Average Annual Rate Research Articles

Analisis Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) Jawa Timur 2021 Menggunakan Metode Regresi Logistik Ordinal

In order to improve the welfare and prosperity of the population, local governments make efforts known as regional development. One of the tools used to measure this progress is the human development index. The purpose of this study is to determine the human development index in each district or city in East Java in 2021. Some variables that are thought to affect the human development index include the open unemployment rate, labor force participation rate, poverty rate, life expectancy, average years of schooling and expected years of schooling.

Bibliometric Insights into Terrestrial Laser Scanning for Forest Biomass Estimation

Effective forest management and conservation are increasingly critical in addressing the challenges posed by climate change. Advances in remote sensing technologies, such as terrestrial laser scanning, offer promising tools for more accurate assessments in forestry research. This study explores the application of TLS in biomass estimation by conducting a bibliometric analysis of scientific articles indexed in Scopus and the Web of Science. By examining the literature from 2010 to 2024, the study identifies key trends, knowledge gaps, and emerging research opportunities, as well as practical applications in forest management and conservation. The analysis reveals a significant rise in scientific output on TLS, with an average annual growth rate of 8.16%. The most cited works address biomass estimation at the individual tree level using laser scanning data. China leads in the publication volume with 11 articles, followed by the USA with 11. The collaboration network highlights research disparities among regions such as Latin America. Overall, TLS has proven effective for the non-destructive measurement of forest variables and biomass.

Green energy: a modern view in conditions of environmental safety

Expansion of the use of renewable energy sources (RES) became possible due to technical progress in this area, which allowed, first of all, to significantly reduce the cost of electricity production by wind and solar power plants of various types. Since 2000, wind power has developed with an average annual growth rate of more than 21%. In the early years of wind power deployment, Europe was the key region for global wind turbine installations. In 2010, the region accounted for 47 % of global onshore wind turbine deployments. After 2010, other regions, especially China, have seen rapid wind energy development. By 2018, China had overtaken Europe to become the largest onshore wind energy market with nearly one-third of the world's installed capacity. Some experts estimate that onshore wind power installations will need to have an average annual growth rate of more than 7 % over the next three decades. Offshore wind energy technologies allow countries to exploit generally higher and sometimes more stable wind resources, by implementing gigawatt projects near densely populated coastal areas common in many parts of the world. This makes wind power an important addition to the portfolio of low-carbon technologies available to the energy sector in many countries. Green energy, in terms of environmental impact, leads to a more environmentally friendly process. Energy obtained from naturally occurring sources such as wind, sun and water, i.e. renewable energy is better for the environment because energy production does not produce greenhouse gases – gases that enter the atmosphere, trap heat and cause global warming. The main goal of our work is to analyze the experience of large-scale development of renewable energy sources in a number of countries, its impact, including negative ones, on traditional generation and the electricity market, with the development of relevant specific recommendations for overcoming specific challenges and ensuring environmental safety in each country

Influenza Epidemiology and Vaccine Effectiveness Following Funded Influenza Vaccine in Queensland, Australia, 2022.

In 2022, publicly funded influenza vaccine was made available to all residents of Queensland, Australia. This study compared influenza epidemiology in 2022 with previous years (2017-2021) and estimated influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) during 2022. The study involved a descriptive analysis of influenza notifications and a case-control study to estimate VE. Cases were notifications of laboratory-confirmed influenza, and controls were individuals who were test negative for COVID-19. Cases and controls were matched on age, postcode and specimen collection date. VE against hospitalisation was investigated by matching hospitalised cases to controls. Conditional logistic regression models were adjusted for sex. In 2022, Queensland experienced an early influenza season onset (April-May) and high case numbers (n = 45,311), compared to the previous 5 years (annual average: 29,364) and 2020-2021 (2020:6047; 2021:301) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Adjusted VE (VEadj) against laboratory-confirmed influenza was 39% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 37-41), highest for children aged 30 months to < 5 years (61%, 95% CI: 49-70) and lowest for adults aged ≥ 65 years (24%, 95% CI: 17-30). VEadj against influenza-associated hospitalisation was 54% (95% CI: 48-59). Among children < 9 years of age, VEadj against laboratory-confirmed influenza (55%, 95% CI: 49-61) and hospitalisation (67%, 95% CI: 39-82) was higher in those who received a complete dose schedule. In Queensland, the 2022 influenza season started earlier than the previous 5 years. VE against influenza notifications varied across age groups. VE estimates against influenza-associated hospitalisation were higher than those against laboratory-confirmed influenza.

