Average Weight Range Research Articles

Consumer Knowledge about Dietary Relevance of Fruits and Vegetables: A Study Involving Participants from Portugal and France.

Fruits and vegetables are recommended as low-calorie foods that contribute to the proper intake of necessary micronutrients, macronutrients, and bioactive compounds with health benefits. However, the recommendations for the dietary intake of these foods fail to be attained in most European countries. For this reason, promoting more knowledge about the health effects of fruits and vegetables is essential to decrease the incidence of chronic diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the knowledge of the health benefits of fruits and vegetables among the population of Portugal and France. The present work involved a questionnaire survey of 639 participants (257 from Portugal and 382 from France). The results revealed that most participants were young females (68.9%) with good education (76%) and an average weight range. They consumed a varied diet (57%) but had body dissatisfaction (63.2%). The respondents had good knowledge about the health effects of fruits and vegetables. However, the French population knew more about the theme than the Portuguese. Portuguese individuals were more likely to have incomplete information. Gender and education significantly influenced knowledge levels, with females and highly educated individuals demonstrating greater understanding. Dissatisfaction with body weight drives individuals to seek nutrition information. This investigation enhances our comprehension of the factors that affect knowledge of vegetable and fruit consumption among young adults in Portugal and France. Moreover, it highlights the importance of implementing focused educational programs to enhance nutrition literacy, particularly for less-aware demographic groups. Going forward, a more in-depth analysis of these factors could assist in creating more efficient strategies to encourage healthier dietary habits and improve nutrition literacy among these communities.

Molecular Characterisation of Gut Bacteria in Wista Rat After Green Tea Consumption

Green tea can influence the gut bacteria by either stimulating or hindering the growth of specific species. This experimental study was carried out in Rivers State, Nigeria to molecularly characterize gut bacteria in Wista rats after green tea consumption. Twenty-five (25) rats divided into five groups were used; each group had five (5) rats having an average weight range of 70g – 130g. After acclimatization of 2 weeks, groups (2, 3, 4 & 5) were feed with green tea extract based on standard method using oral gavage with rat feed pellet and water for seven (7) days and fourteen (14) days respectively based on their body weights and group 1 (control) was fed with rat feed pellet and water only for same duration and their weights recorded. Stool samples were collected aseptically by pulling from each group into sterile stool sample bottles and sent to the laboratory for immediate analysis. Conventional microbiological methods of culturing and molecular methods were utilized for identification of isolates, total heterotrophic plate count and antibiotic susceptibility were also done. The data from this study were analysed using SPSS version 23, to survey difference in gut bacterial count of wista rats after fed with green tea, rat weight across the study groups, and the values were expressed as mean ± SD at a 5% alpha level. The study reported a statistical difference in bacterial plate count at (P≤0.05) in Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 after 14 Days of Acclimatization, after 7 days of Treatment and after further 14 Days of Treatment. Group 1 showed no statistical significance at P=0.212. Furthermore, there was significant difference in weight comparison at (P≤0.05) in rats contained in all groups after 7 days and after further 14 days of treatment, rats in group 1 showed weight gain. There was weight loss in all the treatment groups (2 ,3, 4, and 5). Antibiotic-resistant assay pattern of the isolates showed multiple drugs resistance to all the antibiotics used with Bacillus and Enterobacter being the most resistant isolates. The molecular characterization and identification of the isolates revealed close relatedness to Staphylococcus arlettae, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter cancerogenus, Acinetobacter nosocomialis, Comamonas testosterone, Klebsiella veriicola, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus cereus, it showed that the molecular technique proved to be more specific and accurate than the convectional technique in the identification and characterization of the isolates. Also, the gut bacterial count of the rats that were treated with the tea were significantly raised indicating that the tea has the potential to influence the abundance and diversity of gut bacteria. As seen in this study, molecular characterisation of gut bacteria identifies bacteria upto their specie level and they are influenced by diet.

