Average Total Cost Research Articles

Analisis Kelayakan Usaha Ternak Kambing Gibas Di Desa Nglumber Kecamatan Kepohbaru Kabupaten Bojonegoro

This research aims to analyze the income, profits and feasibility of the gibas goat farming business in Nglumber Village, Kepohbaru District, Bojonegoro Regency. This research used as informants 6 gibas goat entrepreneurs in Nglumber Village, Kepohbaru District, Bojonegoro Regency. The analytical tools used in this research are total production costs, revenues, profits and business feasibility. The results obtained from this research are that the average total production costs incurred are IDR 112,362,000 month, the average revenue obtained is IDR 79,916,667/month, and the average profit obtained is IDR 9,430,461/month. The results of calculating 3 (three) feasibility parameters for 6 gibas goat livestock entrepreneurs in Nglumber Village, Kepohbaru District, Bojonegoro Regency, can be seen that the R/C ratio obtained an average value of 1.3 > 1, the B/C ratio obtained an average value equal to 0.13 > 0, and ROI obtained an average value of 7%. Therefore, the gibas goat farming business in Nglumber Village, Kepohbaru District, Bojonegoro Regency is feasible.

Quality of life, clinical outcomes and cost utilization of endoscopic therapy in patients with Barrett’s esophagus and early esophageal cancer—an 8-year Canadian experience

Abstract Background and Aims Endoscopic treatment is a definitive and cost-effective management strategy for early neoplasia in Barrett’s oesophagus (BE). However, little is known of its impact on quality of life (QoL). This study reports outcomes of endoscopic eradication treatment (EET), focusing on QoL and costs in a Canadian tertiary referral centre. Methods A retrospective cohort study using a prospectively maintained clinical database captured validated QoL metrics during and at the end of EET, risk factors for BE, treatment response, complications, costs, and follow-up response of all treated Barrett patients in Calgary and Southern Alberta, Canada. Results A total of 147 BE patients were treated from 2013 to 2021. All patients showed significant improvement in almost all QoL parameters except depression. There was significant improvement in 7 of the 8 QoL metrics in those who achieved complete eradication of intestinal metaplasia (CEIM). EET was successful in achieving complete eradication of dysplasia (CED) and CEIM in 93.4% and 74.3% of patients, respectively, with a median of 3 radio frequency ablation treatments. Longer circumferential segments of BE (Cx) predicted a lower likelihood of achieving CEIM. The average total cost to achieve CED and CEIM were $10 414.58 and $9347.93CAD, respectively (compared to oesophagectomy estimated at $58 332.30 CAD). Conclusion This Canadian cohort reports significant post-treatment improvement in QoL parameters in patients treated to CEIM or CED over an 8-year period. EET for BE eradication is cost-effective compared to oesophagectomy. There was a low rate of complications and recurrence post-CEIM.

Owner experience and veterinary involvement with unlicensed GS-441524 treatment of feline infectious peritonitis: a prospective cohort study.

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) has historically been a fatal coronavirus disease in cats. In recent years, the therapeutic agent GS-441524, developed by Gilead Sciences, was found to be a successful treatment for FIP in most patients in clinical trials. However, this particular drug has remained stalled in the therapeutic pipeline, leaving patients and cat owners without a licensed medication. In the meantime, online social media platforms began to emerge, connecting cat owners with a community of citizen non-veterinary professionals sourcing unlicensed GS-441524. This study prospectively followed participants (N = 141) that successfully completed 12 weeks of treatment, capturing their treatment experiences with self-administered GS-441524-like medication. A one-time survey was administered to enrolled participants with mixed format of questions (open-ended and multiple-choice) asking about treatment administration techniques, observed side effects of GS-441524, accrued cost, veterinarian involvement, impact on the cat-human bond, and social media usage. Our results show cat owners experienced a shift in treatment modality from injectable GS-441524 to pill formulation across the treatment period. The average total cost of medication has decreased since 2021 to approximately USD 3100, and participants reported the human-animal bond being affected negatively. Additionally, there was an increased trend in veterinarian awareness of GS-441524-like therapeutics and monitoring of clients undergoing treatment. Social media usage was reported as being important at the beginning of treatment to establish treatment administration but lessened by the end of treatment. This study is the first detailed, prospective account of owner experiences with unlicensed GS-441524, raising an important discussion surrounding citizen veterinary medicine.

