Average Thermal Efficiency Research Articles

The design, experimental and numerical study on a novel double-skin glass ventilation wall with PV blind integrated with thermal catalytic materials for synergistic energy generation and air purification

The application of photovoltaic (PV) technology on double-skin glass ventilation wall can increase its functionality and solar utilization efficiency. However, PV modules don't make multi-effect use of heat while generating electricity. Considering that the combination of thermal catalytic (TC) and PV blinds can solve this problem and achieve synergy effect, a novel double-skin glass ventilation wall with PV blind integrated with thermal catalytic materials (PV&TC-blind DSF) that realized power generation, heating and air purification was proposed. In this paper, the PV&TC blinds were designed. Then electrical, thermal and purification performances were comprehensively investigated by experimental and numerical methods. The main results are: (1) The optimal average electrical efficiency, thermal efficiency and formaldehyde single-through conversion were 9.80 %, 56.98 % and 30.89 %, respectively. (2) The established model well fitted experimental data with the maximum RSMD of 7.2 %. (3) The blind angle affected significantly on the thermal and purification performance of the wall, but had relatively small impact on the electrical performance. (4) When the system operated at optimal turning angles, the total reduced heating/cooling loads by the system were 440.6 MJ/m2 and 395.1 MJ/m2, respectively. The annual electricity generation and generated clean air volume were 264542.8 kWh/m2 and 23947.1 m3/m2, respectively.

Experimental study of a novel design bi-fluid based photovoltaic thermal (PVT)-assisted heat pump dryer

This study evaluated the performance of a novel design bi-fluid (air and refrigerant)-based photovoltaic thermal assisted heat pump dryer (BfPVTA-HPD), combining a compact bi-fluid PVT using curved directional fins that direct air at different points to the evaporator/waste aluminum material and HP system with a PVT air outlet mounted micro-channel condenser. BfPVTA-HPD was analyzed regarding energy, exergy, and drying characteristics at two different times, in clear and partially cloudy weather conditions. Mint leaves (Mentha piperita L.) were dried to evaluate BfPVTA-HPD's drying capabilities. The average electrical, thermal, and exergy efficiencies of PV and PVT for Exp-1 and Exp-2 varied to 15.97, 16.54 %, 18.21, 18.23 %, 55.36 %, 42.04 %, 30.95 %, and 25.08 %, respectively. In Exp-1 and Exp-2, respectively, while an increase of 12.32 % and 9.29 % in the average electrical efficiency was achieved by using PVT, an average of 3.15 and 2.86 were reached in the coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pump. The exergy indicators (the improvement potential, sustainable index, and waste exergy ratio) for the Exp-1 are 839.52, 1.39, and 0.82. The exergy indicators for the Exp-2 are 1166.14, 1.30, and 0.84, respectively. The experiment's average mass transfer coefficients were obtained as 1.17 × 10−8 and 7.75 × 10−9 m/s respectively. The experiment's average effective diffusivity coefficients were obtained as 2.90 × 10−11 and 2.04 × 10−11 m2/s, respectively. The recommended BfPVTA-HPD can be used as a new model to improve the ecological footprint and green manufacturing. Furthermore, the electricity and heat production required for the sustainability of the drying system in spring and winter can be realized.

Experimental analysis of intumescence fireproofing coating on base material of substation frames

In order to improve the fire resistance of the substation frame, an intumescence fireproof coating for the base material (Q235 steel and stainless steel) of substation frame was developed in this paper. The experiments of pull-out test, fire resistance test and electron microscope scanning were carried out to observe the mechanical properties, fire resistance properties and microphysical and chemical properties of the fireproof coating or base material. The main conclusions are summarized as follows: The bond strength of the Q235 steel to the intumescence fireproof coating is 1.26 MPa, which is greater than that of stainless steel at 0.506 MPa. Moreover, the variations of backside temperature and internal temperature of specimens with fireproofing coating are apparently different from those for conditions without fireproofing coating. For conditions with fireproofing coating, the backside temperature and internal temperature of specimens increase in the initial stage, while after the fireproofing coating is expanded and the insulation layer is formed on the surface, the rise rate of the temperature decreases. The average thermal insulation efficiencies of Q235 carbon steel and stainless steel are 240.32 min and 223.22 min, while the average values of fire resistance limit are 250.8 min and 244.2 min, respectively. The expansion multiples of the fireproofing coating for the two materials after being heated are between 50 and 60. Furthermore, the pull-out test would cause certain damage to the fireproof coating on the surface of steel components, and the damage to the Q235 steel sample was greater than that to the stainless steel sample. At the same time, the fireproof coating would undergo chemical reactions leading to expansion when heated, resulting in a dense surface and porous structure inside, which could reduce heat transfer to a certain extent.

