Average Wage Rate Research Articles

Development of small innovative entrepreneurship and its effectiveness in the national economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Object: The development of small innovative entrepreneurship contributes to the achievement of important social and economic goals. In this context, a number of important indicators can be used to evaluate the development of small business. These indicators include the number of small businesses operating in the small sector of the economy, the average wage rate, the growth of small business production, and the growth of investments in the small business sector. It helps to assess the effectiveness of investments in the small business sector. In the current economic literature, the term “innovation” can be used to emphasize relevant and widely used concepts. It is important because it shows the processes of creating new paradigms of economic development through innovation and science education. Small innovative entrepreneurship plays an important role in the creation of innovative infrastructure and contributes to the integration of scientific production into the economy through the transfer of scientific knowledge and technologies. Currently, it's evident that the financial health of Kazakhstan is closely linked to harnessing the economic capabilities of small-scale enterprises, along with the opportunities and provisions for their financial backing, highlighting the critical role of small businesses in the country's economic progression. Methods: For an article on the development of small innovative entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan and its effectiveness in the national economy, it is proposed to use an integrated methodological approach. First, review existing research and literature to assess the current status and dynamics of the sector, and analyze statistical data to understand its scope and contribution to the country's economy. Based on the data obtained, it will be possible to formulate targeted recommendations to improve the situation in the field of small innovative entrepreneurship, thereby contributing to the sustainable economic development of the country. Findings: The study highlights the significant contribution of small innovative entrepreneurship to the economic development of Kazakhstan, highlighting its role in creating jobs and stimulating innovation. Yet, for small enterprises to reach their full potential, enhancing governmental assistance and eliminating present obstacles is essential. This will facilitate the better incorporation of small businesses into the broader national economy. Conclusions: The article explores the impact of small innovative entrepreneurship on the economy of Kazakhstan, analyzing government support measures and their effectiveness. The focus is on identifying barriers to growth and proposing strategies to enhance the contribution of small businesses to national economic development.

Federal Minimum Wage and Poverty Alleviation

In 2022, 37.9 million people in the United States lived in poverty creating a poverty rate of 11.5 percent (US Census Bureau 2024). There are many efforts across the country to decrease poverty, one of them being increasing the minimum wage to $15 an hour. This paper examines the history of the minimum wage in the United States, its erosion over the years, and its impact on poverty alleviation. Ultimately, increasing the minimum wage to $15 an hour will not decrease poverty in the United States due to average wage rates and insufficient targeting efforts. Reference: US Census Bureau. 2024. “National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2024.” Census.gov, January 4, 2024. https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html.

Determinants of Smallholder Rice Farmers’ Willingness-to-Pay for Private Extension Services in Liberia: The Case of Gibi District

Globally, many policymakers and extension professionals have advocated for the privatization of extension services in order to reduce the burden of funding faced by the state as well as to adequately respond to the low productivity problem of farmers as they endeavor to tackle productivity problems. This study assessed willingness-to-pay (WTP) for private extension services by farmers and identified the determinants of their WTP using Gibi District of Liberia as a case study. A multistage sampling technique was used in selecting 296 smallholder rice farmers in the district while the double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method was used to elicit maximum WTP value for farmers. Descriptive statistics were computed and the double-bounded logit model used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that 78.7% of the rice farmers were willing to pay for privatized extension services and on average, a farmer was willing to pay US$11.21 per farm visit, almost twice the average daily wage rate of a skilled worker in Liberia. The results from the model showed that WTP was significantly positively influenced by the household head’s age, years of schooling, household size, annual income, and distance to extension service provider. The study recommends that the Liberian government and its development partners should encourage the private sector to invest more in extension services to take advantage of the relatively high farmers’ WTP and effective demand. In addition, the government should design and implement programs that reduce transaction costs in addition to increasing farmers’ income in order to enhance their capacity to pay for privatized extension services.