Aqueous Leaves Extract of <i>Gongronema latifolium</i> (Benth) Downregulates the Expression of IFN-γ, IL-10 and Cell Surface Markers in Rabbits

Background: The pathophysiology of the inflammatory process reveals intricate signaling which includes the IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα pathways that could serve as drug targets. Aim: This study determined the effect of the aqueous extract of Gongronema latifolium (AEGL) leaves on the expression of IFNγ, IL-10, CD3, and CD56 in rabbits. Materials and Methods: ELISA tests were performed to determine the effect of the AEGL on the expression of a pro-inflammatory cytokine (IFNγ), an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), and CD3 and CD56 cell surface markers in rabbits. Twenty cross-bred male rabbits with an average weight range of 1.0 - 1.5 kg were selected. The rabbits were separated into four groups of four rabbits each treated as follows: Grp1 is the untreated control; Grp2 is the treated control; and Grp3, Grp4, and Grp5 were treated with 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of AEGL respectively for 28 days. Results: The AEGL showed its greatest inhibitory effect in Group 4 on IL-10 (118.5 pg/ml), and IFNγ (332 pg/ml) on days 14 and 21 respectively. AEGL also showed the highest inhibition of CD3 expression on days 14 and 21 (0 pg/ml) in Group 3; and CD56 expression on day 21 (630.5 pg/ml) in Group 4. Conclusion: AEGL showed exhibited strong T cell mediated anti- inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activity in test rabbits within the 28-day period which can be confirmed by cell based assays. Specifically at 400 mg/kg, AEGL exhibited the greatest anti-inflammatory activity which is suggestive of its maximum effective dose.

Photochemistry of foraminiferal test as proxy of Marine Environment, parts of Andhra Coast, East Coast of India

The use of in-coastal environment for monitoring activities such as the marine environment is well known across the world over the years. As a representative of various water-based environmental monitoring activities, many species of foraminifera such as Ammonia have been used. The screening of foraminiferal shell for chemical constituents provides a step forward in determining the ability of benthic foraminifer in the coastal area to react to anthropogenic metal pollution. This study's initial hypothesis is the Foraminifera Calcite Test (Ammonia dentata, Asterorotalia pulchella, Elphidium crispum, Quinqueloculina laevigata, and Massilina secans) binds anthropogenic metals to the structure of the shell and initiates the deformation test. This research uses the normal and abnormal shells of Ammonia specimen. The Ponar collector was used to sample surface sediments. Sophisticated facilities like SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy), and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy) detectors have been employed for the analysis of the Foraminiferal shell. For each test (the shooting was done thrice, i.e. first chamber (proloculus), the aperture chamber, and the chambers between the two. The key elements of the foraminifera test are oxygen with an average (weight range of 44.71 - 58.79%) and carbon with an average weight range (10.07 -12.07%). There is a record low level of C element in the abnormal tests.

Blood Profile and Selected Organ Histopathology of Balami Sheep Fed Shea Cake (Vitellaria paradoxa) Meal