Exergy Efficiency and Energy Efficiency of Double Air Pass Solar Tunnel Air Dryer: A CFD Analysis

This work presents, the computational fluid dynamics simulation of a forced convection double air pass solar tunnel drying system to study the temperature distribution, the flow behaviour of the air stream, and the exergy performance. Realizable k-epsilon non-equilibrium wall function turbulence model, discrete ordinate radiation model, and species transport were used. The average temperature, thermal efficiency, and exergy efficiency were found to 59.2 oC, 30%, and 9.41%, respectively. The result revealed that the uniform temperature and velocity distribution throughout the heating and drying chamber. Therefore, the newly developed double air pass solar tunnel dryer enhances the air temperature and the exergy performance leads to the increment of drying rate and reduction of drying period.

Comparative Numerical and Experimental Analyses of Conical Solar Collector and Spot Fresnel Concentrator

This paper aims to compare the thermal performances of the conical solar collector (CSC) system and the spot Fresnel lens system (SFL) using water and CuO nanofluid as the working fluids. The studied CFD models for both systems were validated using experimental data. At an optimal flow rate of 6 L/min, the SFL system showed higher optical and thermal performance in comparison with that of the CSC system. In the case of the SFL system, the availability of a greater amount of solar energy per unit collector area caused an increase in thermal energy. Moreover, in the case of the CSC system, the non-uniform distribution of solar flux on the absorber’s outer surface leads to an increase in temperature gradient and heat losses. As a heating medium, the CuO nanofluid outperformed the water in terms of higher thermal conductivity and heat capacity. The average thermal efficiencies of 64.7% and 61.2% were achieved using SFL with and without CuO nanofluid, respectively, which were 2.4% and 0.5% higher than those of the CSC with and without nanofluid. CFD simulations show a 2.80% deviation for SFL and 2.92% for CSC, indicating acceptable accuracy compared to experimental data.

Investigation of the effect of different absorber plate configurations of hemispherical solar still

A significant global challenge is potable water scarcity. Solar stills (SS) offer a simple, efficient solution using renewable energy for desalination. This study experimentally investigates the effect of absorber plate configuration and mass flow rate on the thermal performance of a hemispherical solar still (HSS). Three absorber plate configurations were chosen: cone, funnel, and funnel stepped. Experiments were conducted at mass flow rates of 0.033 kg/s, 0.066 kg/s, and 0.1 kg/s on the 12th, 13th, and August 14, 2023. The experimental results indicated that the best configuration was achieved for the hemispherical funnel stepped solar stepped (HFSSS) along the hemispherical cone solar still (HCSS) and hemispherical funnel solar still (HFSS). The best performance was achieved by the HFSSS at the lowest mass flow rate of 0.033 kg/s. The average daily productivity and the average daily thermal efficiency of the HFSSS at the lowest mass flow rate of 0.033 kg/s increased by 62 % (4.61 L/m2.day for the HFSSS versus 2.84 L/m2.day for the HCSS) and 67 % (42 % for the HFSSS versus 25 % for the HCSS), respectively, compared to the HCSS. In addition, the cost analysis shows that the HFSSS was a cost-effective configuration compared to other SSs.

Sun-powered solutions: Investigating productivity and economics of small-scale solar desalination system

Freshwater demand is one of the most critical challenges facing many countries in the world. Jordan is a country in the middle east that is considered one of the poorest countries for renewable freshwater supplies in the world. Though desalination may be one of the solutions to the problem, the cost and energy expenses could be an obstruction. However, with an abundance of annual solar irradiance in Jordan, solar desalination systems, particularly small-scale ones, are considered better alternatives. In this study, a residential-scale solar desalination system is investigated. The design includes evacuated-tube solar heaters with a heat pipe, and flashing units comprising three desalination stages. The experiments included single-stage, double-stage, and triple-stage desalination. The results showed that production rates of 2.2 kg/m2 using single-stage, 4.7 kg/m2 using double-stage, and 6.4 kg/m2 using triple-stage desalination were obtained from the system. The solar water heater used in the system exhibited an average thermal efficiency of 73 %. The economic analysis revealed that the payback period for the triple-stage desalination system is 8 years. The annualized rate of return was calculated to be 2.2 %, assuming the system operates for 4 h per day and 300 days per year.