Evaluating input data sources for isotope‐enabled rainfall‐runoff models

AbstractIsotope‐enabled models provide a means to generate robust hydrological simulations. However, daily isotope‐enabled rainfall‐runoff models applied to larger spatial scales (&gt;100 km2) require more input data than conventional non‐isotope models in the form of precipitation isotope time series, which are difficult to generate even with point station measurements. Spatially distributed isotope data can be circumvented by isotope‐enabled climate models. Here, we evaluate the hydrological simulations of the J2000‐isotope enabled hydrological model driven with data from corrected and un‐corrected isotope‐enabled global and regional climate models (isotope‐enabled global spectral model [IsoGSM] and isotope‐enabled regional spectral model [IsoRSM], respectively) compared with 1 year of measured reference station and a yearly average precipitation isotope input for a pilot site, the data‐scarce sub‐humid Eerste River catchment in South Africa. The models driven by all input products performed well for upstream and downstream discharge gauges with Nash Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) from 0.58 to 0.85 and LogNSE of 0.66 to 0.93. The simulated δ2H stream isotopes using the reference J2000‐iso and J2000‐isoRSM were good for the main river with a stream Kling Gupta efficiency (KGE) of between 0.4–0.9 and the top 100 Monte Carlo simulations varying by around 5‰ for δ2H. For smaller tributaries the model was unable to capture the measured stream isotopes due to biased precipitation isotope inputs. Adjusting the J2000‐iso with a bias corrected IsoRSM improved the stream and groundwater isotope simulation and outperformed the model driven by an average yearly precipitation isotope input. Differences in simulated hydrological processes were only evident between the models when evaluating percolation with unrealistic simulations for the standard J2000 model. While the regional climate model is computationally more intensive than its global counterpart, it provided better stream isotope simulations and improvements to simulated percolation. Our results indicate that isotope‐enabled climate models can provide useful input data in data scarce regions for hydrological models, where improved water management to address climate change impacts is needed.

O45 INDIVIDUAL VS. HEALTH SYSTEM FACTORS IN HYPERTENSION CONTROL PERFORMANCE: DISTRICT-LEVEL CARE CASCADE ANALYSIS

Background: High-quality health systems are crucial for achieving optimal health outcomes, particularly in managing chronic conditions like hypertension. Effective hypertension control reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This study examines the relative importance of individual factors (social determinants of health, SDOH) versus health system factors in influencing the stages of the hypertension care cascade in Indonesia, focusing on the controlled rate as the endpoint. This study aims to analyze which factors impact the hypertension care cascade. Methods: The performance of 514 districts in Indonesia was analyzed using multivariate regression. Dependent variables included the percentages of individuals ever tested, diagnosed, treated, and controlled for hypertension. Independent variables encompassed healthcare resource availability, socioeconomic factors, and demographic factors. Results: The regression analysis revealed several key findings: The physician ratio positively and significantly impacted all stages of the care cascade, with coefficients increasing from 0.087 in testing to control 0.356 (p&lt;0.01 for all). The midwife ratio positively influenced testing (0.072), diagnosis (0.135), and treatment (0.160) but not control (0.016, p&gt;0.1). Conversely, Average years of schooling positively correlated with testing (0.111, p&lt;0.05). GNI PPP per capita was positively associated with testing (0.235, p&lt;0.01), diagnosis (0.189, p&lt;0.05), and treatment (0.228, p&lt;0.05), but not control (-0.253, p&gt;0.1). Median age showed a strong positive association across all stages, with coefficients of 1.212 for testing, 1.443 for diagnosis, 1.509 for treatment, and 1.274 for control (p&lt;0.01 for all). Regression shows a pattern that while individual SDOH significantly influenced the early stages of the care cascade (testing and diagnosis), these factors had minimal impact on the control rate. Instead, health system performance was particularly critical for achieving control. Conclusion: Individual SDOHs are more influential in the early stages of the care cascade, while health system factors are crucial for controlling hypertension. Efforts to improve hypertension management should focus on enhancing health system resources to achieve better control rates and reduce CVD risks.