An Analysis of MGNREGA Scheme in Haryana State

MGNREGA is an employment guarantee programme launched by the central government in 2006. MGNREGA addresses the issues of poverty and lack of sustainability in rural areas. The aim of the present study is to analyse the contribution of MGNREGA in employment generation & assess the financial and physical performance of MGNREGA Haryana state. For the achievement of above objectives, the study employed the secondary data that has been gathered from the various government reports and official websites. The data were analysed through the descriptive statistics like percentage, table and graphs. The results of the study revealed that the scheme covered 22 districts, 143 blocks and 6264-gram panchayats of the state. In Haryana total workers registered under MGNREGA is 22.32 Lakh out of these 9 lakhs are active workers at present. Further, the study found that the person-days of employment showing fluctuating trends while women days out of the total person days are continuously increasing except the year 2020-21under MGNREGA. Average wage rate per day per person in state continuously increases. Thus, MGNREGA is a very effective scheme which increase the employment level in rural areas of Haryana state.

COVID-19 Pandemic: Impact of Agricultural Labour Migration on Income Levels of Farmers in Telangana

The present study was undertaken during 25th March 2019 to 25th March 2021 to examine the impact of agricultural labour migration due to COVID-19 pandemic on the income levels of farmers. Both primary and secondary data were used in the study, multistage sampling technique was used in selection of district, mandals and villages. Tools and techniques like tabular analysis, gross returns and net returns were used. Economic impact on farmers in the study area was studied by selecting three major crops viz., Paddy, Cotton and Maize. During the COVID-19 pandemic, in the kharif and rabi season, in all the three major crops, the labour availability was increased when compared with the period of before the pandemic. This situation was appeared due to reverse migration during pandemic. The average wage rates received by the agricultural labourers for almost all farm operations in case of paddy, maize and cotton crops were decreased due to increase in labour supply due to reverse migration. The available man days also clearly got increased for almost all the operations except harvesting of paddy and cotton crops. In case of paddy and cotton crops, net returns were found to increase. In case of Maize crop, the gross and net returns were decreased due to increase in total operation costs and decrease in price per quintal during rabi season of the pandemic period respectively.

Determinants of potato producer prices in the peasant-driven market: the Ukrainian case

Purpose. Potato is one of the most important crops to ensure food security globally; potato growing is also a source of income and livelihood for the poorest, especially in developing countries. In view of this, studies on factors affecting potato prices could stimulate agripolitical measures in food security, rural wealth, potato industry and small farms’ development. This paper aims to explore whether the factors affecting potato prices for business entities and farm households operating in the same (but peasant-driven) market are different. Based on the available statistical data and the research background, we focus on the relationships between wages, production (yields and harvested areas), and potato producers’ prices in Ukraine. Methodology / approach. Using the cross-sectional data on potato producer prices, harvested area, and yields of enterprises and households, and average monthly wages in Ukrainian regions for 2018–2020, we used a system of simultaneous equations to model behavior of potato producers’ prices (for enterprises and households) through the two-stage least squares method. Results. The Ukrainian potato industry is featured high rates of potato self-provision (through subsistence farming) and the dominance of farm households at the market, allowing exploring trends and factors of peasant-driven potato market development. The results obtained through modelling of an interrelation of potato producer prices indicate different potato price determinants for enterprises and households: price in enterprises adjusts to fluctuations of potato yields in both enterprises and households (calculated average elasticities are -0.27 and -0.55, respectively, indicating the more significant influence of the latter); households’ price responds to changes of enterprises’ potato prices and average monthly wage rates (with average elasticities 0.49 and 1.35, respectively). Originality / scientific novelty. Research results empirically evidence that households’ dominance and a large portion of food self-provision constrain the potato industry development. This enhances a better understanding of subsistence farming’s impact on markets and food industry development and extends the theoretical framework of households’ economics and peasant-driven market functioning. Practical value / implications. Understanding the role of households in the slow (obstacle) development of the potato industry reveals the need for a policy promoting storage and potato processing capacities development that could mitigate the adverse effects of peasant-driven market performance, decrease price vulnerability, and facilitate potato industry growth.

A theory of fiscal policy response to an epidemic.

Governments worldwide have issued massive amounts of debt to inject fiscal stimulus during the COVID‐19 pandemic. This paper analyzes fiscal responses to an epidemic, in which interactions at work increase the risk of disease and mortality. Fiscal policies, which are designed to borrow against the future and provide transfers to individuals suffering economic hardship, can facilitate consumption smoothing while reduce hours worked and hence mitigate infections. We examine the optimal fiscal policy and characterize the condition under which fiscal policy improves social welfare. We then extend the model analyzing the static and dynamic pecuniary externalities under scale economies—the decrease in labor supply during the epidemic lowers the contemporaneous average wage rate while enhances the post‐epidemic workforce health and productivity. We suggest that fiscal policy may not work effectively unless the government coordinates working time, and the optimal size of public debt is affected by production technology and disease severity and transmissibility.