Analisis Kelayakan Usaha Es Tebu di Desa Juwet Kecamatan Porong Kabupaten Sidoarjo

Analyzing the revenue and viability of the sugar cane ice company in Juwet Village, Porong District, Sidoarjo Regency is the goal of this study. Six Juwet Village ice cane entrepreneurs who were specifically picked based on predetermined criteria made up the research informants. The entire cost, income, profit, and viability of the business are all included in the analysis approach. According to the research findings, the average profit is IDR 10,797,076, the average revenue is IDR 20,060,000, and the average total cost is IDR 9,262,924. An average R/C ratio value of 2.19 (>1) and an average B/C ratio value of 1.19 (>0) were obtained based on the analysis of three business feasibility factors from six informants of ice sugar cane entrepreneurs in Juwet Village. These values indicate that the business is worth conducting. Aside from that, the average ROI value is 56.35% (>0%), indicating that the Juwet Village, Porong District, Sidoarjo Regency sugar cane ice company is profitable and satisfies the required feasibility standards.

Analisis Kelayakan Usaha Peternakan Ayam Petelur di Kecamatan Mantup Kabupaten Lamongan

The purpose of this study is to examine the profitability, income, and viability of laying hen farms in Lamongan Regency's Mantup District. Lamongan Regency's Mantup District. There were six informants who owned laying hen farms for this research. In this study, total costs, revenues, income, and business viability were the data analysis types used. The average total cost from six informants of IDR 755,812,161/Production Period is the result of this study. IDR 1,581,968,000 is the average revenue received per production period. During the production period, the average income obtained was IDR 826,155,833. Six laying hen breeder informants in Mantup District, Lamongan Regency, had their three business feasibility metrics calculated. The average R/C ratio value was 2.07, the average B/C ratio was 1.07, and the average ROI value was 92.50%. Therefore, it is viable to operate and grow the laying chicken farming company in Mantup District, Lamongan Regency, according to the calculation results.

Analisis Kelayakan Usaha Bengkel Sepeda Motor di Kecamatan Wonocolo Kota Surabaya

This research aims to analyze the feasibility level of a motorbike repair shop business in Wonocolo subdistrict, Surabaya city. This research data analysis uses the method of calculating fixed costs, variable costs, total costs, revenues, income and business feasibility. In this research, the analysis used is B/C, R/C and ROI. The results of the research show that the average total cost for 6 informants who own a motorbike repair shop is IDR38,971,456/month, the revenue obtained is an average of IDR100,575,500/month and the average income is IDR 61,604,043/month. Calculation of business feasibility using the b/c ratio obtained an average result of 1.60%, the average r/c ratio calculation was 2.60% and the average ROI calculation was 118.667%. The results of these calculations state that the motorbike repair shop business in Wonocolo subdistrict, Surabaya city is feasible to run and develop.

Analisis Kelayakan Usaha Tambak Ikan Nila di Desa Prasung Kecamatan Buduran Kabupaten Sidoarjo

This tilapia pond business is a business carried out by residents who have empty land / ponds. Tilapia is quite fast in its development from seed to harvest within 4 months. This study aims to analyze several factors ranging from total costs, revenue, income and business feasibility of tilapia fish ponds in Prasung Village, Buduran District, Sidoarjo Regency. There are 3 analytical tools in business feasibility namely R/C ratio, B/C ratio and ROI. This study requires 6 informants of tilapia fish farming business actors. This type of research uses descriptive research. In the research results of 6 tilapia fish pond farmers there is an average total cost of Rp 44,430,833, for an average income of Rp 93,975,000 / occasional harvest, while the average income of Rp 49,544,167 / occasional harvest. Business feasibility analysis tool using R / C whose average of 2.12 means R / C> 1, B / C whose average of 1.12 means B / C> 1, ROI whose average of 86% means ROI> 0%. So the conclusion is that the tilapia pond business is feasible to run.