Epidemiology of Q Fever in Southeast Europe for a 20-Year Period (2002–2021)

This study aimed to assess epidemiological trends of Q fever in six countries of Southeast Europe by analysing surveillance data for 2002–2021 period. In this descriptive analysis, we collected and analysed data on confirmed human Q fever cases, obtained from the national Public Health Institutes of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia. Overall, 2714 Q fever cases were registered during the 20-year period. The crude average annual notification rate was 0.82 (± 2.06) (95% CI: 0.47–1.16) per 100,000 inhabitants, ranged from 0.06 (± 0.04) (95% CI: 0.04–0.08) /100,000 in Greece to 2.78 (± 4.80) (95% CI: 0.53–5.02) /100,000 in the Republic of Srpska (entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina). Significant declining trends of Q fever age standardized rates were registered in Croatia, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia and Serbia, with an average annual change of -30.15%; -17.13%; -28.33% and − 24.77%, respectively. An unequal spatial distribution was observed. The highest average age-specific notification rate was reported in the 20–59 age group (0.84 (± 0.40) (95% CI: 0.65–1.02) /100,000). Most cases (53.69%) were reported during the spring. Q fever remains a significant public health threat in this part of Europe. The findings of this study revealed the endemic maintenance of this disease in the including countries, with large regional and subnational disparities in notification rates. A downward trend was found in Q fever notification rates across the study countries with the average notification rate higher than in the EU/EEA, during the same period.

Building Resilient Food Security Against Global Crisis: New Evidence From China

ABSTRACTThe existing literature addresses the importance of food system disruptions and the risk of the global food crisis. However, there is insufficient understanding of response strategies and their effectiveness evaluations. This study offers a comprehensive introduction to China's food security policies and evaluates their effectiveness in enhancing the nation's risk resistance capability. Utilizing the Entropy Weight Method (EWM) and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), we evaluated China's provincial food security resilience (FSR) from 2003 to 2020 and adopted the ArcGIS platform to map spatiotemporal trends. Our findings reveal significant improvements in FSR nationwide, with a notable average annual growth rate of 1%–5%. However, regional disparities persist, with higher resilience observed in eastern provinces compared to the west. The study emphasizes the effectiveness of China's food security policies, which have synergistically enhanced grain production, agricultural mechanization, and farmers’ economic conditions. The article offers policy recommendations aimed at bolstering China's FSR and challenges with global implications. Our study contributes to the broader discourse on global food security by offering a nuanced understanding of the effectiveness of policy interventions in a major agricultural economy.

Epidemiology of sporadic and outbreak-associated hepatitis A infections in Ontario, Canada: A descriptive summary, 2015-2022.

Hepatitis A is a disease of public health significance that typically causes acute, self-limiting infection. Understanding the risk factors and demographics associated with individual infections and outbreaks can guide public health communication and interventions. To assess the number of hepatitis A cases and outbreaks in Ontario from January 1, 2015, to November 22, 2022, and to identify common risk factors associated with sporadic and outbreak-associated infections in Ontario. Confirmed and probable hepatitis A cases reported between January 1, 2015, and November 22, 2022, were extracted from the Ontario electronic reporting system. Descriptive analyses were used to summarize and compare risk factors reported by sporadic and outbreak-associated hepatitis A cases. Annual rates of infection for individual public health units were calculated using annual population estimates for Ontario health regions. During the study period, 938 cases of hepatitis A were reported in Ontario (an average annual rate of 0.9 cases per 100,000 population), with 31.3% (n=294) of cases linked to one of 18 unique outbreaks of hepatitis A. Four of 13 local outbreaks were associated with elementary school settings. Reported risk factors differed between sporadic cases (predominantly travel-related) and cases linked to known outbreaks (anal-oral contact, illicit drug use, diapering/assisting in toileting, close contact with a case). Rates of sporadic infection differed across public health units in Ontario over the study period. Public health interventions that aim to increase awareness of hepatitis A risk factors and increase vaccine uptake among those at increased risk of exposure could help to reduce the incidence of both locally acquired and travel-related sporadic infections and outbreaks.