The Impact of High-Speed Railway on China’s Regional Economic Growth Based on the Perspective of Regional Heterogeneity of Quality of Place

Transport enables trade between people, which is essential for the development of civilizations. Transport is a crucial necessity for specialization, allowing production and consumption of products to occur at different locations. High-speed rail (HSR) allows the flow of people between regions, cities, countries. With rapid global development in HSR technology for passenger transportation, it plays a vital role in transportation systems. The improvement of the quality of cities with different emphasis will bring different economic development results. Therefore, exploring the impact of high-speed railways and quality of place on economic development is necessary. This paper takes the prefecture-level city with a high-speed railway opened in 2008–2013 as the research sample and takes other prefecture-level cities in the country as the control group. The study findings revealed that employment, investment in fixed assets, average wage, and higher education institute significantly affect China’s regional economic growth. Institute of higher education reflects the negative effect on the regional economic growth whereas the employment, investment in fixed assets, and average wage rate positively impact it. Based on the results, it can be concluded that China’s regional economy is significantly affected by its quality.

Determinants of Fertility Trend at District, Divisional and Regional Levels and Policy Implication for Poverty Alleviation

Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries of the world (1278 persons per sq. km.) but it represents one of the few countries in developing world where the pace of fertility decline has been unparalleled over the last few decades despite pervasive poverty and under-development. It has been passing through a critical phase of fertility transition. The data was collected for this research from the following five sources: i. Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2012-13 for fertility rate, contraceptive use, proportion of children engaged in work and access to mass media and ICT of women. ii. Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh for literacy rate, iii. Population Census 2011 for population density characteristics of different districts, iv. Directorate of Agricultural Extension personnel for daily average wage rate of agricultural labor and v. Bangladesh Poverty Map, 2014 for the level of poverty of different districts. This study contributes to basic knowledge of the structural determinants of fertility rate in the Bangladesh by analyzing the expanded set of determinants at district level, namely contraceptive use, literacy rate, daily wage rate of agricultural labor, population density, child labor, access to mass media and ICT of women and poverty level using spatial data analysis techniques. In this study, the binary join matrix/binary contiguity matrix and inverse distance spatial weight matrix techniques are used to capture spatial dependence in the data. This analysis extends the spatial model by allowing spatial dependence to vary across divisions and regions. The results strongly indicate that the fertility associated with contraceptive use, literacy rate, daily wage rate of agricultural labor, child labor, poverty level and their neighbors’ districts. These results suggest that district should pay particular attention to policies in neighboring districts and policy maker should realize that declining the fertility rate in neighboring districts are likely to affect fertility rate in their own district, therefore, a key issue for policy development is how to stimulate the contraceptive use, educational attainment, promote daily wage of agricultural labor and decrease child labor and poverty level could control the fertility and result in sustainable development and poverty alleviation of regions that are both high fertility and economically lagging. This needs to be addressed both in terms of national level policies and more emphatically within regional and sub-regional development strategies than it has been hither.

Фактори імміграційної привабливості Канади

The article is aimed at defining the main factors of Canada’s immigration attractiveness. The article presents the dynamics of the number of immigrants living in Canada during the 1990-2020 years, the dynamics of immigration to Canada, the main countries of origin of immigrants, as well as the change in the percentage of persons born abroad in the total population of Canada. It is determined that the Canadian migration system is based on the priority of attracting human capital to the country, and most Canadian immigrants are selected according to the points system, which accepts people with the skills that will contribute to the development of the economy. The main programs under which Canada accepts migrants for permanent residence are considered: express entry, provincial program, family migration program, visa program for startups, carers program. The dynamics of average hourly wages in Canada, dynamics of consumer price index are provided. For the period 2010-2020 consumer price index in Canada grew moderately, which is comfortable for both consumers and entrepreneurs. Also Canada’s position in international rankings influencing the choice of the country of residence by migrants is studied. Thus, in 2021, Canada took the twentieth place in the ranking according to the Quality of Life Index; 6th place – according to the Social Progress Index and the Prosperity Index, tenth place – according to the Global Peace Index. Canada ranked 16th in the latest Human Development Index. According to the Migrant Integration Policy Index in 2020, Canada has become the fourth country in the world with the best immigration policy. The main factors of Canada’s immigration attractiveness are defined, among which can be highlighted the following: liberal migration policy; high GDP per capita; rising average wage rates and a low inflation; consistently high positions in the world rankings, which are important indicators of the level of development of the country and comfortable life.