Analisis Kelayakan Usaha Petshop di Kota Probolinggo

The purpose of this study is to assess the profitability and viability of pet shop enterprises in Probolinggo City. Six pet shop entrepreneurs from Probolinggo City served as informants for this study. This study's analytical methodologies included overall costs, revenues, income, and company feasibility. This study found that the average total costs incurred were IDR 17,105,497, the average income was IDR 22,823,530, and the average income was IDR 5,718,033. The findings of calculating the three business feasibility metrics for six pet store entrepreneur informants in Probolinggo City show that the average R/C ratio is 1.37 > 1, while the average B/C ratio is 0.37 > 0. And the average ROI value attained is 23.75%, which is greater than one percent. As a result, the pet shop business in Probolinggo City is considered reasonable to operate.

Impact of planned delivery mode on neonatal outcomes and costs in twin pregnancies in Kenya

BackgroundTwin pregnancies are associated with higher risks of adverse neonatal outcomes compared to singleton pregnancies. The choice of delivery mode, when twin A presents cephalic, remains a subject of debate. In low- and middle-income countries, where healthcare resources are limited, the decision on the mode of delivery is even more critical. ObjectiveTo evaluate the neonatal outcomes and the hospital costs of planned vaginal delivery compared to cesarean section (CS) in twin pregnancies with twin A presenting cephalic at Tenwek Hospital, Kenya. Study DesignThis retrospective cohort study analyzed data from all twin deliveries at Tenwek Hospital, Kenya from, April 1, 2017, to March 30, 2023. Maternal data, mode of delivery, and neonatal data were collected from delivery logs, electronic health records, and neonatal records. Neonatal outcomes were a composite of either Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration score less than seven at 5 minutes, neonatal intensive care unit admission, resuscitation, birth trauma, or neonatal complications, including death before discharge from the hospital. A logistic regression model was created to assess the impact of the planned mode of delivery on neonatal outcomes, controlling for antenatal care clinic visits, noncephalic presentation of twin B, and birth weight category. ResultsThe study included 177 twin deliveries: 129 (72.9%) were planned as vaginal deliveries and 48 (27.1%) were planned for CS. Among the planned vaginal deliveries, 66 (51.2%) experienced adverse outcomes, compared to 14 (29.2%) in the CS group (P=.009). Logistic regression showed that the odds of adverse outcomes were 0.35 times lower in the CS group compared to the planned vaginal delivery group (95% CI: 0.15–0.83; P=.017). The average total hospital costs for planned vaginal delivery were 104,608 Kenya Shillings (standard deviation 111,761) compared to 100,708 Kenya Shillings (standard deviation 75,468) for CS (P=.82). ConclusionPlanned cesarean deliveries in twin pregnancies with twin A presenting cephalic at Tenwek Hospital were associated with fewer adverse neonatal outcomes compared to planned vaginal deliveries. There was no significant difference in hospital costs. These findings raise the question of the safest mode of delivery for patients in a resource-constrained setting.

Parametric analysis of system performance and cost of heating systems with heat pump and latent thermal energy storage

This paper presents a parametric analysis examining the impact of phase change material (PCM) melting temperature, latent thermal energy storage (LTES) volume, and solar collectors’ surface area on the performance and costs of heating systems integrating a heat pump and LTES by using dynamic system simulations. The computational models, implemented in TRNSYS software, and the numerical procedure were validated by comparing the numerical results with experimental measurements. The computational models represent the entire heating systems and thus consider the mutual interaction of heat production, distribution and automatic regulation system as well as a building which represent the heat load, in transient boundary conditions. Two main system designs with different LTES roles were considered – a system in which the role of the LTES is to provide more favorable operating conditions and a system in which the LTES role is to store the heat on a sufficiently high temperature to be used directly for heating. System performance was analyzed in terms of the share of renewable energy in total delivered energy, power consumption, stored energy in LTES, seasonal performance factor, average solar collector efficiency and total annual costs. The results showed that, regarding the system in which LTES was used as a heat source for the heat pump, a better overall performance and lower costs were observed in systems with PCMs with melting temperatures in range between 19 and 29 °C, compared to systems with PCMs with melting temperatures outside this range. For system in which the heat from the LTES was used directly for heating, the highest values of system performance criteria and the lowest cost were achieved with the PCM of 54 °C melting temperature. Almost all of the considered system performance criteria and total costs were higher when the LTES volume and solar collector surface area were larger as well.

