Average Total Income Research Articles

ANALISIS BIAYA DAN PENDAPATAN KEBUN KARET (Havea brasiliensis) DI DESA JILATAN ALUR KABUPATEN TANAH LAUT KALIMANTAN SELATAN

Knowing the total costs, revenues and profits of rubber concessions obtained during the period of exploitation. Knowing the magnitude of the interest rate that produces a profit equal to zero (no profit / no loss) from rubber exploitation. Knowing the Net Profit of rubber business from latex and rubber wood. The research method uses purposive sampling method. Retrieval of data by collecting data using questionnaires-interviews, as well as by taking secondary data at the Village and District offices. The number of rubber plantation respondents was 30 people. Cost and income values are calculated in units of time per year. The results showed the average total cost of managing rubber plantation land was Rp.15.283,442 / year and the average total cost of cutting rubber wood was Rp.12.080,546 / ha. The average total income from processing rubber plantation land is Rp.35.997,000 / year and the average income of logging rubber is Rp.2.555,000 / ha. Based on data on costs, revenues and profits from the management of rubber plantation land amounting to Rp.20.731,558 / year and net benefits from logging of rubber wood Rp.1.474,454 / ha. While the Break Event Point (BEP) sales amounted to Rp.6.723,881 / ha / year and (BEP) in units of 1,034 kg / year / respondent.Keywords: Rubber garden; profit analysis; Village Jilatan Alur

ANALISIS PENDAPATAN USAHATANI JAMBU METE (Anacardium Occidentale L.) DI DESA KILA, KECAMATAN AIMERE, KABUPATEN NGADA

This research was conducted in Kila Village, Aimere Subdistrict, Ngada District in March to April 2018. The purpose of this study were to: (1) find out the large income of cashew farming at Desa Kila (2) knowing the size of BEP production and prices on farming Cashew nut at Kila Village (3) knows the relative advantages value of cashew farming on Kila Village. The research location was Kila Village, which was done intentionally because the location was one of the central production of cashew. Determination of respondents was done randomly, namely 10% (56 people) of the total cashew farmer population of 130 people. The results showed that the total income earned was Rp 112,417,688 with the average total income obtained from each respondent farmer in the amount of Rp 2,007,458.71. BEP Value of volume is 1.107,48 kgs with a total production of 6.255 kgs, which means that when the amount of production is 1.107,48 kg, cashew farming is in the amount of break even or the amouunt of production in return so that the total production of 6.255 kg has exceeded the break even profit. The BEP Value was Rp 3.866,76 and the average selling price was Rp 21.839,29 which means that when the cashew nut price was Rp 3.866,76/kg, the farmers has returned the capital or return of capital, so the average selling price of Rp 21.839,29 has been above the break-even price. Or in other words cashew farming was on a profitable position. The analysis results of the comparison of the revenue and cost elements of cashew farming revealed that the R/C ratio was 5,65 obtained from the total revenue of Rp 136.604.259 divided by the total cost of Rp 24.186.571. R/C Ratio of 5,65, which means that every one rupiah issued by the respondent will receive revenue of Rp 5.65 as a benefit of cashew farming activities. Because the R/C ratio was bigger than 1, it can be concluded that cashew farming was economically beneficial for farmers at the research location.

KAJIAN EKONOMI USAHATANI HORTIKULTURA PADA KELOMPOK WANITA TANI PERKOTAAN DI BOGOR

The role of farmer groups in urban areas is very much needed in the development of horticultural commodities because it is estimated that the demand for horticultural commodities will increase as the population increases. This is certainly a good business opportunity for urban farmers, especially urban female farmer groups (KWT). The purpose of this research is to examine economically horticultural farming in urban KWT in Bogor in terms of income aspects and the efficiency of using farm costs. The research location was at 52 KWT Bogor City from June-November 2020. Collecting data using questionnaires, survey techniques, interview observation, and documentation study. The study used farm income analysis, while the efficiency analysis was measured by the R/C ratio. The results of the economic study showed that the average cash income of horticultural farming at KWT in Bogor per year per area of 487 m2 was IDR 3,514,080.75 or equivalent to IDR 7,203,865.55 / year / 10 are, while the average total income worth IDR 1,190,686.16 per 487 m2 or equivalent to IDR 2,440,906.62 / year / 10 are. The R / C value of the ratio of cash costs is 4.24, and the R / C ratio of total costs, the value is 1.37, which means that horticultural farming in KWT in Bogor is efficient to run because the targeted input compared to the actual input is greater or equal to one.