A novel micro non-imaging concentrating solar module for building façade integration

Owing to the limited installation space and relative low energy density of solar radiation, how to fully utilize the solar energy potential on the building south façade is always an important issue. In this regard, this paper proposed a faced embedded solar thermal module with mini asymmetric parabolic concentrator, which could capture solar radiation within a wide range of incidence angles with relatively high thermal conversion efficiency. The optical efficiency of the proposed solar module maintains over 0.7 with the solar projection angle increasing from 0° to 90°, which covers the annual altitude angle variation of beam solar radiation incidence on the south façade. Corresponding photo-thermal model was developed and validated with 5 days continues outdoor measurement data. The predicted values were in good consistence with the experimental data with a R2 value of 0.975. Experimental results showed a daily thermal efficiency of 0.66 during the clear sky weather. The average daily thermal efficiency of the ACPC module throughout the year was 0.47 with a constant working temperature of 60 °C. The proposed device is expected to help the building integration design towards zero carbon emission building.

Silicon porous disc featured parabolic trough collector functioned with paraffin: Thermal performance study

The advancement of renewable solar energy has potential for industrial heat exchanger applications, and its performance is enhanced by using nanofluid. Besides, the losses of heat during the energy transfer from solar to heat exchanger limit thermal performance and lead to reduced thermal efficiency. The conventional solar system functioning with nanofluid needs to be upgraded with an advanced thermal management system to limit energy loss and enrich the thermal performance of the overall system. The investigation aims to enrich the thermal performance of a parabolic trough solar collector (PTC), which features silicon porous discs and phase change material (PCM-paraffin). During the investigation, the flow of fluid ranged from 100 to 200 LPH with an interval of 50 LPH. Influences of silicon porous disc and phase change material melting phase on fluid temperature, temperature, energy stored, and thermal efficiency of the present system are experimentally investigated, and its values are related to conventional absorber performance without porous material and phase change material. The output results prove the significance of silicon porous and phase change material related to conventional absorber systems. The parabolic solar collector functioned with silicon porous material with phase change material phase on 200LPH spotted superior thermal performance including fluid temperature, PCM temperature, energy stored by phase change material, and average thermal & exergy efficiency of 84.2 °C, 98.5 °C 599.7 kJ, and 73.8 % & 15.1 %. These findings underscore the promising potential of porous medium absorbers in significantly elevating the efficiency of parabolic trough collector systems.

Design and Preliminary experiment of an Off-axis aequilate-mirrors linear Fresnel concentrator with sunlight self-adaptive feature

The Off-Axis Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR) is an innovative, compact solar concentrator designed to reduce device height and wind-load without compromising efficiency. It is crucial in applying LFR devices to applications such as building façades. To this aim, The Off-axis LFR design is introduced to addressing the inter-mirror blocking issue that diminishes the efficiency of conventional LFRs. Initially, an optimized Aequilate-mirrors design was proposed to reduce manufacturing complexity and cost. Subsequently, a crank-slider mechanism was introduced as a solution to the issue of inconsistent angle adjustment among the mirrors. Additionally, the paper details the sunlight self-adaptive feature of the Off-axis LFR concentrator, where the LFR mirrors can independently rotate to track the sun’s position, adaptively altering the mirror array’s profile and sunward aperture. This feature maximizes the device’s sunlight harvesting capacity, particularly in angled sunlight conditions. A prototype of the Off-axis LFR device was designed and built for assessment, featuring a focus length of just 78 mm and an overall 145 mm housing height. The paper then discusses how the sunlight self-adaptive features enhance the efficiency during the early morning and twilight hours. Comprehensive testing, including mechanical driving, laser focusing, and outdoor full-function verification, was conducted. Ultimately, comparative photo-thermal efficiency tests with a similarly sized conventional LFR concentrator demonstrated that the Off-axis LFR concentrator could achieve a significant increase in efficiency, with an all-day average thermal efficiency improvement of over 10 %. Based on the previous theoretical study, this study has completed the engineering prototype design and validation. And confirmed a thermal concentration efficiency of 44.36 % within a height of 145 mm in experiments.