Analysis Feasibility Of Farming Ground Water Spinach (Ipomoea Reptans Poir)

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the feasibility of land spinach farming in Sukarukun Village, Sukatani District, Bekasi Regency, to understand the profitability for farming families. Methodology: The study employed a saturated sample method with a population of 30 individuals. Data analysis included total cost analysis, revenue, income, R/C ratio, and Break Even Point (BEP). Results: The results showed that the average total cost was IDR 52,448,625 per year, revenue was IDR 75,600,000 per year, and income was IDR 23,151,375 per year. The R/C ratio was 1.4, indicating that the farming business is feasible. The BEP for production was 3,108 kg, BEP for price was IDR 4,162 per kg, and BEP for revenue was IDR 18,653,718. Findings: The study found that land spinach farming in the study area is profitable and feasible, as indicated by the R/C ratio and BEP calculations. Novelty: This research provides new insights into the economic feasibility of land spinach farming, contributing valuable information for farmers and stakeholders in agricultural planning. Originality: The study offers a detailed economic analysis of land spinach farming, highlighting key metrics such as total cost, revenue, income, R/C ratio, and BEP, which are essential for assessing farming viability. Conclusions: Land spinach farming in Sukarukun Village is economically feasible with a favorable R/C ratio and manageable BEP, making it a viable agricultural activity for local farmers. Type of Paper: Empirical Research Artikel Keywords: Farming Cost; Land Spinach; Feasibility; Revenue; Income

Design complexity based flexible order dispatching for additive manufacturing production

Understanding design complexity for additive manufacturing (AM) is essential in AM production planning since conventional make-to-order production for individual AM orders of complex designs can amplify operational uncertainty in an entire AM production system. As a response, this study aims not only to demonstrate the impact of design complexity on AM production but also to propose a novel order dispatching approach based on design complexity that mitigates operational uncertainty in an AM production system. First, a design complexity measure was developed using an information theoretic approach. Next, a discrete-event simulation model to represent an AM production system consisting of parallel AM machines for jet-engine bracket designs was built to identify the impact of design complexity on average order lead time and total production cost through regressions. Finally, a flexible order dispatching rule that reflects operational attitudes toward design complexity was proposed to determine part-processing priorities by tracking both part- and system-level design complexity states in a centralized queue for AM production. The proposed dispatching rule was compared with relevant static dispatching rules to assess its performance in operational efficiency under varied attitudes toward design complexity. The findings from this study clearly showed the negative impact of design complexity on operational performance for AM production. Moreover, the proposed dispatching rule resulted in lead time reduction and balanced lead time performance in AM production against alternative static dispatching strategies. This study demonstrates the importance of design complexity-based flexible operations to properly handle latent uncertainties in an AM production system.

Psychische Belastungen bei Erwerbstätigen: Leistungsinanspruchnahme und Kosten für das deutsche Gesundheitssystem

ZusammenfassungEinleitungDie Inanspruchnahme von Leistungen durch Arbeitnehmer:innen mit psychischen Belastungen sowie die damit verbundenen Kosten im Gesundheits- und Sozialsystem wurden bisher nicht systematisch in Studien erhoben bzw. nur indirekt erfasst. Diese Publikation hat zum Ziel, die Inanspruchnahme in dieser Zielgruppe zu dokumentieren, die Kosten im Gesundheits- und Sozialsystem erstmalig abzuschätzen und mögliche Einflussfaktoren der Kostenvarianz zu untersuchen.MethodikAls Teil einer Multicenter-Studie wurden Häufigkeiten der Inanspruchnahme sowie Kosten im Gesundheits- und Sozialsystem von 550 Arbeitnehmer:innen mit psychischen Belastungen erhoben. Die Inanspruchnahme von Leistungen wurde mit der deutschen Version des Client Sociodemographic Service Receipt Inventory (CSSRI) erhoben. Kosten wurden für 6 Monate berechnet. Mithilfe eines Regressionsmodells wurden Einflussfaktoren auf die Kosten überprüft.ErgebnisseZu Studienbeginn betrugen die durchschnittlichen Gesamtkosten der vergangenen 6 Monate in der Stichprobe € 5227,12 (Standardabweichung € 7704,21). Das Regressionsmodell weist auf einen signifikanten Anstieg der Kosten mit zunehmendem Alter sowie bei Personen mit Depressionen, Verhaltensauffälligkeiten mit körperlichen Symptomen und anderen Diagnosen hin.DiskussionDie berechneten Kosten sind im Vergleich zu klinischen Stichproben ähnlich hoch. Des Weiteren sollte zukünftig untersucht werden, ob sich dieses Ergebnis durch die Analyse der Längsschnittdaten verändert und ob die Intervention einen Kosteneinfluss aufweist.