ПЛАТФОРМА ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ СОЦІАЛЬНО ВРАЗЛИВИХ ВЕРСТВ НАСЕЛЕННЯ: ОСНОВНІ ЧИННИКИ ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ

The author proved the need for social protection for vulnerable groups, which is one of the ways to solve their problems. It is substantiated that social protection for vulnerable sections of the population may occur in different ways: financial support, availability of health insurance or school meals, pensions, professional training program, or social insurance. The main approaches to the interpretation of the concept “socially vulnerable groups” were systematized. Attention is focused on target groups of socially vulnerable sections of the population: senior citizens; adults with disabilities; children with disabilities; sick people; citizens, the average monthly total income of their families is lower than the subsistence level for families in difficult life situations. There has been built a platform for the functioning of socially vulnerable groups, in which the reasons for status changes and ways out of it are specified. Has been investigated the main measures to improve quality of social life for socially vulnerable groups: provision of old-age pensions, disability pensions, loss of breadwinner allowance, for seniority, for special services to Ukraine, social pensions; state aid payments; targeted social assistance payments; social services for the disabled; providing benefits to veterans, persons with disabilities, persons who have special merits to Ukraine; social and psychological rehabilitation. The purpose of the article is: to study the platform of socially vulnerable groups functioning, point out their features, and systematize social protection measures. Were used a number of general scientific and special research methods, in the process of writing the article. In particular, to study the main approaches to the interpretation of the “socially vulnerable groups” concept. It was used the graphic method to visualize and build a platform for the functioning of socially vulnerable groups, which indicates the reasons for status changes and ways out of a socially vulnerable group. It was used an abstract-logical method for theoretical generalizations and conclusions.

Contribution of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis J.) plantations to farmers' income in West Sulawesi

Oil palm is an industrial plantation that is useful as a producer of cooking oil, industrial oil, and fuel. This research was conducted in West Sulawesi, Indonesia on June to September 2020. The purpose of this study was to determine oil palm, to calculate contribution of non-oil palm and non-farming household and contribution of oil palm plantations to farmers' income. Sampling for respondent in this study was carried by simple random sampling to the oil palm farmers in the study location. This study conducted at one of oil palm location center in Central Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi by using questionnaires. The first results showed that oil palm is very profitable with an average income of IDR 30,666,620 per hectare per year. The second, source of household income for farmers is obtained from oil palm farming, non-oil palm farming and non-farming activities with an average total household income of the oil palm farmers of IDR 46,363,655 per year. The third, the contribution of oil palm plantations to farmers' income is moderate around 66 percent as a medium category.

Economics of smallholder chicken egg production among KAFACI project farmers in Southwest Nigeria

Deficiency in managerial capabilities, shortage of investible capital and high feed cost are major constraints limiting the growth and profitability of smallholder chicken production in Southwest Nigeria. Consequently, empowerment programmes was initiated to train and empower farmers in chicken egg production. Sustainability of the effort depends on the ability of the farmers to generate enough returns for reinvestment into the enterprise. This study evaluates the profitability of chicken egg production under the Korea-Africa Food and Agriculture Cooperation Initiative (KAFACI) project. Weekly data were collected during 2017 and 2018 production cycle on input quantity and cost, and quantity and prices of eggs produced. Analysis was by farm budget analysis. The results showed a decline in mortality rate in farms from 42.74% in 2017 to 7.76% in 2018. Similarly, average egg production per farm increased from 3,977 eggs in 2017 to 18,254 eggs in 2018. Average total income per farm also increased from N225,599.58 in 2017 to N638,758.25 in 2018, whereas gross margin increased from a net loss of N157,097.73 in 2017 to a net benefit of N281,025.93. Loss of revenue in 2017 was attributed to high mortality among laying birds. Cost of feed accounted for 59.34% of the average variable cost of producing table eggs. The study therefore recommended capacity building for farmers on farm-level formulation of cost-effective feeding, as well as improving access of farmers to quality feed at subsidized cost, as an interim measure.

