Average Temperature Range Research Articles

Distribution and habitat suitability of Amorphophallus gigas with MaxEnt modeling in north Sumatra, Indonesia

Amorphophallus gigas is exclusively found in community agroforestry gardens within the northern Sumatra region, Indonesia. This species faces various threats including land conversion and tuber extraction for economic purposes. Despite its unique habitat characteristics, the conservation status remains unrecorded on the IUCN Red List. Effective conservation requires comprehensive data, including distribution and habitat conditions in the field. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the variables affecting the distribution of A. gigas in northern Sumatra and predict the size of the area with the potential for spread. The variables examined included height, slope, slope direction, climatic conditions, and land cover. Coordinate points were taken directly in the field using GPS, while Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) modeling was used to predict the suitability of the habitat of the species. MaxEnt modeling of variables affecting the distribution of A. gigas showed that soil type played an important role (contribution 55%), followed by the average monthly temperature range (16%), and altitude (7.9%). The most suitable area was found to be located in the southern part of the province. The results of this research are useful for formulating conservation strategies for A. gigas.

Off-Season Seedling Production of Sikkim Local Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) under Polytunnel of Different Heights

The present study was conducted by Dept of Horticulture, Sikkim University, Gangtok at Nandok village, East Sikkim, Sikkim during 2015-2016 with the objectives to compare the effect of different dates of sowing and different height of poly-tunnel on cucumber seedling growth and to compare the morphological and physiological behavior of seedlings under poly-tunnel and open field conditions. The seeds of local cucumber were collected from Nandok village, East Sikkim. The raised bed of 3 m long, 1 m wide and 15 cm height were prepared before constructing the frame structure over it. The sowing was done on 15th December, 1st January and 15th January under open condition, 2.0 ft, 2.5 ft and 3 ft polytunnels and altogether twelve treatments were done with three replications under CRD. The highest average temperature range throughout the growing period of cucumber seedlings was recorded in treatment T10 (20-240C) i.e., 15th January sowing in 2.5 ft poly-tunnel. Temperature played significant role in germination of seed and establishment of seedlings. The treatment T10 (15th January+2.5 ft polyhouse) was observed to be best having germination % (72%), minimum days needed for transplanting of seedlings (34), maximum number of seedlings (25), maximum height of seedlings (12.5 cm), leaf area (57 cm²), net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance (26.2 µmol/m²/s, 8.8 mmol/m²/s, 1.13 mmol/m²/s) respectively. The significant difference was observed in polytunnel as compared to control (open field). The advancement of nearly one month in harvesting of cucumber is able to fetch higher returns to growers and is beneficial to them.

Exploring Spatial and Temporal Temperature Trends and Characteristics for Sustainable Agricultural Planning in Southern Taraba

Knowledge of the past, present and current temperatures in all parts of the atmosphere are crucial for weather forecasting and agricultural practices. Air temperature is one of the most sensitive indicators of the dynamical and physical processes in the atmosphere. It is affected by interactions between air and land or ocean, by the radiation received from the Sun and emitted by the atmosphere and the Earth’s surface, by chemical interactions among others. This paper examined trends and characteristics of temperature in Southern Taraba. Temperature data for the period 1993-2022 were obtained from WorldClim.org. Statistical Packages for Social Sciences was used to determine descriptive statistics of the temperature; linear trend analysis was used to determine the trend of the changes while Fisher's F-test was employed to determine the statistical significance of the changes. The result of the study shows that average values of mean temperature for the period 1993-2022 vary from 27.64°C at Ussa station to 28.17°C while average mean temperature range for the period of study was 2.60°C. Linear trend analysis results of temperature shows positive values indicating a significant general rise in temperature over the study period in all the stations. The study recommends proper dissemination of agro-climatic information for appropriate adjustment and adaptations by farmers in the study for sustainable agricultural development.

Associations of Climatic Variables with Health Problems in Dairy Sheep Farms in Greece

This study aimed to study the potential effects of climatic conditions prevalent at the locations of sheep farms in the country. The specific objectives were to explore associations between climatic variables and the incidence of four clinical problems in sheep farms and, moreover, to compare these to the health management practices applied in the farms. Our hypothesis was that climatic factors may be associated with the prevalence of diseases in sheep farms; this will provide information regarding potential weather effects, to take into account in the efforts for control of the diseases. Data were obtained during a large cross-sectional investigation performed across Greece involving 325 sheep flocks. Climatic variables prevailing at the location of each farm were derived from ‘The POWER Project’. The annual incidence rate for abortion was 2.0% (95% confidence intervals: 1.9–2.1%), for clinical mastitis 3.9% (3.8–4.0%), for lamb pneumonia 1.4% (1.3–1.4%) and for lamb diarrhoea 7.9% (7.8–8.1%). In multivariable analyses, climatic variables emerged as significant predictors for abortion—high annual precipitation at the farm location (p = 0.024)—and for lamb diarrhoea—high average annual temperature range at the farm location (p < 0.0001)—but not for clinical mastitis or lamb pneumonia. The potential effects of climatic variables were found to be more important in lambs than in adult animals. Future studies may focus on how variations in temperature and precipitation can be translated into on-farm metrics to understand the impacts on sheep health and welfare.

Exergy and Energy Analysis of Forced Convective Thin-layer Solar Drying of Tiger Nuts (Cyperus esculantus L.)