The Clinical and Economic Implications of Different Treatment Pathways for Patients With Rapidly Recurrent Malignant Pleural Effusion

BackgroundMalignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a common cancer complication. Clinical and economic implications of different recurrent MPE treatment pathways have not been fully evaluated. Research QuestionWhat clinical outcomes, complications, healthcare resource use, and costs are associated with various rapidly recurrent MPE treatment pathways? Study Design and MethodsThis retrospective cohort study using Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Medicare data (2011-2015) included patients aged 66-90 with rapidly recurrent MPE. Rapid recurrence was defined as receipt of a second pleural procedure within 14 days of the first thoracentesis including non-definitive repeated thoracentesis, or a definitive treatment option including chest tube, indwelling pleural catheter (IPC), or thoracoscopy. ResultsAmong 8,378 patients with MPE, 3,090 (36.9%) had rapidly recurrent MPE (mean [SD] age 75.9 [6.6], 45.6% male, primary cancer 62.9% lung and 37.1% other). Second pleural procedures were non-definitive thoracentesis (62.3%), chest tube (17.1%), IPC (13.2%), or thoracoscopy (7.4%). A third pleural procedure was more frequently required if the second pleural procedure was non-definitive thoracentesis vs. chest tube, IPC, or thoracoscopy (70.3% vs. 44.1% vs. 17.9% vs. 14.4%, respectively). The mean number of subsequent pleural procedures over the patient’s lifetime varied significantly among the procedures (1.74, 0.82, 0.31, and 0.22 for patients receiving thoracentesis, chest tube, IPC, and thoracoscopy, respectively; P < .05). Average total costs following the second pleural procedure to death adjusted for age at primary cancer diagnosis, race, year of second pleural procedure, Charlson Comorbidity Index, cancer stage at primary diagnosis, and time from primary cancer diagnosis to diagnostic thoracentesis were lower with IPC ($37,443; P < .0001) or chest tube ($40,627; P = .004) vs. thoracentesis ($47,711). Patients receiving thoracoscopy ($45,386; P = .5) had similar costs to patients receiving thoracentesis. InterpretationEarly definitive treatment was associated with fewer subsequent procedures and lower costs in rapidly recurrent MPE.

Deployment of Lean Manufacturing in Palm Oil Mill for Maximum Yield: A Case Study of Leading Palm Oil Producer in Nigeria

The deployment of lean manufacturing in the palm oil mill companyaimed at maximizing yield, was thoroughly investigated. The company has been experiencing a decline in palm oil production, adversely affecting productivity and customer satisfaction. The methodology employed for optimization encompassed a comprehensive system description, detailing the case study company's history, operational modalities, production machinery, and system challenges. To gather a holistic understanding of the company's current situation, data was meticulously collected through questionnaires, examination of company records, and other relevant sources. Microsoft excel software was then utilized to analyze the acquired data. The implementation of lean manufacturing tools, such as the fishbone diagram, identification of eight deadly wastesand takt-timeplayed a pivotal role in streamlining operations. In addition, a quantitative model of the supply chain was applied, utilizing critical path method (network analysis) to determine the optimal route. The results derived from the application of lean manufacturing tools and the supply chain quantitative model exhibited a remarkable improvement between (2012-2016) and (2018-2022). The average oil palm extraction increased substantially from 8.67% (2012-2016) to an impressive 30.52% (2018-2022). Furthermore, the management tools led to a significant reduction in machine downtimes, decreasing from an annual average of 5,498.6 hours to 2,472.4 hours. This improvement resulted in a considerable reduction in the annual total average cost of machine maintenance, plummeting from #1,899,578.6 to #261,853.8. The optimization efforts also extended to the supply chain, where selecting Path-2, exhibiting the least total supply time of 11 hours, significantly reduced the cost of supply from an average of #2,168,402 to #1,893,186. Overall, the net revenue of the company witnessed a remarkable surge of 71.99% post-implementation of these management tools. This comprehensive approach not only addressed production challenges but also had a substantial positive impact on the company’s financial performance. The strategic deployment of lean manufacturing emerged as a catalyst for sustainable growth and enhanced operational efficiency.

