Average Yield Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Synthetic polyploid induction influences morphological, physiological, and photosynthetic characteristics in Melissa officinalis L.

Melissa officinalis L., a well-known herb with diverse industrial and ethnopharmacological properties. Although, there has been a significant lack in the breeding attempts of this invaluable herb. This study aimed to enhance the agronomical traits of M. officinalis through in vitro polyploidization. Nodal segments were micropropagated and subjected to oryzalin treatment at concentrations of 20, 40, and 60 mM for 24 and 48 hours. Flow cytometry, chromosome counting, and stomatal characteristics were employed to confirm the ploidy level of the surviving plants. The survival rate of the treated explants decreased exponentially with increasing oryzalin concentration and duration. The highest polyploid induction rate (8%) was achieved with 40 mM oryzalin treatment for 24 hours. The induced tetraploid plants exhibited vigorous growth, characterized by longer shoots, larger leaves, and a higher leaf count. Chlorophyll content and fluorescence parameters elucidated disparities in photosynthetic performance between diploid and tetraploid genotypes. Tetraploid plants demonstrated a 75% increase in average essential oil yield, attributed to the significantly larger size of peltate trichomes. Analysis of essential oil composition in diploid and tetraploid plants indicated the presence of three major components: geranial, neral, and citronellal. While citronellal remained consistent, geranial and neral increased by 11.06% and 9.49%, respectively, in the tetraploid population. This effective methodology, utilizing oryzalin as an anti-mitotic agent for polyploid induction in M. officinalis, resulted in a polyploid genotype with superior morpho-physiological traits. The polyploid lemon balm generated through this method has the potential to meet commercial demands and contribute significantly to the improvement of lemon balm cultivation.

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AND SYNERGISM OF Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, AND Citrus limon peel ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST Tinea capitis

The burden of Tinea infections, common dermatologic fungal diseases remains high globally, especially in Africa. This is sustained mainly by the emergence of resistance to current antifungal drugs in use. Alternative treatment and preventive measures need to be sought to eradicate these infections. Antifungal activity and synergism of garlic in combination with ginger and lemon peel essential oils against Tinea capitis is assessed using inhibition assays. Ginger, lemons, and garlic samples were randomly collected from the Nakuru town market in Nakuru County, Kenya. They were identified by a botanist and then extracted and, analyzed. Antifungal activity against Tinea capitis and synergism among extracts were assessed by the disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), respectively. The average essential oil yield for ginger, lemon, and garlic was 22%, 20%, and 16%, respectively. Ginger, lemon, and garlic essential oils depicted a comparable antifungal activity against Tinea capitis isolates (P value > 0.05). The combined essential oils formulation of ginger, lemon, and garlic showed the highest activity compared to single extracts (P > 0.05). The MIC for the combined essential oils was 6.25 mg/ml. A combination of the three extracts acts in synergy against the Tinea isolates. The rate of inhibition was directly proportional to the concentration of the extracts. Ginger, lemon, and garlic are sources of molecules that act in synergy in controlling Tinea spp infections. They can be leveraged to support the Ministry of Health in achieving its universal healthcare goal.

Phytochemical analysis and biological activity of the essential oil of field mugwort: Artemisia campestris L. subsp. glutinosa from the Algerian Sahara

This work focuses on the phytochemical study and biological activity (antimicrobial) of the aerial parts of the Artemisia campestris collected from the Ahaggar National Park in southern Algeria. After extraction of the essential oil, chromatographic and biological analyzes were carried out on this species. The results show an average essential oil yield of 0.6±0.02 ml per 100 g of dry plant. Chromatographic analysis of the essential oil of Artemisia campestris subsp. glutinosa is rich in monoterpene compounds (50.47%), particularly in hydrogenated forms (40.24% of α and β-pinene) and sesquiterpenes (35.75% of Spathulenol (8.47%), β-Eudesmol (4.67%), and Carvomenthene (3.37% )... The study of antimicrobial activity revealed a remarkable antifungal activity for Candida albicans that could be exploited therapeutically.