Within-hospital Temporal Clustering of Postoperative Complications and Implications for Safety Monitoring and Benchmarking Using ACS-NSQIP Data.

To determine the extent to which within-hospital temporal clustering of postoperative complications is observed in the American College of Surgeons, National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP). ACS-NSQIP relies on periodic and on-demand reports for quality benchmarking. However, if rapid increases in postoperative complication rates (clusters) are common, other reporting methods might be valuable additions to the program. This article focuses on estimating the incidence of within-hospital temporal clusters. ACS-NSQIP data from 1,547,440 patients, in 425 hospitals, over a 2-year period was examined. Hospital-specific Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the incidence of mortality, morbidity, and surgical site infection (SSI) over a 30-day postoperative period, with risk adjustment for patient and procedure and with additional adjustments for linear trend, day-of-week, and season. Clusters were identified using scan statistics, and cluster counts were compared, using unpaired and paired t tests, for different levels of adjustment and when randomization of cases across time eliminated all temporal influences. Temporal clusters were rarely observed. When clustering was adjusted only for patient and procedure risk, an annual average of 0.31, 0.85, and 0.51 clusters were observed per hospital for mortality, morbidity, and SSI, respectively. The number of clusters dropped after adjustment for linear trend, day-of-week, and season (0.31-0.24; P = 0.012; 0.85-0.80; P = 0.034; and 0.51-0.36; P < 0.001; using paired t tests) for mortality, morbidity, and SSI, respectively. There was 1 significant difference in the number of clusters when comparing data with all adjustments and after data were randomized (0.24 and 0.25 for mortality; P = 0.853; 0.80 and 0.82 for morbidity; P = 0.529; and 0.36 and 0.46 [randomized data had more clusters] for SSI; P = 0.001; using paired t tests) for mortality, morbidity, and SSI, respectively. Temporal clusters of postoperative complications were rarely observed in ACS-NSQIP data. The described methodology may be useful in assessing clustering in other surgical arenas.

Medical costs and incremental medical costs of asthma among workers in the United States.

Asthma, a chronic respiratory disease, is associated with high economic burden. This study estimates per-worker medical and incremental medical costs associated with treated asthma by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, industries, medical events, and sources of payments for workers aged ≥18 years. We analyzed Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data from 2018 to 2020 to assess medical costs for treated asthma among workers using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification code for asthma (J45). We used two-part regression models to estimate medical and incremental medical costs controlling for covariates. All results are adjusted for inflation and presented in 2022 US dollar values. An estimated annual average of 8.2 million workers out of 176 million had at least one medical event associated with treated asthma. The annualized estimated per-worker incremental medical costs for those with treated asthma was $457 and was highest among: those in the age group of 35-44 years ($534), in the western region ($768), of Hispanic ethnicity ($693), employed in the utility and transportation industries ($898), males ($650), and for inpatient admissions ($754). The total annualized medical costs of treated asthma was $21 billion and total of incremental medical costs was $3.8 billion. Findings of higher incremental medical costs for treated asthma among workers in certain socioeconomic, demographic, and industry groups highlight the economic benefit of prevention and early intervention to reduce morbidity of asthma in working adults. Our results suggest that the per-person incremental medical costs of treated asthma among workers are lower than that for all US adults.