Are Women Really Paid More than Men in Kosovo? Unpicking the Evidence

Abstract A recent survey found that the unadjusted average hourly net wage rate of female employees in Kosovo exceeded that of male employees. This reverse gender wage gap makes Kosovo a curiosity, though results from other countries suggest that there is an inverse relationship between the size of the gender pay gap in a country and its female labour force participation rate. In the analysis below we estimate earning functions for female and male employees in Kosovo. Using decomposition analyses we then examine the size of the explained and unexplained gender wage gaps. A novel feature of the investigation is that we incorporate into the analysis gender differences in the allocation of time. We find that the superior productivity-related characteristics of female employees in Kosovo hides the magnitude of the difficulties they still face in the labour market. Hence, we conclude that once we focus on workers with similar observed productivity-related characteristics, women in Kosovo are paid significantly less than men.

Analyzing Changes in Remuneration Systems of Public Health Workers

The goal of the research is to study changes in remuneration systems in Public Health during the period of passingover from the soviet remuneration system in Public Health to the remuneration system effective during these years. The authors find and analyze reasons that caused the necessity of changes, which took place lately. It is shown that changes in the remuneration system are connected with changes in economic relations in society. The article studies preconditions and possible consequences of passing-over from the regional remuneration system to sectoral one. Because of termination of the period fixed for implementation of May Decrees of the President, new economic reality and new presidential instructions in the field of medical workers’ remuneration the authors propose to revise the existing remuneration systems, to give up control over remuneration rate per individual on average by entity of the Russian Federation, to start monitoring the rate of guaranteed proportion of remuneration calculating on the wage and to introduce the basic wages envisaged by the Labour Code, which should not be linked to the average wage rate by regions.

U.S. Domestic Workers' Willingness to Accept Agricultural Field Jobs Before and During COVID-19

Worker shortages in US agricultural field jobs are widespread. Since US domestic workers typically forgo agricultural field jobs, their participation could potentially alleviate the labor shortfalls. We used an attribute-based discrete choice experiment administered before and during COVID-19 to evaluate US domestic workers' willingness to accept agricultural field jobs and determine domestic workers' valuation for non-pecuniary benefits. Results indicate that before the pandemic, domestic workers have an average reservation wage of \$23.57 per hour, which is substantially larger (\$9.58 or 68\%) than the 2019 national average wage rate of \$13.99 for field work, but similar to the national average non-farm wage rate of \$23.51 per hour. This partially explains why a minority of field workers are born in the United States. However, non-pecuniary benefits for insurance, housing, food allowance, and transportation notably increase domestic workers' willingness to accept agricultural field jobs by reducing mean reservation wage. Respondents' willingness to accept agricultural field work increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly for respondents with previous field-work experience, those that prefer domestically produced food, and those who believe food is a national security issue. Respondents that lost employment or income due to the pandemic had the lowest mean WTA of \$17.16 and \$18.79 without any additional non-pecuniary benefits. The results generally suggest that the non-pecuniary benefits clearly increase domestic workers willingness to accept agricultural field jobs. Hence, it is possible to entice domestic workers to work in agricultural fields, with a combination of reasonable wages and mix of non-pecuniary benefits.

Willingness-to-volunteer and stability of preferences between cities: Estimating the benefits of stormwater management

Urbanization strains existing stormwater systems, yielding high flood rates, degraded urban aquatic habitat, and low water quality in lakes and rivers. Cities increasingly rely on green infrastructure stormwater solutions that can be maintained in part by volunteers. This paper uses a choice experiment survey in two major U.S. cities – Chicago, Illinois and Portland, Oregon – to estimate the benefits of stormwater management improvement in terms of stated willingness to pay (WTP) money and willingness to volunteer (WTV) time. We find that stormwater management can produce large bundles of benefits. Estimates of WTP are largely (though not comprehensively) stable across cities, but WTV for several benefits is higher in Portland. Finally, while people are willing to volunteer time for some amenities consistent with time valued at 1/3 the average wage rate, a person's WTV time is not correlated with their own wage rate and people appear to gain positive utility from volunteering.