Numerical and experimental investigation of a single-body PVT using a variable air volume control algorithm

Photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collectors that can achieve maximum efficiency from solar irradiation can be critical concepts for meeting energy demand in residential applications. Even though there is much research on increasing heat transfer, multifunctional designs that provide homogeneous results are limited. This study explores the production of electricity and hot air from a novel design of a PVT. A new perforated copper plate design has been proposed to achieve maximum efficiency by providing homogeneous cooling in the PVT. Firstly, numerical analysis of this design was performed using Ansys Fluent software, then tested experimentally. The highest and average electrical and thermal efficiency of PVT are obtained as 17.62 %, 15.63 %, and 76.75 %, 43.68 %. In experiments conducted under winter conditions, the maximum temperature value in the PVT was measured as 41.54 °C. Moreover, the payback period of the PVT system was calculated as 6.1 years. The proposed PVT collector can be used as a new model for integrating solar energy in buildings with almost zero energy. Considering the eco-design, this PVT design can contribute net positive carbon, ecological footprint, and green manufacturing.

Performance test of a heliostat field integrated PVT solar collector using organic phase change material and carbon black additives

The rising global awareness of environmental issues has brought about a rise in the adoption of green energy throughout our daily activities in recent decades. The radiation from the sun is utilized for thermal heating, electrical generation, and agriculture by Phase change materials (PCM) integrated PVT collector. However, the lower concentration ratio of solar radiation on flat plate collectors and the lower thermal conductivity of PCMs are the major drawbacks. In this present study, a Heliostat field concentrator was designed to integrate with a hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collector for the increase of the solar irradiance, and carbon black additives incorporated stearic acid (SA) were used in the underneath PVT collector to enhance the thermal conductivity of SA as well as the thermal efficiency of the system. The performance tests were carried out for both SA with carbon black and SA without carbon black additives for varying water flow rates of 0.0025 kg/s, 0.0035 kg/s, 0.0045 kg/s, and 0.0055 kg/s. The efficiency of the PV panels ranged from 10 % to 13 %. The maximum thermal efficiency was found to be 46.56 % when using SA with carbon black for the water flow rate of 0.0035 kg/s whereas the maximum thermal efficiency was 45.45 % in the case of SA without carbon black for that water flow rate. Especially contrasted with the other flow rates throughout the investigation, the average thermal efficiency increases by 6.83 % for the flow rate of 0.0035 kg/s after integrating carbon black with PCM. The experimented results showed the outlet temperature of water in the range of 50 °C-59 °C throughout the day which is sufficient for domestic hot water applications.

Experimental study of parabolic trough collector in series having a concentric copper tube in evacuated tube for air heating

ABSTRACT Currently, the utilization of solar energy for domestic purposes, particularly in applications such as space heating and hot water, is constrained to flat plate collectors and evacuated tubes due to its compact size, absence of tracking mechanisms, low maintenance, and cost-effectiveness. The objective of this study is to evaluate the practical effectiveness of a locally developed parabolic trough collector system through experimentation. In this configuration, two parabolic trough collectors with one-ended evacuated tubes and inner concentric copper tubes for double pass airflow were connected in series, exhibiting an average air temperature within the range of 130.22°C to 166.72°C, which indicates its potential for use in industrial and domestic applications. Solar intensity, thermal performance, and pressure drop were determined after the first evacuated tube (intermediate point) and after the second evacuated tube. The experiments were carried out on six separate days, with three distinct airflow rates of 0.0056 kg/s, 0.0038 kg/s, and 0.0021 kg/s. Results discovered that the maximum air temperature reached was 210.5°C. The maximum thermal efficiency observed was 39.31%, with an overall average thermal efficiency of 30.56%. Further, the maximum pressure drop achieved was 510 Pa at 0.0056 kg/s.

Experimental and numerical study of a linear Fresnel solar collector attached with dual axis tracking system

The demand for an alternative to fossil fuel energy is increasing as environmental and economic challenges rise. The linear Fresnel solar collector is considered a promising option for obtaining thermal energy at medium and high temperatures. A linear Fresnel solar collector consists of a number of mirror strips that are used to focus solar beam radiation toward a line receiver. This study aims to obtain a clear evaluation of the thermal performance of a linear Fresnel solar collector through design, manufacture, and experimental testing under different outdoor conditions in Baghdad over various periods. There have been tests on April 1 and 22, as well as May 8 and 27, using water as the working fluid. The solar collector used is an aluminum base measuring 200 cm in length and 150 cm in width on which 14 mirror strips from each side are fixed. The receiver (absorber copper tube) has a length of 200 cm and a height of 60 cm from the base. The solar collector is provided with a dual-axis tracking system (North-South and East-West) for ensuring that the solar concentrator faces the sun at normal incidence during all daytime hours. The best thermal performance of the solar collector was observed on May 27, where the average useful energy, thermal and exergy efficiency reached 1042.61 W, 39.15 %, and 1.31 %, respectively. The present study also included a numerical analysis done using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to verify the experimental results. The numerical results confirmed the validity of the experimental results.

