This database has been created using images derived from the Visible Human Project (a comprehensive database of digital anatomy) and digitized EUS images. Methods: EUS images, both radial and linear, were captured to SVHS tapes during indicated procedures performed at the UCHSC, Denver. An image library was constructed by review of the tapes and digital capture of still EUS images as well as series of frames as videofiles (AVI format). The DCAD was constructed in a sequence of steps consisting of data manipulation, image correlation and digital animation. Initially, manipulation of the Visible Human database was performed on an advanced graphics workstation to obtain images corresponding to the selected EUS images. The thorax was divided into zones and correlated images were arranged in groups within each zone, focusing on structures of interest in different orientations. Each group contained both radial and linear correlated EUS and Visible Human images, video sequence of the EUS pull-through in that segment of thorax, animated sequences and the parent template (transverse and linear) from the Visible Human image pool. After organizing these data into anatomic segments, structures of interest were studied and identified by review of the still images, video sequences and animations within each group. Results: Study of the correlated still images suggested the identity of structures in question. The parent templates, animated anatomy along with the EUS video sequences from the DCAD confirmed the identity of structures seen in the still images. Future directions: Studies are being designed to objectively test whether the digitally correlated anatomy database shortens the learning curve when applied to prospective endosonographers in training. We plan to compile similar databases for the rectum, stomach and duodenum.