An efficient extraction method for essential oil from angelica sinensis radix by natural deep eutectic solvents-assisted microwave hydrodistillation

As a sustainable green new solvent, natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) has good application potential in extraction of natural products. In this study, NADES-assisted microwave hydrodistillation (NADES-A-MHD) was used to extract essential oils from Angelica sinensis Radix. By studying the different NADESs, it was found that choline chloride and citric acid were more beneficial for extraction of essential oil. In addition, it was compared to hydrodistillation (HD), microwave hydrodistillation (MHD) and natural deep eutectic solvent-assisted hydrodistillation (NADES-AHD). The composites of the essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the results showed that NADES-A-MHD obtained the highest yield of essential oil; it also has the highest content of ligustilide, which is the main component of Angelica sinensis essential oil. Further, the response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction conditions of essential oil and a molar ratio of 1:3, a microwave power of 600 W and the water content of 40% was the best condition. The average yield of essential oil was 1.39%. This work developed a new and efficient NADES-A-MHD based extraction method for essential oils.

Perfil químico e atividades antioxidante e antifúngica do óleo essencial da flor de Cochlospermum regium (Mart. ex Schrank.) –Pilg. (Bixaceae)

The Cerradodomain has numerous plant species that naturally produce essential oils, that are include in one of several classes of secondary metabolites. The objective of this study was to characterize the chemical composition and to evaluate the antioxidant and antifungal activities of the essential oil from Cochlospermum regiumflowers. The flowers from C. regiumwere collected in an area of Cerrado, in Rio Verde/GO, Brazil. To extract the essential oil, 100 g of flowers were used, and then they were subjected to hydrodistillation in Clevenger-type apparatus, and the essential oil yield, determined in percentage. Then, the essential oil was analyzed for composition by gas chromatography with coupled mass spectrometry GC-MS, and determined as to the antioxidant potential in reducing DPPH and, as antifungal by agar diffusion in the isolate from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatograph associated with mass spectrometry CG-MS and its antioxidant potential was evaluated by the free radical sequestration technique DPPH. The average yield of essential oil was 0.10%. 32 compounds were identified, in especially majority caryophyllene E 9.76%, γ-muurolene 16.69% and bicyclogermacrene 39.82%. The antioxidant activity showed 100% reduction in the DPPH radical, for concentrations between 50 to 2 mg mL-1, and reductions of 85.77 to 13.18% (IC50) for concentrations 1 to 0.031 mg mL-1of the essential oil. It is concluded that the essential oil from C. regiumshowed low yield, however, it contains many hydrocarbon and oxygenated sesquiterpenes compounds, presenting itself as an exceptional natural antioxidant and antifungal agent in the fight against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Thus, the essential oil of theflowers from C. regiumpresents itself as strong candidate for new research that can be applied in the areas from health, agricultural and foods.

Identification of a Novel Myrcene and Methyl iso-Eugenol Rich Essential Oil Variant (Jor Lab L-11) of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus L.)

Cymbopogon flexuous of the family Poaceae is a highly valued grass known throughout the world for its aromatic properties. The objective of the study is to identify novel myrcene and methyl iso-eugenol rich essential oil variety of lemongrass. Myrcene is an earthy, spicy, clove fragrance commonly used in the culinary and perfume industry while methyl iso-eugenol has a typical sweet-warm, spicy- clove, woody, floral odour mostly used in perfume industries. In the present study, a total of 230 lemongrass accessions were collected from different regions of North East India which were planted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications at experimental farms of CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat, during the year 2015. Morphological and essential oil quality data were recorded during the studied the year 2015-16 and 2016-17. Based on two years of selection trial data a high myrcene and methyl iso-eugenol rich essential oil line was identified and named as Jor Lab L-11. The identified line was planted along with two checked varieties at four different locations during the year 2017-18. The average essential oil yield of the Jor Lab L- 11 for the multi-location trial was 0.58 % and contained an average of 48.02 % and 39.11 % myrcene and methyl iso-eugenol respectively as major component in the essential oil. Myrcene and methyl iso-eugenol percentage, essential oil percentage, tillers/plant were significantly higher in the identified variety compared to check varieties. GC/MS data obtained from essential oil leaf Jor Lab L- 11 essential oil showed limonene, elemicin, β-pinene, citronellol, α-pinene, neryl acetate, linalool, methyl eugenol, geranyl acetate, geraniol, citral b, citronellal, citral a, α-terpineol, nerol, eucalyptol, caryophyllene oxide, 2-methylbicyclo[4.3.0]non-1(6)-ene, m-camphorene, camphor, diepi-cubenol, T-cadinol, anethole and epi-α-murulol as minor compounds.

Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil of Origanum Majorana Lon a Few Bacteria and Fungi

The objective of this study is to assess the fungal and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil (ET) of marjoram (Origanum majorana L.). This strategy can contribute to the sustainable development of our country. Preliminary tests performed on the essential oil of Origanum majorana showed that this oil has antibacterial activity vis-à-vis the bacterial strains (Enterococcus feacalis, Enterobacter cloaceai, Proteus microsilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and antifungic (Fusarium sporotrichioide and Fusarium graminearum). The culture medium used was nutrient broth Muller Hinton. The interaction between the bacteria and the essential oil is expressed by a zone of inhibition with diameters of MIC indirectly expression of. And we used the PDA medium to determine the fungal activity. The extraction of the aromatic fraction (essentially oil hydrolat) of the fresh aerian part of the Origanum majorana was performed by hydrodistillation. The average essential oil yield is 0.99%. The antimicrobial and fungal study of the essential oil and hydrosol showed a high inhibitory effect on the growth of pathogens.

Chemical Composition of Leaf Essential Oil of Cinnamomum porrectum (Roxb.) Kosterm

Cinnamomum porrectum (Roxb.) Kosterm is an important plant which produces natural essential oil. In this study, essential oil was hydro-distilled from leaves of five different samples of C. porrectum which were randomly selected in a C. porrectum forest in Guangdong Province of China, and identified by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The results revealed that the average yield of essential oil was 1.12 % (v/w). A total of 65 compounds were identified from five samples, and 31 of which were reported for the first time in leaf essential oil of C. porrectum. High contents of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were found in the leaves of C. porrectum. The main components of essential oil were linalool (79.4 %), elemol (38.1 %), eucalyptol (35.6 %), β-caryophyllene (34.6 %), camphor (33.2 %), α-eudesmol (26.5 %), citral (23.5 %) and L-α- Terpineol (22.0 %). Different types of high-value compounds were found to be present in the five selected samples of C. porrectum oil, and the difference of essential oil components in individual leaves was remarkable. The various breeding techniques can be utilization based on different chemical types of leaf essential oil to exploit the plant to its full potential.

Identification of a New High Geraniol Rich Variety “Jor Lab L-15” of Lemongrass [Cymbopogon khasianus (Hack) Stapf (ex Bor)

Cymbopogon species, which belongs to the family Poaceae, is an important genus of medicinal and aromatic plants. The essential oil of the species of genus is rich in various valuable chemical compounds, which are useful for industrial and commercial purposes. In this present study, a total of 425 germplasm of Cymbopogon species were collected from different regions of India, and was analyzed for its agronomical, essential oil yield and quality data, for two year 2014-15 and 2015-16.Extraction of essential oil was done using hydro-distillation and the constituents were identified using GC/MS analysis. On the basis of two consecutive year data, a geraniol rich line was identified and the results were confirmed by planting as multi-location trial, along with the standard check during the year 2016-17 and 2017-18. The average essential oil yield of the newly developed variety in the five different locations was 0.54 % and average geranial content of the multi-location trial was 83 %; which is much higher as compared to the check variety that showed essential oil yield of 0.40 % and geraniol content of 46.8 %. This selected germplasm also showed better agronomical traits in comparison to the check variety. This new identified line was named as “Jor Lab L-15” and is suitable for commercial cultivation.