Enhancing the performance of parabolic trough solar collectors: Cost-effective innovative designs for sustainable energy harvesting

This study aims to improve the performance and stability of parabolic trough solar collectors (PTSC), especially those with heat storage capacity. Three different receiver tube designs have been meticulously developed to achieve this goal. As a result of the research, the Black surface (BS) -PTSC and PTSC- Paraffin wax (PW) systems achieved 26.5% and 56.8% more thermal energy flow, respectively, compared to the conventional PTSC. In addition, while the average thermal efficiencies of the PTSC, BS-PTSC, and PTSC-PW systems were found to be 11.2%, 14.1%, and 16.9%, respectively, the average exergy efficiencies of the PTSC, BS-PTSC, and PTSC-PW were 1.4%, 1.9%, and 2.3%. Painting the black copper pipe and filling the receiver tube with paraffin wax PCM increased thermal and exergy efficiency. Besides, comparing the temperature differences based on the PTSC system, it was found that BS-PTSC and PTSC-PW systems have 12.3% and 16.4% higher tank temperatures, respectively. The findings of this research have demonstrated the potential of parabolic trough solar collectors equipped with heat storage. It has also increased the sustainability index in terms of sustainability and reduced CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Furthermore, it has been shown that these simple and inexpensive designs, without significant modifications to the system, can achieve high thermal performance without unnecessary expensive components.

Solar FPC performance enrichment with Al2O3 / SiO2 nanofluids and hybrid nanofluid

Sustainable energy harvesting plays a crucial role in advancing the goals outlined in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Solar flat plate collectors (FPC) are integral to sustainable energy harvesting, aligning closely with several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) particularly goals 7, 8, 9, 13 and 17. The heat transfer fluid is one of the most important inputs in the solar flat plate collector system. The improvement in the properties of heat transfer fluid significantly improves the collector efficiency. Though Nanofluid is one of the solutions, this investigation is motivated by the use of Al2O3 and SiO2 along Syltherm 800 in the form of nanofluids and hybrid nanofluid to improve the efficiency of FPC. The Syltherm 800 fluid (BF), Syltherm 800/Al2O3 nanofluid (ANF), Syltherm 800/SiO2 nanofluid (SNF), and Syltherm 800/Al2O3/SiO2 hybrid nanofluid (HNF) were tested and analysed to improve FPC performance. The results exemplified that using HNF improved the outlet temperature to the high of 126.9 °C, the average heat absorption of 4734.5 W, and the heat transfer coefficient (HTCO) of 166.3 W/m2K. The maximum average thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of about 76.3%, and 49.8% respectively. Based on the experimental outcomes of the Syltherm 800/Al2O3/SiO2 hybrid nanofluid is recommended to improve the FPC thermal performances.

Distillation of treated dairy effluent using integrated solar dish collector and solar still: A case study of distillate output enhancement

A solar thermal distillation system was designed to be compatible with electrically powered conventional laboratory distillation assembly. Its efficacy was checked in converting the treated dairy effluent into distilled water. The experimental setup comprised of a solar parabolic dish collector (aperture area 4.15 m2) and a solar still (basin area 1 m2) and was designed such that both can be used separately or in the combination. The study was conducted during March – June 2023. The solar dish collector was tested with two receivers with different bottom materials viz., stainless-steel and brass, thereby an average daily yield of 6.5 litres and 6.9 litres were obtained for both receivers, respectively. Simultaneously, solar still produced 2.08 litres of water individually per day. Thus, the highest yield obtained for whole setup was 8.9 litres per day considering individual performances of both the systems. The daily average thermal efficiency of dish collector for was found 65.59 % with steel receiver and 63.33 % with brass receiver. Similarly, thermal efficiency of solar still was 35 %. The quality of distillate was analysed on 10 parameters viz., pH, TDS, TSS, COD, BOD, Oil & Grease, SPC, Coliform count, electrical conductivity, and chloride content which showed promising results.