The blood profile and histology of selected tissues (kidney, lungs, intestine, and epididymis) of Balami Sheep fed Shea Cake meal supplement was investigated. A total of thirty-two (32) sheep of the average weight range of 11.75-14.75kg comprising an equal number (16) of males and females were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized experimental design with eight sheep per treatment for twelve weeks duration. Treatment 1 (T1) was a control diet and had zero inclusion level of Shea cake meal (SCM), while treatments 2,3, and 4 had 10%,15%, and 20% inclusion of SCM, respectively. At the twelfth week of the experiment, two blood samples of 5ml each were taken from each animal from the jugular vein. The first set was preserved in Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA) bottle for haematological parameters, while the second samples were preserved without EDTA for serum examination. Representative samples of tissues were randomly selected and slaughtered for gross microscopic examination. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) at various levels of inclusion for parameters investigated. The white blood cell (WBC), Red blood cell (RBC), and Packed cell volume (PCV) recorded the highest values at T3 (15% inclusion level) (13.42 x109/L), 2.92x1012/L, 3.75%, respectively). The serum parameters were significantly(p <0.05)different among the treatments. Total protein ranges from 54.78(mg/dl) (T1) - 60.51(mg/dl) (T2), Cholesterol70.15(mg/dl) (T1) - 78.00(mg/dl) (T4). Iron ranges from 58.15(ug/dl) (T1) - 62.88(ug/dl) (T3).The histopathology of tissues (kidney, lungs, intestine, and epididymis) showed no alteration across the treatments (P= .05) in the gross microscopic examinations. No lesion was observed in the lungs, kidney, epididymis, and intestine. The results showed that shea cake meal posed no health risk to Balami sheep and as such recommended as a good supplement in the diets of the sheep.

PENINGKATAN BOBOT BADAN AYAM BURAS LOKAL CIANJUR MELALUI PERKAWINAN SILANG DAN SELEKSI BOBOT TETAS DI TINGKAT KELOMPOK TERNAK AYAM “PUSAKA”

Crossbreeding native chicken with chicken pelung expected to increase meat production and efficiency in the use of rations, because the chicken's body weight pelung have better growth than any other domestic poultry. Research objectives were to obtain seed free-range chicken that has the ability to produce good meat as free-range chicken meat producer. Animals used in female parent activities, namely the local free-range chicken Cianjur as much as 100 individuals aged 6-8 months and 20 head pelung males aged 9-12 months, mating systems are naturally cross-breeding males and females with a ratio of 1: 5. Criteria of selection performed on the weight of hatching through the selection of individuals for three generations. The average weight range chicken hatching from crosses with the selected directional pelung was increased by 5.39 g / fish or 1.79 grams / head / generation from G0 to G3, while the increase of domestic poultry hatching weight that is equal to 7.65 g / fish or 2.25 grams / head / generation. Average response of selection criteria hatching weight that is equal to 1.24 g / generation, meaning that the genetic improvement of livestock quality through selection of free-range chicken hatching weights can increase the growth of body weight gain (meat production)

PAHs and Pb heavy metal absorption by Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) bivalve under oil pollution

The main purpose of this study was to find the absorption of Pb as heavy metal and cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by Dreissena polymorpha under oil pollution. Totally, 130 samples with an average length range of 3.5±0.7 cm and average weight range of 25.5±3 g were collected from the Tajan River estuary in Mazandaran province and transferred to the laboratory. Three stations were considered (Station 1: Oil Company Wastewater (OCW), Station 2: Car Oil Change Wastewater (COCW), Station 3: Agricultural Pumping Canal (APC)). The amounts of PAHs and lead metal uptake by bivalves were measured during warm and cold water seasons. Tissue mass was isolated to measure PAHs at each station. In the cold season, the maximum concentration of lead was in the OCW station (0.762±0.01 mg/L) and the lowest concentration was observed in APC station (0.367±0.06 mg/L) (p 0.05). Also, in the warm season, the highest concentration of Pb was observed in COCW station and the lowest concentration was in APC station (p <0.05). During the experiment period, the highest absorbed concentration of bivalves was recorded at OCW station (328.39 ±1.33 ng/dw) and the lowest concentration was in APC station (62.85±8.9 ng/dw). Moreover, there was a significant difference between PAHs concentration of OCW station with other stations (p <0.05). The concentration of the compounds measured in February was higher than in August due to the precipitation and flooding of the route to the bivalve stations. Heavy compounds were also more concentrated than lighter compounds. Finally, it can be concluded that this bivalve can be used as an appropriate biomarker for monitoring oil compounds in the environment.