Cost-utility of geriatric assessment (GA) in older adults with cancer: A model-based economic evaluation of four randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

1509 Background: Geriatric assessment (GA) is a guideline-recommended approach to optimize cancer management in older adults undergoing chemotherapy. Our recent cost-utility analysis of the published 5C (Clinical and Cost-effectiveness of a Comprehensive geriatric assessment and management for Canadian elders with Cancer) RCT comparing GA and management (GAM) with usual care in older adults with cancer did not demonstrate cost-effectiveness overall. However, the trial was limited by &lt;5% of study participants receiving GA prior to starting treatment. Three other GAM RCTs (GAIN, GAP-70, and INTEGERATE) have recently been published with evidence of efficacy on clinically relevant endpoints. Whether these are more cost effective than 5C is unclear. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of GAM versus usual care in older adults with cancer using a decision model under a range of plausible scenarios representing the 4 trials. Methods: We performed cost-effectiveness analyses using the healthcare payer perspective and a 12-month time horizon. We incorporated Canadian costs and utility data from 5C, and used intervention details and effectiveness data from the three RCTs. We reported healthcare costs per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) and the incremental net monetary benefit (INMB) using a $50,000 per QALY threshold. In scenario analyses we examined the main cost drivers. Results: Across trials, the average QALY per patient ranged 0.577–0.662 for GA and 0.606–0.665 for UC, and the average total costs $31,234–$39,432 for GA and $29,261–$41,756 for UC. Chemotherapy expenses accounted for 46%-66% of total costs across trials. The INTEGERATE trial had a positive INMB of $6,074. The GAIN and GAP-70 trials had negative INMB value of -$2,123 and -$1,172, respectively. In comparison, in 5C, the total costs were $39,812 and $37,450 for GAM and UC, respectively, and QALYs were 0.728 and 0.751, respectively; the INMB was $-2,713. Conclusions: Trial results and the associated model of care from INTEGERATE suggested a positive net monetary benefit, primarily driven by reduced hospitalization. Evaluation of cost-effectiveness under a range of plausible scenarios from RCTs can provide important insights about GAM. Our results add to the growing data supporting the need to implement GAM in older adults with cancer starting chemotherapy and argue for its cost effectiveness under specific scenarios. Future trials should include hospitalization outcomes. Future economic analyses need to accurately capture chemotherapy costs.

The allied health rural generalist pathway: a cost consequence analysis.

Rural and remote health workforces face longstanding challenges in Australia. Little is known about the economic effectiveness of workforce initiatives to increase recruitment and retention. A two-level allied health rural generalist pathway was introduced as a workforce strategy in regional local health networks (LHNs) in South Australia in 2019. This research measured the resources and outcomes of the pathway following its introduction. A multi-phase, mixed-methods study was conducted with a 3-year follow-up period (2019-2022). A cost-consequence analysis was conducted as part of this study. Resources measured included tuition, time for quarantined study, supervision and support, and program manager salary. Outcomes measured included length of tenure, turnover data, career progression, service development time, confidence and competence. Fifteen allied health professional trainees participated in the pathway between 2019 and 2022 and seven completed during this time. Trainees participated for between 3 and 42 months. The average total cost of supporting a level 1 trainee was $34,875 and level 2 was $70,469. The total return on investment within the evaluation period was $317,610 for the level 1 program and $58,680 for the level 2 program. All seven completing trainees continued to work in regional LHNs at the 6-month follow-up phase and confidence and competence to work as a rural generalist increased. This research found that the allied health rural generalist pathway has the potential to generate multiple positive outcomes for a relatively small investment and is therefore likely to be a cost-effective workforce initiative.