Prediction of socioeconomic condition of Bidikmisi students affected by the COVID-19 Pandemic in UPN Veteran Jakarta March 2020

The Covid-19 pandemic had an impact on the socio-economic conditions of the Indonesian people. Many of 1.2 million Indonesian employees had been laid off, informal workers were unemployed. The current socio-economic impact was an obstacle and burden on the families of Bidikmisi students. This study discuss the socioeconomic problems of UPN Veteran Jakarta’s Bidikmisi students who were affected by the covid-19 pandemic.Data collected by interviewing 114 respondents with a cross-sectional study, data analysis by descriptive qualitative and quantitative. The results showed Bidikmisi students of UPN Veteran Jakarta had a perception about their socio-economic problems (87.7%), of those were private as the main fathers’ occupation while mothers were not working. average total income of the parent less than Rp. 2.000.000,-/month and as many as 105 (92.1 %) of students had less than Rp 1.000.000/month in fulfilling their needs. The majority parents do not have chronic disease history (59.6%) while the students still had a large quota fee load problem during distance learning (57.9% in criteria 1). Required policy in assistance activities and counseling in order to maintain the quality of Bidikmisi students of UPN Veteran Jakarta.

Analisis Pendapatan dan Pengaruh Penggunaan Input Produksi Pada Usahatani Kedelai di Kabupaten Lombok Tengah

Soybean is a national strategic food crop commodity with high economic potential. Soybean has many products that are desirable to various classes of society. The development of soybean commodity farming is able to drive the economy in the region. This research intends to investigate the costs and income of soybean farming in Central Lombok District and investigate the elements that affect the production of soybean farming in the Central Lombok District. The data gained in this research are primary data with 30 respondents as farmers. Data were analyzed with the Cobb-Douglas production function transformed into the regression function. The results revealed that the average total cost spent by farmers was Rp. 3.694.927/Ha and an average total receipt of Rp. 7.008.000/Ha, so that the average total income earned by farmers is Rp. 3.313.073/Ha. Based on the analysis of influence (statistical T-Test), the variable land area, urea fertilizer, and liquid pesticide have had an influence on soybean farm production. Based on F-Test Statistics, together all the independent variables have had an influence on the production of soybean farming in Central Lombok.

PRODUKTIVITAS, RENDEMEN DAN KONTRIBUSI KERAJINAN BAMBU (Bambusa sp) TERHADAP PENDAPATAN DI DESA TAMBAK BARU KECAMATAN MARTAPURA TIMUR KABUPATEN BANJAR

Non-timber forest products are generally used for their own needs, building materials and craft materials. Non-wood species that are widely available in the field are bamboo. Bamboo is widely used by the community for various kinds of crafts through various processing processes. The results showed the average time needed by the craftsmen to produce one Bungkalang that is 3.01 hours and make one fruit that is 4.36 hours. Factor affecting productivity include length of time work, individual ability, age of craftsman, and level education. The yield of Bungkalang ranged from 63.86%-70.68% with the overall average yield of Bungkalang handicrafts 66.6% and tampirai ranging from 64.43%-72.12% with the average yield of Tampirai handicrafts 67.76%. The average raw material cost of bungkalang craftsmen is Rp.5,707,500/year. The average total income of artisans is Rp12,230,400/year, with an average net income of Rp6,522,900 a year.The total income of the attached craftsmen is Rp.17,348,181.82 / year, with an average raw material cost of Rp7,517,500/year. The average net income of the craftsman of the tampirai is Rp9,830,600/year. and total income of Rp13,980,000 / year. The income from the bungkalanghandicraft is Rp71.752.000/year with average income of Rp6.522.900/tahun, and average contribution 41,85%. The income from the tempirai handicraft is Rp108.137.000/year with average income of Rp9.830.600/year, and average contribution 49,08%. The total income of all craftsmen is Rp224,537,000/year, with an average of Rp20,412,400/year.

Herbal-Based Cosmeceuticals and Economic Sustainability among Women in South African Rural Communities

Access to natural resources in the immediate environment is an essential factor that contributes to livelihood in many rural areas. In the current study, we explored the economic potential(s) of the natural herbal-based cosmetic and cosmeceutical enterprise for the welfare of the Vhavenda women. A purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from 79 Vhavenda women and analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics (Tobit regression) as well as budgeting analysis. The majority (61%) of the participants were married with an average household size of five members. Additionally, 39% of the participants were already ageing with an average age-group of 56–70 years. The majority (44%) of the participants were not formally employed while the monthly average total income of R1841.01 (107.37 USD) was recorded with an average per capital expenditure of R1438.42 (83.89 USD). A budgeting cost ratio of 1.28 was recorded, which indicates that for every R1.00 (0.057 USD) invested in the herbal-based cosmetic and cosmeceutical production, an expected return of R1.28 (0.073 USD) was forecasted. Tobit regression results indicated that the determinants of the income of participants were experience level (p < 0.01), religion affiliation (p < 0.05) and consumption expenditure (p < 0.01) among others. Thus, a conscious, introspective and intentional look into this marginalised herbal-based cosmetic and cosmeceutical enterprise as a panacea for improved income and welfare of rural South Africans should be considered.