Global, regional, and national burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and its risk factors from 1990 to 2021: findings from the global burden of disease study 2021

Studies from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 can guide screening and prevention strategies for tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer. We aim to provide global, regional, and national estimates of the TBL cancer burden and its attributable risk from 1990 to 2021, including during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Incidence, age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR), deaths, age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age-standardised rate of DALYs (ASDR), and the burden due to risk factors associated with TBL cancer were analysed from 1990 to 2021. Trends in ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR of TBL cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic (2019-2021) were also determined. All statistical analyses were performed using Join-point software (version 4.9.1.0). Between 1990 and 2021, the global incidence, deaths, and DALYs of TBL cancer to varying degrees. However, the ASIR (Average Annual Percent Change [AAPC],-0.3 [-0.4 to-0.2]), ASMR (AAPC,-0.5 [-0.7 to-0.4]), and ASDR (AAPC,-0.9 [-1.0 to-0.7]) all showed a decreasing trend. However, the ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR of TBL cancer in males all showed a decreasing trend from 1990 to 2021. In contrast, the ASIR and ASMR of TBL cancer in females showed an increasing trend, while the ASDR showed a relatively stable trend. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the trends for ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR remained stable across both sexes combined, females, males, five socio-demographic index (SDI) quintiles, and the 21 GBD regions. In 2021, smoking was a major risk factor for TBL cancer DALYs, but the attributable ASDR for smoking decreased from 1990 to 2021 in both sexes combined, as well as individually for males and females. Conversely, the attributable ASDR for secondhand smoke, high fasting plasma glucose and occupational exposure factors increased primarily among females. Furthermore, the attributable ASDR for ambient particulate matter pollution, household air pollution from solid fuels, and low-fruit diets increased primarily in regions with lower SDI quintiles from 1990 to 2021. The burden attributable to TBL cancer has increased in some populations from 1990 to 2021, highlighting the importance of implementing targeted measures to mitigate this trend. No significant change in the burden of TBL cancer was observed during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, post-COVID-19 rates still require further observation. This study was supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFC3503300, 2023YFC3503305), and High Level Chinese Medical Hospital Promotion Project (HLCMHPP2023085, HLCMHPP2023001, HLCMHPP2023097).

MISPLACED COPPER T: A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW

Worldwide, the second most popular form of birth control is Cu T because it is a long term, reversible, highly effective and cost effective contraceptive. In an international study sponsored by the WHO, the average annual failure rate of Copper T was 0.4% or less. Uterine perforation is one of the most dreaded complications of Copper T insertion. The frequency of this occurrence is estimated to be between 0.05 and 13 per 1000 insertions (average, 1.2/1000) and appears to depend on the type of device placed, the skill of the operator, position of the uterus, and intensity of follow-up. A detailed study of case was done who were admitted in our hospital. Further imaging was done and patient were diagnosed with misplaced IUD. The misplaced IUD was removed under vision with hysteroscopy or laproscopy. Minimally invasive techniques like hysteroscopy and advanced laparoscopy are ideally suited to the diagnosis and surgical management of the perforated IUD.

Mapping seamless monthly XCO2 in East Asia: Utilizing OCO-2 data and machine learning

High spatial resolution XCO2 data is key to investigating the mechanisms of carbon sources and sinks. However, current carbon satellites have a narrow swath and uneven observation points, making it difficult to obtain seamless and full-coverage data. We propose a novel method combining extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) with particle swarm optimization (PSO) to construct the relationship between OCO-2 XCO2 data and auxiliary data (i.e., vegetation, meteorological, anthropogenic emissions, and LST data), and to map the seamless monthly XCO2 concentration in East Asia from 2015 to 2020. Validation results based on TCCON ground station data demonstrate the high accuracy of the model with an average R2 of 0.93, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 1.33 and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 0.24 % in five sites. The results show that the average atmospheric XCO2 concentration in East Asia shows a continuous increasing trend from 2015 to 2020, with an average annual growth rate of 2.21 ppm/yr. This trend is accompanied by clear seasonal variations, with the highest XCO2 concentration in winter and the lowest in summer. Additionally, anthropogenic activities contributed significantly to XCO2 concentrations, which were higher in urban areas. These findings highlight the dynamics of regional XCO2 concentrations over time and their association with human activities. This study provides a detailed examination of XCO2 distribution and trends in East Asia, enhancing our comprehension of atmospheric CO2 dynamics.