The effect of adding hybrid nanoparticles (Al2O3–TiO2) on the performance of parabolic trough solar collectors using different thermal oils and molten salts

Enhancing the operational efficiency of parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC) systems is key to the advancement of solar energy technologies that enhance power generation sustainability. In the quest for efficient, environmentally friendly energy sources, solar energy systems have been a major focus of both researchers and industry. Adding hybrid nanoparticles (Al2O3–TiO2) to different base fluids of thermal oil or molten salts and then simulating the PTSC's energetic and exergetic performance is pivotal to efficiency enhancement. The focus of this paper will be on three thermal oils Syltherm-800, Therminol VP-1, and Therminol 75 that are used as base fluids with the addition of hybrid nanoparticles. Molten salts such as Solar Salt, Hitec, and HitecXL, which are considered different base fluid types, are also simulated with the same hybrid nanoparticle combination. The inlet temperature is found to be a determining factor in the choice of the base fluid. Inlet temperatures in the range of 300–650 K for thermal oils with the addition of Al2O3–TiO2 have improved the thermal and exergy efficiency of the PTSC by approximately 0.99 % and 0.59 %, respectively. Therminol VP-1/Al2O3–TiO2 has the highest average thermal efficiency among other thermal oils, with an average percentage of 71.68 %, while Syltherm-800/Al2O3–TiO2 has recorded the highest exergy efficiency of 24.1 %. At higher inlet temperatures above 500 K mixing Al2O3–TiO2 with molten salts has increased both energetic and exergetic PTSC performance by approximately 0.60 %. Solar Salt/Al2O3–TiO2 has the highest average thermal and exergy efficiency of 61.8 % and 36.1 %, respectively.

Design and performance evaluation of Front glass-covered photovoltaics-thermal hybrid system for enhanced electrical output and hot water production

Proof of concept is established for the thermal management of PV modules for the simultaneous benefit of electrical and thermal efficiency. It was achieved by designing the controlled open-loop water-based hybrid PV-T system and demonstrated for thermal management of 150W photovoltaic panel at natural solar conditions. In this integrated front glass-covered PV-T hybrid (IFG-PV-T) system, the PV panel is clipped between the front glass and rear aluminium collector without causing any permanent changes in the existing panel. The flow of water from the source tank is controlled by automated solenoid valve assembly coupled with thermocouples. The solenoid operational temperature is fixed at 40°C to controlled the PV surface temperature at an optimum range to mitigate the adverse effect on voltage and current output. The water layer thickness in the front glass box is optimized to filter the maximum infrared radiations and the collector's toughened glass feature allows the maximum light transmittance with super safety. The performance of the IFG-PV-T system has been evaluated in terms of variation in open circuit voltage, short circuit current, maximum power output, electric and thermal efficiency under the natural solar insolation for a week. Experimental investigations revealed that the open-circuit voltage is increased by ∼16.1 % with IFG-PV-T as compared to conventional PV panel. The increment can be attributed to the synergy of the front glass collector and solenoid valve operation at 40oC that regulates PV surface temperature and boost the current output. These factors have ameliorated the electrical efficiency of IFG-PV-T compared to conventional PV panel. The average thermal efficiency was 39.4 ​% wherein the IFG-PV-T system provides ∼100 ​L of hot water (38–41 ​°C) per day. The present controlled loop operation system and collector configuration have proven their significance for electrical power increment and concomitantly able to deliver moderate hot water which can be useful for any household or commercial application.

Pathway to Multi-Response Characterization of the Improved Elliptical Vessel Solar Receiver for Efficiencies Maximization

Studies on the pathway to multi-response characterization of the improved elliptical vessel solar receiver for environmental sustainability has been studied. The materials were sourced based on categories of components element: support mechanisms made of mild steel plates, bolts, nuts, clamps, and water as heat transfer fluid. The reflector was made of aluminum foil tape while the vessel has a glass cover fitted with bolts and nuts, the receiver is made of copper pipe, aluminum pipe, galvanized iron pipes, and stainless steel pipes. They are fitted into the vessel with chlorinated polyvinyl chloride 3⁄4 pipes, and journal-bearing mechanisms. Furthermore, glass cover attachment reduces radiative heat loss coefficient by eliminating wind influence and increases heat flux inside the vessel thereby improving heat transfer, hence improving the overall system's efficiency. The pathway to multi-response characterization showed that the average experimental thermal efficiency rose from 9.83% to 12.55% and from 4.42% to 7.03% for Polyurethane coated Copper and Aluminum respectively. It reduced from 9.83% to 8.53% and from 8.10% to 6.50% respectively for Polyurethane coated Galvanized Iron and Aluminum. This depicts the gleam appearance of Polyurethane coating on Galvanized Iron and stainless steel thus reducing their heat absorption coefficient and in turn reducing their efficiency.