Economic analysis of dry season vegetable production in Ogun State, Nigeria

PurposeThe study was conducted to investigate the economics of dry season vegetable production in Ogun state, Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachDescriptive statistics, budgetary technique and regression analysis model were used to analyze the data collected from 120 respondents using multistage sampling technique.FindingsDescriptive statistics showed that while the mean age of the farmers was 62.1 ± 38.78, the mean farming experience was 17.3 ± 12.84. Majority (56.7%) of the respondents were uneducated. Vegetable enterprise in the area was male-dominant. The result of budgetary analysis revealed that the average net and total income were ₦ 55,405.29 and ₦ 131,514, respectively. While the average total variable cost was ₦ 64,767.29, average total cost was ₦ 76,108.70. Benefit cost ratio and rate of returns were 1.73 and 0.73, respectively. The regression analysis revealed that revenue from vegetable production in the study area was influenced by farm size, seed quantity, farming experience, quantity of labor and fertilizer used.Research limitations/implicationsIt is therefore imperative for policymakers to encourage dry season vegetable farming as a viable enterprise option for the unemployed and upcoming entrepreneurs. Meanwhile, the government should design and implement policies that would improve access to land, labor, quality seed, water and fertilizers.Originality/valueThe study adds to the growing body of literature on inherent prospects for labor and entrepreneurs as regards the opportunities latent in dry season farming activities.

تقدير الدورات الموسمية وأهم العوامل المؤثرة على الإنتاج السمکي بمصايد البحر الأحمر في مصر

تقدير الدورات الموسمية وأهم العوامل المؤثرة على الإنتاج السمکي بمصايد البحر الأحمر في مصر

Phenome-Wide Investigation of the Causal Associations between Childhood BMI and Adult Outcomes Using Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization

Background: The causal effects of childhood obesity have not been systematically characterized. We aimed to assess the causal associations between childhood body mass index (BMI) and various adult traits/diseases using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). Methods: Over 5,000 datasets for adult outcomes were obtained from various resources. After data filtering, 269 adult traits genetically correlated with childhood BMI (P < 0.05) were subjected to MR analyses. The number of independent outcomes was 148, setting the significant threshold as P < 3.38 × 10-4. Inverse-variance weighted method, MR-Egger, weighted median method, and weighted mode method were used to estimate the causal effects. Findings: We identified potential causal effects of childhood obesity on 92 adult traits (48 disease-related traits, 35 lifestyle factors, and 9 other traits). Higher childhood BMI was associated with a reduced overall health rating (β = −0.10, 95% CI: −0.13 to −0.07, P = 6.26 × 10-11) and lower average total household income before tax (β = −0.0576, 95% CI: −0.0862 to −0.0291, P = 7.57 × 10 -5 ). Findings on diseases included some novel effects, such as the adverse effects of higher childhood BMI on venous thromboembolic disease (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.09, P = 2.09 × 10 -4). For dietary habits, we found that higher childhood BMI was positively associated adult diet portion size (β = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.34, P= 7.34 × 10-11) and variation in diet (β = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.09, P = 3.15 × 10-5). The association between adulthood BMI and heel bone mineral density no longer existed after excluding the SNPs existing in or in linkage disequilibrium with childhood BMI. Network MR analyses suggested that past tobacco smoking, variation in diet and portion size mediated 6.39%, 3.29%, and 10.90% of the associations between childhood BMI and Type 2 Diabetes, respectively. Interpretation: In summary, childhood obesity is a risk factor for general health outcomes and socioeconomic status. The importance of control portion size and reduce dietary variation is noted. The positive association between adulthood BMI and heel BMD depend on childhood BMI. Our results highlight the need to intervene in childhood to reduce obesity from a young age and its later-life effects. Funding Statement: This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China: (31871264, 31701095); Natural Science Basic Research Program Shaanxi Province (2018JQ3058,); Innovative Talent Promotion Plan of Shaanxi Province for Young Sci-Tech New Star (2018KJXX-010), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. This work was also supported by the high performance computing platform of Xi’an Jiaotong University. Declaration of Interests: All authors declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: All data are publicly available through data resources indicated in the methods.