Cancer mortality trends in Luxembourg: A 24-year descriptive study (1998–2021)

BackgroundCancer, the second most common cause of death worldwide, is projected to cause 17 million deaths by 2045. Epidemiological studies on cancer play a vital role in understanding cancer burden impact and formulating control plans. This study aimed to analyse the changes in cancer mortality rates within Luxembourg from 1998 to 2021 by sex and age. MethodsData on cancer-related deaths were extracted from Luxembourg's National Registry of Death Causes (1998–2021), and the corresponding population data were analysed. Age-standardized mortality rates (ASRs) per 100,000 individuals were calculated and adjusted to the European standard population. To identify significant changes in cancer mortality over time, the Average Annual Percentage Changes (AAPC) method was used. ResultsWe identified 23,750 cancer-related deaths, resulting in an ASR of 152.86 per 100,000 people per year. Lung cancer was the most common cancer-related case of death in men and in both sexes combined. In women, breast cancer was the most common cancer death. Significant decreases in the ASR over time were observed for both sexes. Sex-specific cancers, such as prostate (AAPC: −2.7) and breast (AAPC: −1.0) cancers, also exhibited significant decreasing trends in mortality. In the evaluation by life stage, stability or significant decreases were observed for women, men and both sexes, however significant increases were observed in late adulthood women in laryngeal and lung cancer (AAPC: 3.9 and 1.8, respectively). The trend patterns observed during 1998–2021 were largely consistent with those seen when excluding the COVID-19 pandemic year of 2020. ConclusionOur study provides a comprehensive analysis of mortality trends by cancer type in Luxembourg, contributing to the understanding of cancer epidemiology and informing healthcare policy and planning. This highlights the importance of targeted public health interventions as such early detection and screening programs and continued advancements in cancer treatment.

Exploring impact of green finance and natural resources on eco-efficiency: case of China

China ranks 160 out of 180 countries in terms of ecological efficiency, with an EPI score of 28.40 and a 10-year average change in score of 11.40. This article examines the impact of green finance and China’s natural resources on regional ecological efficiency using the Tobit regression model. The study uses the average yearly exchange rate to normalize dollar-related values and GDP to 2012 RMB using the price deflator. Variables used as explanatory tools include green financing, the availability of natural resources, and regional eco-efficiency. The results of the study imply that natural resources in eastern region of China are better managed as and have avoided the resource curse as compared to central and western regions. Resources temporarily support area economic and social growth. However, resource agglomeration locks many elements in the resource industry and degrades regional industrial development, generating environmental and social difficulties that may hinder regional economic progress. Given that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) increases regional eco-efficiency after accounting for adjustment. The FDI positively correlated with ecological efficiency in the east zone, while central and western zones have negative correlations. The industrial development of the nation negatively impacts ecological efficiency in the East, Midwest, and West regions. Western results are distinctive, with ecological efficiency and regional economic growth frequently going hand in hand.

Characteristics of reactive nitrogen emissions from solid waste and its environmental impact in the Yellow River Basin, China

ABSTRACT One of the topics of concern on a global scale is the source, fate, and environmental effects of solid waste nitrogen (N). Quantitative calculation and evaluation of solid waste N (SWN) generation and its reactive N (Nr) emission characteristics, as well as their environmental effects in the basin ecosystem, are essential for the sustainable management of SWN and the improvement of the ecological environment. The accounting framework for the production of SWN and associated Nr emission was established using the Yellow River Basin of Henan section as an example. The findings revealed that SWN, with an annual average of 265.3 Gg N yr−1, grew by 17.2% over the previous ten years. The largest contributors were domestic waste N (82.5%) and livestock and poultry waste N (12.9%), with the remaining sources making up roughly 4.5%. The majority of the sources of Nr emissions were NH3 (63.2%), NOx (18.9%), and Nr lost to groundwater (12.3%), whereas N2O contributed just 5.7%. To mitigate Nr emissions from solid waste in the basin, enhancing solid waste classification, recycling, and composting treatment while reducing dumping and landfilling is vital. The study offers a scientific basis for the management and prevention of SWN in the basin.

STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA

As India faces the dual challenges of rapid economic growth and rising energy demands, the shift towards renewable energy has emerged as a crucial strategy for sustainable development. This study examines the role of renewable energy in India’s energy landscape and its impact on sustainable development. Renewable energy is essential for enhancing energy security, reducing environmental pollution, driving economic growth, and improving public health. By reviewing recent literature and analysing the progress in renewable energy adoption, this study highlights the significant advancements made in solar, wind, and bioenergy sectors. It also explores the benefits of renewable energy, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions, increased energy access, and alignment with global climate commitments. The findings emphasize the importance of continued investment, innovation, and supportive policies to maintain momentum and ensure a sustainable energy future for India. Further study used Average annual growth rate and graphs only. KEY WORDS: sustainable development, environmental, economic growth, greenhouse gas emissions

Pemetaan Wilayah Berdasarkan Indikator Pemerataan Pendidikan menggunakan Biplot di Sumatera Utara

Equal distribution of education is a strategic issue in national development, including in North Sumatra Province. However, the reality on the ground shows that there are significant disparities in terms of access and quality of education between districts/cities in North Sumatra. To overcome this problem, a comprehensive mapping effort is needed on the condition of education in each district/city in North Sumatra. Biplot analysis is a multivariate statistical technique that is very useful for visualizing complex relationships between many variables and objects in a two-dimensional graph. Biplot analysis was chosen in this research because of its ability to present complex data visually and easily understood. This research aims to: 1) Map regions based on indicators of educational equality using biplot analysis. 2) Identify regional groups that have different educational characteristics. The data source for this research is secondary data obtained from Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) of North Sumatra Province. The data used are Average Years of Schooling (RLS), Expected Years of Schooling (HLS), Primary/equivalent School Enrollment Rates (APM SD), Middle School/Equivalent Enrollment Rates (SMP APM), High School Enrollment Rates (APM SD). High School APM), Higher Education Participation Rate (APM PT). Next, this data is used as a variable in the research as x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, and x6. The research results present information from Biplots obtained by Regency/City which can be divided into 4 quadrants. And from the results of the analysis, it was found that the most dominant characteristics were the variables of average length of schooling and Expected Years of Schooling.

Machine learning-based monitoring of mangrove ecosystem dynamics in the Indus Delta

Mangrove forests play a vital role in carbon sequestration, typhoon-induced wave attenuation, and the provision of ecological services. However, mangrove ecosystems have experienced large-scale loss globally due to rising sea levels and anthropogenic activities. This study investigates the dynamic changes in mangrove cover within the mega-Indus delta, the largest delta in Pakistan and Southern Asia, using multi-temporal remote sensing data and machine learning techniques from 1988 to 2023. The results indicate an increasing trend in mangrove areas in the Indus Delta, with an average annual growth rate of 18.72 %. The spatial distribution of mangrove forests tends to concentrate towards the landward areas, extending along tidal channels, while losses primarily occur in the seaward regions. Rising sea levels pose a potential threat to the survival of these mangroves. The strong southwest monsoon-driven waves are the leading cause of shoreline erosion of the Indus Delta mangroves. Meanwhile, the reduction in riverine sediment discharge is not associated with the increase in mangrove area. Instead, the tidal currents influenced by the southwest monsoon carry sediments into the delta’s tidal channels, causing them to fill and create suitable habitats for mangroves, which are the primary drivers of the observed mangrove expansion in the Indus Delta. Additionally, afforestation activities observed in the northwest and southwest parts of the study area have contributed to the restoration of mangroves. The loss of mangroves in the northernmost part of the northwest region was attributed to an oil spill incident. This study highlights the dynamic nature of mangrove ecosystems in the Indus Delta, characterized by an arid climate and low population density. The findings provide valuable insights into the factors influencing mangrove gain and loss and can inform management strategies for global mangrove restoration efforts.