Caulerpa lentillifera and Sucrose Formulated Diets as Growth Enhancer of Oyster (Crassostrea virginica)

A total of 200 of Crassostrea virginica populations of average weight range from 41.19 ± 3.42 to 47.53 ± 1.06 g were studied to determine the effect of the feed diets of Caulerpa lentillifera and sucrose as growth enhancement. Growth rates increased that range from 56.99 ± 3.16 to 61.56 ± 2.87 g for 90 days period using an artificial water tank system. Previous studies conducted that C. lentillifera contained high protein and were the most abundant component. This seaweed also contained high amounts of minerals and balanced amino acid and notably very rich in iodine. phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and copper that will contribute to oysters growth. Oysters are known to have the ability to uptake dissolved organic matter as nutrients. In the present study, the effects of culture water supplemented with sucrose were tested on oysters. Results revealed that this organic matter promotes growth to the oysters. Sugars will be metabolized into pyruvate through the glycolysis pathway and will result in the supply of energy. Therefore, supplementation of sugar to oysters may have contributed as an energy source together with the lipid and protein content from the algae diet.

Effect of Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) “With Mother” on Progesterone, Testosterone and Estrogen of Wistar Rats

Aim: Apple cider vinegar (ACV) with mother" has been singled out as an especially helpful health remedy. This present research evaluated the effect of ACV ‘with mother’ on hormones (testosterone, estrogen and progesterone) of Wistar rats.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Eighteen rats with average weight range of 120 g were grouped into six groups. Three groups served as the control for each week (week 1, 2 and 3) while the remaining three groups were treated with 1 ml of ACV twice daily. The animals were treated for a total of 21 days. After each week the animals in that group were sacrificed and laboratory analyses were performed.&#x0D; Results: After oral administration of the product, the results revealed significant reductions in a time dependent manner with the highest reductions obtained on the last week of experiment. The result obtained for estrogen showed significant reduction (p&lt;0.05) in week one with test value (7.74±0.19 mlU/ml) as compared to control (8.36±0.01 mlU/ml).For progesterone, there was an increase (p&lt;0.05). The highest test value was obtained in week 3, (3.64±0.08 mlU/ml) as compared to control value (3.15±0.01 mlU/ml). However, there was also a reduction in testosterone level.&#x0D; Conclusion: In conclusion, ACV reduces the levels of estrogen and testosterone but increased progesterone level of Wistar rats.

Nutritive and Anti-Nutritive Evaluation of Kleinhovia hospita, Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium with Respect to Their Effects on in Vitro Rumen Fermentation and Gas Production

The nutritive and tannin content of tree forages (Kleinhovia hospita, Leucaena leucocephala, and Gliricidia sepium and their effects on in vitro rumen fermentation, digestibility and gas production were examined. Rumen fluid was obtained from three fistulated Boer goats with an average weight range of 31-32 kg fed forages. The fluid was incubated with 0.2 g of each forage at 39 °C for 48 h to determine the in vitro gas production, DM digestibility, metabolizable energy and volatile fatty acid. The proximate composition and the polyphenol composition of the forage were also evaluated. The experimental design was a completely randomized design and the treatments were K. hospita, L. leucocephala and G. sepium. The chemical composition, percentage of total polyphenol, non-tannin polyphenol, condensed tannin and hydrolysable tannin differed (P&lt;0.05) among the forages. The K. hospita had higher (P&lt;0.05) net gas production and in vitro dry matter digestibility compared with other forages. Similarly, K. hospita had higher (P&lt;0.05) concentration of total volatile fatty acid and propionic acid followed by L. leucocephala and G. sepium. The molar proportion of acetic and butyric acid did not differ among the forages. The outcome of this study present K. hospita as a good potential forage to be used in ruminant diet as a result of better nutrient composition, moderate anti-nutritive value and best ivDMD in comparison with L. leucocephala and G. sepium.