ANALYSIS OF FARMING INCOME OF SWEET POTATO (Ipomea batatas L.) IN VILLAGE OF PANTI, SUB-DISTRICT PANTI, DISTRICT OF JEMBER

Meeting the food needs of the majority of Indonesia's population is still very dependent on rice. This raises problems for the Indonesian people because the amount of national rice availability is unable to cover the food needs of the population which is increasing, so that alternative substitute commodities such as Sweet Potatoes are needed. Sweet potato farmers in Village of Panti, Sub-District of Panti, District of Jember have productivity that is difficult to increase with low prices. The purpose of this study is 1) To find out the level of income of sweet potato farming, and 2) To determine the level of efficiency of the use of farming costs. The results showed that the average total cost of sweet potato farming per hectare was IDR 22,052,029.49 with an average total farm income of IDR 63,444,198.78, so that the farm income reached IDR 41,392,169.29. Furthermore, the activity of sweet potato farming in the study location was efficient, which was marked by an R / C value of 2.15.

Adverse Event On Educational System Case Study; Historical Thailand’s Educational Policy And National Testing Score

Under a democratic system, the policy is the most crucial factor that made the party is selected to be representative of the citizen. Furthermore, “Favorited” policy is a key success factor to indicate which party would be selected as “Government” or “Opposition.” Similarly, in Thailand, all parties propose the policies that hopefully would gain a number of voters. Regarding to official Thailand national statistical office report 2015, there are 696,321 voters (who work for school, both public and private school, ministry of education’s staff are included) in educational system and 13,954,735 related voters (students from primary school, secondary school, undegraded students and graduated students) that is around 29.7 % of total voters. As the historical data from 2001 to 2011, all of Thailand’s government came from the party got 11,637,495 – 15,387,223 voters then voters from the educational system was being focused from all parties. Educational policy was used as the key attractiveness for the party from the democratic system. Every composition of the educational system was defined and typed for understanding that finds “How to assess them?” Especially in school level, government welfare was created for teacher and more increasing in every government. Finally, the teacher’s average total income was higher than others who similarly work for the government. By theoretical assumption, the performance of teaching process should vary with input on return to someone who is responsible. The empirical results from national testing examination show controversy on the assumption, result from national testing examination stable and trend to die-down while total return to staff of teaching process is significantly increasing and still trend to higher. But not for the coup, educational policy from the revolutionary party look like base on idealism, focus on problem-solving by theory, that sounds good by logic at the first but there are many limitations to the theory. National testing’s result increased scores by the revolutionary party’s administration but not significant gain scores as people’s expectation. Although, the coup’s policy on education was not canceled or inhibit the favorite educational policy but is not the same advantage as a democratic party. Outcomes from teaching process required more than during democratic government that effect to educational staff’s norm, more strictly control process and more systematic process (also create some non-skill and time consumed in the same time). Finally, resistance to enforcement/punishment was the major cause to create “Ignorance.” The primary purpose of the study is to explore the adverse effect of the educational system by the relationship between cause, educational policy, and education output, historical result from Thailand’s national testing score. Analysis of data was based on documentary research methodology from empirical evidence, both official and un- official documents were analyzed, the content analysis was used in this study. The bias of pollical interest is declared by self-support in the study; without any support by both democratic and revolutionary parties.

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN USAHA PENANGKAPAN IKAN PADA MUSIM PERALIHAN OLEH NELAYAN DI KAMPUNG ONGGAYA DISTRIK NAUKENJERAI KABUPATEN MERAUKE

This study aims to determine and analyze the income and feasibility of fishing businesses. The study was conducted in Onggaya Village, Naukenjerai District, Merauke Regency, for 3 (three) months from March to May 2018. The population in this study were fishermen who worked fishing business regularly and have been operating for more than 5 years. Sampling was done randomly, while the data analysis used revenue cost ratio (R/C). This technique is used to analyze the costs, benefits, and feasibility of fishing businesses. The results showed that the average total income was Rp. 164,000 per day and the average total cost was Rp. 151,782 per day. Total average profit obtained is Rp. 12,218 per day with R/C ratio of fishing business was 1,08. This ratio has met the standards of business feasibility because R / C ratio&gt;1, means that every Rp. 1 cost will provide revenue 1.08 times.&#x0D; Keywords: Feasibility analysis, Onggaya village fishing

The role of dry land forests for climate change adaptation: the case of Liben Woreda, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia

BackgroundDespite the increasing role of dry forests in climate change adaptation and mitigation, these versatile resources has got less attention in the national and regional planning, their potential to enhance the local and national economy has been overlooked, and their contribution to sustainable environmental management has not been recognized. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess the socioeconomic contribution of dry forests and forest products to climate change adaptation in the Liben Woreda, Southern Oromia region of Ethiopia.MethodsFor this study, an integrated qualitative and quantitative approach was used. A total of 74 households from villages in the Bulbul, Boba, and Melka-Guba kebeles were randomly selected for the household survey.ResultsResults showed that 75% of the respondents in the area indicated that climate change has become their major sources of vulnerability, where drought has been manifested in the form of crops failure and massive death of livestock particularly cattle species. The main income strategies of the study households include livestock, crop, forests such as gum and resins, firewood and charcoal and non-farm activities such as in the form of petty trade, wage and aid. The average total household income was ETB 11,209.7. Out of this, dry forest income constituted 15% of the total income. In addition to using dry forests as rangeland for livestock, the communities collect wood for construction, fodder, traditional medicine, and forest food both for subsistence and for sale. On the other hand, dry forest products could be considered as less vulnerable, rather resilient livelihood strategies to climate- and environment-related risks compared to livestock and crop production such as in the face of drought periods. More than 48.6% of the households argued that the income generated from dry forests increased substantially due to increment in the level of engagement of family members in forest based income activities. On the other hand, 35.8% of the households responded that livestock production, particularly camels and goats, have been making the livelihood strategies of the respondents more resilient indicating the shift made from grazers browsers to livestock. In general trends show that, the trends of livelihood dependency on dry forest were highly increasing indicating the importance of dry forest income in responsse to frequent droughts. ConclusionsDry forest income has been becoming crucial livelihood staretgy in response to frequent droughts in the study area and hence, it is important to improve the management of dry forests for livelihood enhancement, while also securing their long-term ecological functions.

Socio-economic Status and Problems Faced by Dairy Farmers of Sardhana Block of Meerut District

Socioeconomic status is a measurement of economic and social position of an individual in the society. It influences the accessibility to the resources, livelihood pattern, food and nutritional security. The present study was conducted in Jhitkari, Chhabariya and Chandana villages of Sardhana block of Meerut district with the objectives to find out the socioeconomic status and to identify problems faced by dairy farmers. The data was collected from 120 farmers, 40 from each village. The result indicated that majority of the farmers belonged to the age group 36-50 years; the agriculture along with dairying was their main occupation and education level of 78 percent of dairy farmers was above high school. The average annual income from animal husbandry and agriculture was Rs. 46,000/- and Rs.1,33,000/- respectively; the average total annual income from all sources was Rs.1,84,000/-. The problems identified in selected villages were lack of knowledge about modern technologies, unavailability of veterinarian/ para-vet, infertility in dairy animals, lack of agricultural market etc.

Agricultural Diversification and Economic Growth in Ecuador

The purpose of this article is to analyze the relationship between economic growth (measured by economic, social, and financial variables) and the agricultural productive structure, as well as its possibilities for diversification, in Ecuador’s 23 provinces in the year 2014. First, we constructed the Shannon-Weaver index. We then used the graphic cartograms method to select relationships between variables. Next, we calculated the Pearson coefficient and the covariance, which revealed the linear association among the study’s variables. This methodology led us to conclude that several variables (the gross added value of only agriculture, the average total household income, and the economically active population) have a positive influence on agricultural diversification; each province’s overall gross added value, while the level of education, the unemployment rate, and the volume of credit had a negative influence.

SIGNIFICANCE OF RDP 2007-2013 AS A TOOL SUPPORTING INVESTMENTS OF SELF-GOVERNMENTS OF RURAL COMMUNES IN PUŁTUSKI LAU 2

The main aim of the paper is to define the importance of EU funding under the RDP 2007-2013 for the implementation of development investments by local governments of rural communes of pułtuski LAU 2 (poviat), based on quantitative secondary data from the CSO Local Data Bank and the RDP database and the primary qualitative data collected in the survey. The surveyed communes implemented under the RDP 2007-2013 altogether 76 projects of different character, most of which were infrastructural projects improving the living conditions of the inhabitants. The quantitative results show a large variation in the value of funds obtained from the 2007-2013 RDP in absolute terms, per capita (SDm) or in relation to the average annual total income of the communes (Rsdd). These funds had varied significance for the implementation of the analyzed projects: in three communes they determined their implementation fully, in the remaining ones the projects would be implemented without this co-financing either later or at present but only partly. Independently from the value of obtained EU funding, all local self-governments highlighted that RDP 2007-2013 was a very important source of funding for their investments.