DIGITAL MARKETING AS A PREREQUISITE FOR INNOVATION IN THE TOURISM BUSINESS OF PLOVDIV

The development of the Internet, in parallel with the development of technology, has made virtual space a second 'home' for much of the population of developed countries. Along with consumers, the business is also moving its activities online, seeking to reach those consumers in every way possible. Digital marketing deals with strategies for reaching consumers, which need to be constantly changed along with all the innovations that technology developments bring with them. Hospitality and tourism is one of the industries that is most affected by digital development. Transportation and accommodation companies are among the first ones to utilize digital marketing techniques in their practices to engage communities and make sure their customers have the best possible away-from-home experience. In order to perform well and gain competitive advantages, players in the travel industry are always looking for the newest and greatest ways to reach their buyer persona and tailor their offering to their target audience. In today’s digital world, the concepts of digital marketing and content have become inextricably linked. The creation of relevant and quality content is the core of every move online. The success of every digital marketing campaign depends on content and its resourceful implementation. Even though the basic marketing principles are still applicable, the online environment has its own specifics that need to be considered when preparing digital marketing strategies.The purpose of this report is to explore the application of digital marketing by the tourism business in Plovdiv, one of the most attractive regions of Bulgaria, as a prerequisite for creating innovation and, on the basis of this, to offer specific guidance in which areas and what innovations appropriate to evolve to succeed. The research methods used are analysis and evaluation of statistics for the Plovdiv district, obtained from the National Statistical Institute (NSI) of Bulgaria, as well as the study of scientific literature. The results of the study show that it is appropriate for the tourism and hotel business in the Plovdiv region to apply innovations in the following areas: (1) innovations focusing on the culture and historical heritage of the region; (2) innovations presenting new ways of implementing organizations' activities and processes; and (3) innovations that focus on environmental protection. Applying these types of innovations, tourism industry companies are expected to achieve positive values for key performance indicators, namely: employment; average daily wage rate and income, as well as length of stay at accommodation in the region.

Using the Average Wage Rate to Assess the Merit of Value of Travel Time Savings: A Concern and Clarification

There is a renewed reference to relating the value of travel time to the average wage rate with 40 percent mentioned as the benchmark. This rigid link may have had value when interest focussed on a single homogeneous measure of a single trip travel time and working hours were somewhat rigid for the bulk of workers; however with flexible work practices and heterogeneous interpretations of travel time, the imposition of such a strict assumption is both problematic and misleading as suggested in this paper.

An Integrated Assessment of Energy Crops Production in Taiwan

For countries with scarce fossil fuel resources and limited cropland, how would energy crops production increase energy security and affect land use and farmer’s income? To address such questions, we develop an integrated assessment model to evaluate land use changes and economic impacts of energy crop policy in Taiwan. The model consists of several submodels linked together interactively, representing different components of the integrated agricultural-energy-environmental-economic system. Five major findings and policy implications can be drawn from our study: 1) There is lack of economic incentives for farmers to produce energy crops using set-aside croplands without government subsidies. The required subsidies for energy crops production will be 50% to 120% higher than the original subsidies for set-aside croplands. 2) There is very little economic incentive for farmers to switch to energy crop production from existing crop production even with government subsidies. Therefore, the impacts on the supply and demand of existing agricultural crops are very minor. 3) Among four soil grades, more than half of the total energy crop output comes from Grade II soil, which is mostly located in the West Tainan County. This implies that energy crop mills and refining plants should be located in the West Tainan County to minimize the transportation costs. 4) The results from general equilibrium modeling show that the Miscellaneous Crops sector will incur the largest increase in output due to energy crop production. In the case of sunflower production, the ratio of total output increase to total government subsidies is about 1.12, which is the only energy crop with benefit-cost ration greater than 1.0. This implies that sunflower is the most economical feasible choice among three energy crops. 5) In the case of sunflower production, the total employment and average monthly wage rates in the Agricultural Sector will increase by 6.7% and 71.7%, respectively. This indicates that sunflower production will have significant positive economic impacts on the employment and income of farmers in Tainan County.