Determination on the chemical composition of Ammonia beccarii shell using SEM and EDX: Preliminary study of benthic foraminifera capacity in response to anthropogenic metal contamination in coastal areas

The use of single-celled and shelled biota, such as foraminifera that lives as benthic, in coastal environmental monitoring activity is very efficient. Several species of the Ammonia have been used as a proxy of various aquatic environmental monitoring activities. Chemical constituents screening in foraminiferal shell is a step ahead to identify the capacity of benthic foraminifera in responding to anthropogenic metal contamination in coastal water areas. The initial hypothesis of this study is the calcite test of Ammonia beccarii binds the anthropogenic metal in its shell structure and triggers the deformation test. The normal and abnormal shells of Ammonia specimens from Jakarta Bay and Batam waters are used in this study. The Ponar grab was used to sample surface sediment in Jakarta Bay and Batam waters in 2015, and the short core was used to acquire substratum sediment in Jakarta Bay in 2011.The Ammonia beccarii shell was analyzed using SEM and EDX detectors (Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive X-ray). The shooting was performed three times in each test, i.e. in the first chamber (proloculus), the last chamber and the chamber between the two. The main building blocks of the foraminifera test are oxygen with an average weight range of 42.86 - 58.79% and carbon with an average weight range of 17.69 - 26.32%. There is a tendency for low levels of C and O elements in the abnormal tests.

Hepatotoxicity Following Concurrent Administration of Aqueous Extract of Azadirachta Indica Leaf (Neem Leaf) and Chloroquine Sulphate in Rabbits

Background: Recently herbal medications have been introduced into modern health scheme for the treatment of diseases. Aqueous extract of A. indica is commonly used in treatment of malaria in combination with chloroquine, especially now that a combined therapy is said to be more effective. Objectves: This study is designed to investigate the effects of aqueous extract of A. indica leaf and concomitant administration of chloroquine sulphate+aqueous extract of A. indica leaf on the weight and liver cells of rabbit. Methods: Eight adult male rabbits with average weight range between 1.29 kg-1.52 kg obtained from department of Zoology University of Ekpoma, Edo state, Nigeria, were used for this study. They were weighed at intervals of five days before and after the experiment. They were randomly divided into four groups (A-D) of two rabbits each. The chloroquine and aqueous extract of A. indica leaf was administered to the animals orally via a cannula inserted through the oral cavity. They were treated as follows, group A received (15 mg/kg dry extract solution of aqueous extract of A. indica), Group B received (15 mg/kg of chloroquine sulphate), group C received (100 mg/mL dry extract solution of aqueous extract of A. indica+15 mg/kg of chloroquine sulphate and the control animals (group D) were given normal saline. Both treatment and control animals were sacrificed at the end of the experiment. The liver was carefully dissected out and immediately fixed in Bouin's fluid for histological studies. Results: Groups A-D animals showed normal liver histoarchitecture and increase in weight: 2.1% (group A), 1.4% (group B), 0.7%, (group C) and 1.4% (group D) respectively. When the average weight increase by the treated animals was compared to the average weight increase by the control animals, it was statistically not significant (p>0.6). Conclusions: Our findings revealed that aqueous extract of A. indica leaf has no effect on the histology of the liver and weight of adult male rabbits, even when it is administered concomitantly with chloroquine sulphate at a reported and recommended safe dose.

A preliminary study on marine culture of Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer in the coastal earthen ponds of Gwadar region, Iran: an assessment of growth parameters, feed intake efficiency and survival rate