Impact of aromatase inhibitors on mortality and hospitalization costs in patients with breast cancer: A National Inpatient Sample analysis 2020.

e13160 Background: Breast cancer is a significant public health concern globally, affecting millions of individuals each year. Aromatase inhibitors are a class of medications commonly used in the treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. The significance of the study lies in the impact of aromatase inhibitors on mortality and also healthcare-related costs for the treatment of breast cancer. Methods: The National Inpatient Sample database (2020) was used to identify adult patients with breast cancer using ICD-10 codes. Demographics (age, race, sex, region, and hospital size), co-morbidities, and hospitalization costs were compared between the two groups of patients: those who are on aromatase inhibitors and those who are not. The odds of mortality were analyzed. A p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 166870 patients who had breast cancer, 12975(7.7%) were on aromatase inhibitors. The aromatase inhibitors group was relatively older (median age, 69.4 years vs 64 years) and predominantly white (71.50% vs 66%) compared to the non-aromatase inhibitors group. The prevalence of heart failure and osteoporosis was greater in the aromatase inhibitors group than in the non-aromatase inhibitors group. The adjusted odds ratio of mortality in the aromatase inhibitors group was 0.45, 95% CI (0.39-0.50, p&lt;0.0001). Furthermore, the average total cost of hospitalization in the aromatase inhibitor group was $6426 less than the non-aromatase inhibitor group. Conclusions: Our study findings indicate that breast cancer patients treated with aromatase inhibitors experienced lower odds of mortality and lesser costs of hospitalization. However, the aromatase inhibitor group was found to have a higher prevalence of heart failure and osteoporosis. Hence, further research needs to be done on potential adverse effects and long-term effects of the aromatase inhibitors treatment.

Economic aspects of honey bee queen breeding: insights from a European study

In 2017, the European Commission initiated the EurBeST study to explore the possibilities of using selective breeding of honey bees to increase Varroa resistance traits. One of the specific aims of the study was to assess the process of honey bee queen breeding through an economic analysis. The methodology for calculating the costs of queen production (queen rearing and mating), colony evaluation and expenses for estimating breeding values is based on the Cost of Production (CoP). Cost data were collected via tailor-made questionnaires and interviews performed in five European countries (France, Germany, Greece, Italy, and Poland). The sample population consisted of 20 queen producers and 20 performance testers who participated in the study. The results showed that the average costs for queen production amounted to 22.58 € per queen, ranging from 8.22 € in Poland to 37.30 € in France. The difference between the selling price and the production cost was on average 3.08 € per queen, ranging from 15.86 € in Germany to −12.30 € in France. On average, the colony evaluation costs were 193.40 € per colony. The average cost for breeding value estimation per queen was 8.09 €. Thus, the average total cost per selected queen was 224 €. The selective breeding of honey bees is an efficient way to increase productivity, reduce colony losses, improve bee health and enable profitable operations, but it is expensive, is usually promoted, practiced and implemented by scientists and researchers, and in most cases is financed by external sources.

Factors Affecting the Income Curly Red Chili Farmers in Bocek Village, Karangploso Sub-District, Malang Regency

Bocek Village. once produced 1.650 tons of red chillies in 2017. However. the problem that farmers often complain about is price fluctuations. which affect farmers' income. Other factors are land area. production yields. and production costs. The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of income. feasibility and factors that influence red chili farming income. This research is a descriptive-quantitative study with a population of 207 farmers and a sample of 37 farmers determined through simple random sampling through a questionnaire instrument and analyzed using the revenue formula (total revenue = production obtained x selling price). production cost formula (total cost = fixed cost + variable cost) . the revenue formula (revenue = total revenue – total cost). and the feasibility formula (R/C). The results of the study stated that the average level of red chili farming income at the research location was 129.609.150 per year. This was obtained from an average total revenue of 178.647.297 and an average total production cost of 49.038.147 per season or per year. Furthermore. the results of this farming feasibility assessment were declared feasible based on the value of the ratio of revenues and production costs of 3.64&gt; 1.