GC/MS Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Moroccan Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters

The quality and the variability of the chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of essentials oils isolated from Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) leaves, which were studied from two different regions that are ecologically various. The average yield of essential oil is 0,56 % for the Ras Elma Tazekka region (mountain) and 0,36% for the Debdou region (plain). An analysis made by GC and GC/ MS identified 22 components in Tetraclinis articulata leaves essential oil in the mountain area and 29 components in the plain area. These major components represent the variability of quantity. The percentages following respectively by the two areas are: Bornyl acetate (34,84%; 32,55%), α-Pinene (11,41%; 18,83%), Camphor (11,24 %; 11,31%), Limonene (11,94 %; 8%) and Borneol (8,35%; 7,79%). The antimicrobial activity of T. articulata essential oil was tested against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli which has been inhibited from the 50μg / mL concentration for the Debdou region (Plain) and 25μg / mL for that of the Ras Elma Tazekka region (Mountain).

Identification of a New High Essential Oil Yielding Variety “Jor Lab AC-1”of Acorus calamus L.

Acorus calamus L. (sweet flag) is an aromatic medicinal plant, generally found in the temperate and subtropical regions of the world. It is used since ages in traditional medicine and now-a-days it is also used in various commercial and pharmaceutical industries for its medicinal and aromatic properties. The aim of the present study was to identify a high essential oil yielding variety of A. calamus. In this study, fourty germplasm were collected from different parts of India and planted in RBD during the year 2014. All agronomical and oil quality data were recorded. After evaluation of two season data, a high essential oil genotype was identified and was named as “Jor Lab AC-01”. The elite genotype was evaluated in five different locations (Jorhat, Lakhimijan, Pasighat, Imphal and Madang) during the year 2017. Data recorded from the five locations across Northeast India gave satisfactory and stable results. The average essential oil yield was found to be 1.20 %, which is significantly higher as compared to the check variety (0.62 %). The line is suitable for further commercial cultivation. This new variety can be commercialized, and the farmers would be benefited by this superior variety.

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF ORIGANUM MAJORANA (L.) CULTIVATED IN A SEMI-ARID BIOCLIMATIC STAGE (SOUTH-EAST ALGERIA)

The essential oils (EO) are complex volatile natural compounds, characterized by a strong odor, produced by the plants as secondary metabolites. The composition of these last is strongly influenced by intrinsic factors twinned with the extrinsic factors such as technology, the cultivation techniques, the edapho-climatic conditions of the culture medium, like those of the storage of vegetable drug, the techniques of treatment, etc… The extraction of essential oils (EO) of marjoram ( O . majorana ), by the method of hydro-distillation made it possible to obtain an average essential oil yield of about 0.61% of which the density is low. The chemical characterization by gas chromatography highlighted the wealth of this oil in Borneol (15.50%) and Cineol (11.33%).

OPTIMIZATION OF THE FORMULATION PARAMETERS OF A PARAPHARMACEUTICAL 100% BIO CREAM

The extraction of the aromatic fraction (hydrolat, essential oil) fresh aerial part of Lavandula vera was accomplished by steam distillation. The average yield of essential oil is 1-2%. The anti-inflammatory cream BIO obtained has interesting dermal properties. This cream is endowed with remarkable healing properties and anti-infectious. It leads to dermatological applications and opens the way eventually fruitful research. During this work we have formulated an anti-inflammatory cream 100% BIO whose active ingredient is the essential oil of lavender with these attractive properties. Optimization of formulation parameters made it possible to have a stable cream. Physicochemical analysis, sensory (with diagram properties evaluation) and comparative study with a reference cream (conventional) was able to show the qualities of our BIO cream. Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2017.33.104112 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

Differentiation of essential oils in Atractylodes lancea and Atractylodes koreana by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry.

Atractylodes rhizome is a valuable traditional Chinese medicinal herb that comprises complex several species whose essential oils are the primary pharmacologically active component. Essential oils of Atractylodes lancea and Atractylodes koreana were extracted by hydrodistillation, and the yield was determined. The average yield of essential oil obtained from A. lancea (2.91%) was higher than that from A. koreana (2.42%). The volatile components of the essential oils were then identified by a gas chromatography with mass spectrometry method that demonstrated good precision. The method showed clear differences in the numbers and contents of volatile components between the two species. 41 and 45 volatile components were identified in A. lancea and A. koreana, respectively. Atractylon (48.68%) was the primary volatile component in A. lancea, while eudesma-4(14)-en-11-ol (11.81%) was major in A. koreana. However, the most significant difference between A. lancea and A. koreana was the major component of atractylon and atractydin. Principal component analysis was utilized to reveal the correlation between volatile components and species, and the analysis was used to successfully discriminate between A. lancea and A. koreana samples. These results suggest that different species of Atractylodes rhizome may yield essential oils that differ significantly in content and composition.