Study of Micro-Evidences for Agricultural Labour Market Functioning in Agriculturally Developed Chomu Tehsil of Jaipur

The present study intended to investigate the performance of agricultural labour market in Jaipur district of Rajasthan. A cluster of three villages (Jaitpura, Kanpura and Khushalpura) from Chomu tehsil of Jaipur district was randomly selected for the study. The sixty respondents were selected on a random basis from the particular cluster of villages. The pre-tested schedules were used for collection of primary data from the selected agricultural labour households during 2010-11. The collected data were processed and analyzed by using various statistical and mathematical tools. The frequency of labour credit interlocking was much more prominent as compared to labour-land interlocking except in one village (Khushalpura), more than half of the labour had borrowed money from their employers. There was no definite rate of interest on the loaned money from the employers. However, the employers recovered very high unspoken rate of interest in terms of a number of little owing jobs. The labour-land interlocking was, however, yet another form of wage labour since all the inputs were being provided by the landowners. It was varied in between 14-18 percent. However, the average wage/day earned in this system was higher (Rs. 175-190) than the average wage rate in the casual labour system. Family size, family income, socioeconomic status of the family and age had a significant effect on the probability of an agricultural labour household entering into interlocked arrangements.

An Empirical Study on Socio-economic Status of Women Labor in Rice Husking Mill of Bangladesh

The economy of Bangladesh mainly depends on agriculture. Any development can’t be possible because females and males are equally distributed in the country. Women can play a vital role if they properly participated in farm activities as well as in other income-generating activities outside the home. Rice mills are very much dependent on human labour, and almost 5 millions of unorganised workers are working in different rice mills, and more than 60 per cent of them is a female worker. But the working environment suffers from different discrimination and harassment issues between male and female workers. The present study aimed to find out the socio-economic status of women labour at rice husking mill of Bangladesh. Discrimination between male and female workers and the factor affecting the standard of living of women’s household will be focused. The study was carried out in two districts namely Mymensingh and Sherpur. From each district, rice husking mill was selected by using a cluster sampling technique, and 70 male and 70 female labours were considered as a sample. The survey was conducted by direct interviews using a questionnaire. Data generated were analysed by using tabular and statistical techniques. The average family size of the respondents was 4.46, and 57.05% of the participants were females while 42.95% were males in the household and 65.71% of female had no education. 88% of the women’s main occupation was in the rice mill as a daily paid labour. Average wage rate of male and female worker was 184.31 Tk. And 135.95 Tk., respectively. Age, education, number of family member, total land, number of earning member, the wage of women labour and working time and experience were the factors influencing income and living standard of female labours. There were various social violence cases against female labours in the working environment of rice husking mills. In the study area, 93% of female workers get lower wages, 90% of them had no accommodation facility. Besides they did not have sanitation facility (80%), opportunity to take rest at the middle of work (64%) and meal support (71%).

Characteristics of construction firms at risk for future workers' compensation claims using administrative data systems, Washington State

Introduction: Construction is high-hazard industry, and continually ranks among those with the highest workers' compensation (WC) claim rates in Washington State (WA). However, not all construction firms are at equal risk. We tested the ability to identify those construction firms most at risk for future claims using only administrative WC and unemployment insurance data. Methods: We collected information on construction firms with 10–50 average full time equivalent (FTE) employees from the WA unemployment insurance and WC data systems (n=1228). Negative binomial regression was used to test the ability of firm characteristics measured during 2011–2013 to predict time-loss claim rates in the following year, 2014. Results: Claim rates in 2014 varied by construction industry groups, ranging from 0.7 (Land Subdivision) to 4.6 (Foundation, Structure, and Building Construction) claims per 100 FTE. Construction firms with higher average WC premium rates, a history of WC claims, increasing number of quarterly FTE, and lower average wage rates during 2011–2013 were predicted to have higher WC claim rates in 2014. Conclusions: We demonstrate the ability to leverage administrative data to identify construction firms predicted to have future WC claims. This study should be repeated to determine if these results are applicable to other high-hazard industries. Practical Applications: This study identified characteristics that may be used to further refine targeted outreach and prevention to construction firms at risk.