The aim of the present study was a preliminary experiment on marine culture of Asian sea bass in the shrimp earthen ponds of Gwadar region (a region located in the coastal area of Oman Sea, southeastern of Iran). To this end, Asian sea bass frys reared for 7 months including 1 month nursery and 6 months growth-period. During the culturing periods, fish were fed ad libitum by commercial rainbow trout diets based on fish growth stages. After nursery period, the average weight (AW) of 11.05 ± 1.5 g and survival per cent of 65% obtained for fish. During the growth-out period, the AW increased continually from 31.4 ± 4.7 g in late June to 252.1 ± 30 g at the end of growth-out period in late December. Also, the highest values of monthly weight gain yielded during August, September and October when fish had the AW range of (76.9 ± 14.4) – (188.1 ± 12.8) g. The values of monthly feed conversion ratio (FCR) were low and similar from July to October and then increased in November and December. The values of total monthly feed intake (FI) increased continually from July to October and then with a decrease in November, increased again in December. The values of survival per cent after nursery and growth-out period were 65% and 66%, respectively. Also, the average of monthly FCR, FCR at the time of fish harvesting, total FI and total harvested biomass were 1.36, 2.5, 630.5 kg and 325 kg.

Equity and nutritional inequalityin two school centers in Madrid (Spain)

Health inequality is the difference in incidence, prevalence, mortality, volume of diseases and other adverse sanitary conditions that exist between groups of specific populations. To analyze the possible nutritional inequalities between two educational centers of Madrid to promote healthy habits, to anticipate the obesity and the diseases associated in the children population. Observational and transverse study on a sample of 118 students (14 years old/3ºESO) of two educational centers of different socioeconomic level. They underwent a survey on lifestyle, anthropometric examinations and measurement of blood pressure and physical activity. In both centers normal weight prevails in both sexes without differences as for the percentage of pupils that are overweight. Major obesity is registered in the public school more than in the private school. The correlation stands out between the percentiles body mass index (BMI) and the blood pressure (BP) (to major BMI, major B.P). The food pattern is similarly independent from the socioeconomic stratum. The fifth part of the pupils (principally women) does not practice any type of physical activity in their free time and they dedicate almost 2 daily hours to sedentary activities. As a whole, the two educational centers are in the average weight range, even though a tendency has been found in the public school that there is double the rate of obesity. These results can be attributed to the small sample size or that the sociocultural inequality to nutritional level is not so accentuated in the city of Madrid. Prevention and promotion of healthy habits is the way of combating against overweight, juvenile obesity, cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular diseases in the adult age.

Growth, Nutrient Utilization and Physico-Chemical Responses in the Monoculture of Juvenile Clarias Gariepinus to Increasing Stocking Density

A ten (10) week feeding trial was undertaken to assess the growth performance and nutrient utilization of Juvenile Clarias gariepinus of average weight range 250gm — 300gm stocked under 5 different treatments (10 (trt1) 15 (trt2) 20 (trt3) 25 (trt4) and 30(trt5) Juvenile Clarias gariepinus/250 litre bowl (under laboratory conditions) with increasing stocking densities, along with monitoring the following physico-chemical factors (pH, Temperature (°C), Dissolved oxygen (DO) in mg/litre, Ammonia (p.p.m), Alkalinity (p.p.m) and dissolved carbon dioxide (C02 in mg/litre). The increasing stocking density caused a decrease in value of the final fish body crude protein Trt1 (75.18%)> Trt2 (73.9 > Trt3 (72.71%)> Trt4 (71.21%)>Trt5 (70.19%). A similar trend was followed in the specific growth rate (SGR) pattern decreasing from 0.20 (Trt1) to 0.015 (Trt5) Mean weight gain (MWG) from 6.94 (Trt1) to 3.03 (Trt5) protein efficiency ratio (PER) from 0.29 (Trt1) to 0.04 (Trt5), productive protein value (PPV) from 0.24 (Trt1) to 0.04 (Trt5) and Net protein utilization (NPU) from 32.25 (Trt1) to 19.28 (Trt5). However the food conversion ratio (FCR) kept increasing from treatment (Tit1) (88.46) to 662.31 (Trt5) with increasing stocking density. This assertion is confirmed with the positive FCR correlation coefficient r=1.2964 while the other growth and nutrient utilization parameters had negative correlations respectively. Also the measured physicochemical factors in the study showed significant responses (P < 0.05) to increasing stocking density. The dissolved oxygen (DO) decreased with increasing stocking density, with a mean dissolved oxygen of 6.43mg/litre in treatment 5 containing 30 Juvenile Clarias gariepinus/250 litre bowl). Also the mean pH decreased from 7.73 (Trt1) to 6.58 (Trt5). Both the DO and pH values recorded were within the recommended tolerable ranges for all the treatments. However, an increasing pattern of variation was observed for ammonia increasing from 0.06ppm, (trt1 to 0.122p.p.m. (trt5), alkalinity increased from 30.70p.p.m. (Trt1) to 37.50p.p.m. (Trt5) and dissolved carbon dioxide increased from 9.27mg/litre (trt1) to 27.57°C (Trt4) to 12.18mg/litre (Trt5) while the mean water culture temperature also rose from 24.97°C (Trt 1) and 27.25°C for Trt5; this increase in temperature is also a result of the increasing stocking density of the juvenile Clarias gariepinus. All these increases (ammonia, alkalinity, CO2 and temperature) are indicators of increasing waste products with increasing number of fish in the bowls. This will eventually lead to fish mortalities (in the densely stocked treatments) and evidences of stunted growth alternatively is inevitable as a r’ of crowding of the fish in a limited space.