Chemical composition and vapour phase antimicrobial activity from the essential oil of Hesperozygis myrtoides (St.Hil. ex Benth.) Epling (Lamiaceae)

Essential oil (EO) vapours have been used for their antimicrobial properties since ancient times. In the literature, this activity is commonly tested in the liquid phase, although currently the vapour phase activity has gained interest. Hesperozygis myrtoides (St.Hil. ex Benth.) Epling is a small aromatic bush that is used for treating respiratory diseases [1]. Thus, the aim of the present work was to analyse the H.myrtoides EO composition and the antimicrobial activity of its vapours from plants collected in Campos do Jordão (São Paulo, Brazil). The EO was obtained by hydrodistillation for 4h, and the component identification was performed by GC/MS [2]. The antimicrobial activity of the EO vapours was evaluated by the inverted plate method [3] against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), using formaldehyde as positive control. The average EO yield was 1.7% (w/w), presenting as major components pulegone (31%), isomenthone (16%), neo-isomenthyl acetate (12%), neo-isomenthol (10%) and menthone (6%). The EO vapours were able to inhibit the growth of S. aureus and C. albicans, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of 392 µg/L and 833 µg/L, respectively. The positive control, for the respective microorganisms, presented MICs of 22.4 µg/L and 820 µg/L. These results indicated that the EO vapours were as active as formaldehyde against the yeast C. albicans. Although the lower activity against the bacterium, the H.myrtoides EO can be considered promising for further studies, once in screening studies extracts with MIC values lower than 100 µg/mL are considered good candidates for developing new antimicrobial agents [4]. The EO vapours have the advantage as sanitizers because they can treat large areas without requiring direct application on surfaces, which is suitable for the use as room disinfectants and air decontaminants even in inhabited areas due to their lower toxicity compared to that of formaldehyde.

Drying and Shade Effects on Spearmint Oil Yields and Composition

‘Native’ spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) is one of the two most widely grown spearmints in the United States and in other countries. Recent studies demonstrated the feasibility of growing ‘Native’ spearmint as a cash crop for north–central Wyoming. Transportation and energy costs of commercial mint production can be reduced by drying the spearmint in windrows in the field for a few days after harvest and before oil extraction. This method of drying mint has been a common practice in the traditional mint production regions of the world. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding the effect of this drying method on the yield and composition of ‘Native’ spearmint oil. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted in Wyoming to evaluate the effects of drying duration in days after harvest (DAH: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, or 11) and drying conditions (shade and sun) on the yield of essential oil (EO) and on the concentrations of different oil constituents (beta-pinene, myrcene, limonene, eucalyptol, cis-sabinene hydrate, 4-terpineol, cis-dihydro carvone, cis-carveol, carvone, iso-dihydro carveol acetate, beta-bourbonene, beta-caryophyllene, alpha-humulene/transbeta-farnesene, and germacrene D). Neither drying duration nor drying condition had a significant effect on oil yield. The average yield of essential oil was 0.25 g of oil per 100 g of fresh weight. Drying duration and drying conditions had a significant effect on the composition of EOs. The concentrations of myrcene and germacrene-D were higher in the EOs from plants dried under shade (3.2% and 2.4%, respectively) than the EOs from plants dried under direct sun (3% and 2.2%, respectively). The concentration of beta-pinene was higher in plants dried under direct sun than under shade (0.92% vs. 0.88%). Carvone ranged from 51% to 53% in the oil and was higher in EOs from plants dried for 1 and 2 DAH and lower in EOs from plants dried for 7 days. Drying of ‘Native’ spearmint under direct sun in Wyoming for up to 11 DAH can be used as an effective tool to reduce transportation and energy costs without affecting oil yields.

Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of the Essential Oil of Amomum biflorum

The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and bioactivity of Amomum biflorum Jack harvested in the region of Petchaboon, Thailand. The essential oil of the fresh whole plant obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) (Kovats index) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The average yield of essential oil of A. biflorum was 0.21 +/- 0.05 % (w/w). The major chemical constituents were camphor (17.6 %), alpha-bisabolol (16.0 %), camphene (8.2 %) and alpha-humulene (5.1%). The essential oil was active against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 30 microg/mL) and had an antioxidant activity with an ORAC index of 23 +/- 5 micromol Trolox/mg.

Studies on the antidandruff activity of the essential oil of coleus amboinicus and eucalyptus globulus

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of the essential oil of Coleus amboinicus and Eucalyptus globules as potential antidandruff agent. MethodsFresh leaves of Coleus amboinicus and Eucalyptus globules were collected from the Horticultural Research Station, Yercaud, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. The collected leaves were washed thoroughly and shade dried for 7-10 days. The essential oils from both the dried plant leaves were obtained by hydro distillation procedure. The chemical compositions of hydro distilled essential oils were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The pure essential oils and the essential oils diluted with coconut oil of the two plants were used to check antidandruff activity against the dandruff causing fungus Malassezia furfur by agar well diffusion assay. ResultsThe average yield of essential oil from Coleus amboinicus (0.89%) and Eucalyptus globules (0.77%). The results of GC-MS revealed that the presence of eight compounds from Coleus amboinicus essential oil and five constituents from Eucalyptus globules representing 90.45% and 96.32% of the total oil respectively. The major component was identified as Thymol (phenolic rich compocnd) (41.3%) in Coleus amboinicus and in Eucalyptus globules the major constituents was 1-8, Cineol (91.61%). In the antidandruff activity the broad range of inhibitory zone was observed in Eucalyptus globules (37mm) oil compare to Coleus amboinicus (31mm). Ketaconazole based shampoo used as a standard. ConclusionThis study would direct to the establishment of a natural compound from Coleus amboinicus and Eucalyptus globules as an antidandruff agent which can be used for the production of potential antifungal drug and novel pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical leads.

Optimization of operating conditions of Tunisian myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) essential oil extraction by a hydrodistillation process using a 24 complete factorial design

AbstractA 24 complete factorial design has been used to study the technological parameters that are responsible for the hydrodistillation process. After an appropriate choice of four critical variables, 16 experiments led to a mathematical model as a first degree polynomial presenting the response function (yield) in relation to the operating parameters. From the retained model, we were able to calculate the average response, the different effects and their interactions. The results showed that processing time, condensation flow and mass ratio plant material:water had significant effects (in absolute values) on myrtle essential oil yield (0.0350, −0.0421 and −0.0416, respectively), whereas granulometry presented a negligible effect (about −0.0084). The average essential oil yield extracted from 100 g myrtle leaves is 0.635%. Our study proved that experimental design methodology could efficiently be applied to characterize the analytical parameters affecting the hydrodistillation process and that it is an economical way of obtaining the maximum amount of information in a short period of time and with the smallest number of experiments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Model of Steam and Water Extraction of Essential Oil of Eucalyptus Citriodora Using a Complete 2n Factorial Plan

The steam and water distillation of leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora was modeled using a complete 2n factorial plan. Eight experiments were carried out, with three easily interpretable variables, for steam distillation and for a first degree polynomial model. The average essential oil yield was 2.3%. Positive effects decreased in the order: duration of the extraction, heating power and state of division of the plant. Interactions were negligible. Extraction conditions had no practical impact on citronellal content, which yielded an average content of 83.26% with a range of 80.2-85.4%. Weak negative effects were observed on duration of heating and state of division of plant material. Sixteen experiments were conducted on four variables for water distillation. The extracted essential oil yield was increased by 28%. Effects on citronellal content were the same as with steam extraction. Hence, water distillation is better suited for small-scale extraction given the simplicity of the equipment required and the significant gain in extraction yield.