Acute Toxicity Determination Of Two New Benzothiazino Phenoxazine Dyestuffs In Mice

Two new heterocyclic benzothiazinophenoxazine dyestuffs have been subjected to acute toxicity test using mice as the test animal. For each dyestuff, a total of thirty albino mice with average weight range of 14 - 25g were used. The first dyestuff-dibenzo[a,j][1,4]benzothiazino[3,2-c]phenoxazine had LD 50 value of 291.7mg/kg while the second dyestuff-8,-chloro-11-oxa-10-thia,9,18-triazadibenzo[a,r]pentaphene had LD 50 value of 363.07mg/kg. These values are within the limits of acceptable values for dyestuffs. KEY WORDS: Toxicity, LD50, Mice, Benzothiazino Phenoxazine. J.Expt. & Clin. Anat. 2(2) 2003: 20-23

Acute Toxicity Determination Of Pyrrolobenzothiazine And Pyrrolobenzoxazine Ring Systems On Mice

Toxicity tests were carried out on two Bezethiazine and Benzoxazine derivatives. For this experiment, a total of sixty (60) Albino mice with average weight range 18-26g were employed. For each test compound, thirty (30) mice were distributed in five cages and fed ad libitum for 14 days for acclimatization. The test compounds were suspended in a non-toxic solvent (Tween 80) and intraperitoneally administered into the mice at doses of 450mg/kg, 500mg/kg, 550mg/kg and 600mg.kg. The results showed that the compound pyrrolobenzothiazine ring system has LD50 value of 500.00mg/kg, while the compound pyrrolobenzoxazine ring system has an LD50 value of 517.60mg/kg. These results are indicative of low toxicity values for the two compounds. KEY WORDS: Toxicity, LD50, Mice, Benzothiazine, Benzoxazine. J.Expt. & Clin. Anat. 2(1) 2003: 34-37

Body weight and/or fatness as potential determinants of the onset of egg production in broiler breeder hens.

In four trials during consecutive years individually-caged birds were weighed at first egg, and in the first two trials they were then killed to determine abdominal and skin fat, in order to establish whether there is a minimal body weight and/or body fat pool required for the start of egg production in broiler breeder hens. There were negative correlations ranging from significant to negligible between body weight and age at first egg. For birds of the same strain on a conventional food restriction regimen, the average weight range at first egg in the four trials was 3.3 to 3.7 kg, which may be a strain characteristic. In spite of severe food restriction, all birds were very fat at first egg. The correlations between fat concentration and age at first egg were negative. In mature pullets a minimum concentration of stored, easily mobilised fat may be essential for yolk formation and ovulation.