Aims: To study the exergy and energy analysis for thin-layer solar drying of tiger nuts; and also to determine the drying kinetics for the thin-layer solar drying of tiger nuts. Study Design: Yellow variety of tiger nuts were dried in a forced convection solar dryer to determine the exergy and energy indices. Place and Duration of Study: Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria between October, 2022 to March, 2023. Methodology: The experiment was conducted at three different air velocities of 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 m s-1 and two different loads of 70 and 140 g. The tiger nuts were dried from average initial moisture content of 52% (wb) to final moisture content of 10.2% (wb), at an average temperature range of 50.5 to 51.2 ºC. Energy utilization, exergy loss rate, exergy efficiency, improvement potential, and sustainability index were determined. Results: The results of energy utilization, exergy loss rate and improvement potential ranged from 2.1 to 5.09 W, 0.25 to 0.93 W and 0.08 to 0.54 W respectively; however, these values increased with increasing air velocities and loads. The results of exergy efficiency and sustainability index ranged from 41.8 to 68.49% and 1.72 to 3.17 respectively; these values increased with decreasing air velocities and loads. Graphical plots of moisture content with drying time showed that the moisture content of the tiger nuts decreased with increasing drying time. The characteristic nature of the curve is indicative of the fact that there was an initial higher rate of drying, which gradually declined with drying time. The results also showed that the drying rates of the tiger nuts ranged from 6.03 to 8.44 %MC/hr; and these values varied with the different air velocities and loads. Conclusion: The results from this research will serve as a guide in reduction of energy costs for the optimum design of convective dryers.

Exploring negative thermal expansion materials with bulk framework structures and their relevant scaling relationships through multi-step machine learning.

Discovering new negative thermal expansion (NTE) materials is a great challenge in experiment. Meanwhile, the machine learning (ML) method can be another approach to explore NTE materials using the existing material databases. Herein, we adopt the multi-step ML method with efficient data augmentation and cross-validation to identify around 1000 materials, including oxides, fluorides, and cyanides, with bulk framework structures as new potential NTE candidate materials from ICSD and other databases. Their corresponding coefficients of negative thermal expansion (CNTE) and temperature ranges are also well predicted. Among them, about 57 materials are predicted to have an NTE probability of 100%. Some predicted NTE materials were tested by the first-principles calculations with quasi-harmonic approximation (QHA), which indicates that the ML results are in good agreement with the first principles calculation results. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the existing and predicted NTE materials, we established three universal relationships of CNTE with an average electronegativity, porosity, and temperature range. From these, we also identified some important critical values characterizing the NTE property, which can serve as an important criterion for designing new NTE materials.

Past and future land use/land cover, and climate change impacts on environmental sustainability in Vea catchment, Ghana

LULC and climate change are the two most common manifestations of global environmental change. The objective of this study was to quantify past and future LULC and climate change impacts on environmental sustainability in the Vea catchment of Ghana. The past LULC change (1998–2022) was analyzed using ERDAS Imagine 15 upon the application of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier algorithm. The CA-Markov was used to predict land-use changes in 2038 and 2054. Climate change was projected under SSP 4.5 and SSP 8.5 emission scenarios using the R software. The projections from an ensemble mean of SSPs in the near future (2023–2052) and far future (2071–2100) were compared to the reference period (1993–2022). The results show that, between 1998 and 2022, cropland increased from 10.9% to 51.98%, while grassland and forest areas decreased from 54.8–18.14% and 31.7–22.73%, respectively. The results of the predicted LULC change showed an increase in cropland from 181 km2 in 2038 to 183 km2 in 2054 at the expense of grassland and forest, which are expected to decrease from 51–50 km2 and 73–71 km2, respectively. The findings of climate change show the projected increases in average temperature range from 2.10 to 3.5 °C under SSP4.5 and from 2.7 to 4.15 °C under SSP8.5. Under the SSP4.5, annual average precipitation is anticipated to decrease by 12.34–13.1%, while the SSP8.5 projects a decrease of 12.6–13.6%. Results will help in the setting up of long-term environmental management strategies in the catchment as well as the development of appropriate adaptation methods to mitigate the ongoing impacts of LULC and climate change on environmental sustainability.

Geospatial analysis of the hospitalisation rate of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Hunan: a cross-sectional Chinese study

ObjectiveLittle is known about spatial variability of hospitalisation rate (HR) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) worldwide, especially in China.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with RA admitted to...

Experimental study on high temperature performance of heat pipe and vapor compression compound cooling unit for communication base station

In order to solve the outstanding problems such as high energy consumption of traditional air conditioners in communication base stations, disordered air distribution in cabinets, and frequent high-temperature alarm of base band unit (BBU) in summer, a compound cooling unit of heat pipe and vapor compression air conditioner for communication base stations was developed, using a temperature control system with heat pipe cooling as the main and vapor compression air conditioners as the supplement, and the airflow form of downward sending up and back, high wind speed and internal circulation. The unit was applied to a communication base station in Zhengzhou to conduct the filed test. The results showed that BBU in the cabinet met the temperature control requirements of relevant standards under short-term high temperature and extreme high temperature conditions. There was no high temperature alarm. The average power of the compound cooling unit in the outdoor daily average temperature range of 24–28 ℃, 28–32 ℃, 32–36 ℃ and 36–40 ℃ is 127.7 W, 147.1 W, 314.2 W and 544.7 W respectively, and the energy saving rate is 71.9 %, 67.7 %, 39.5 % and 6.9 %, respectively. The air distribution in the cabinet can be further optimized to improve the temperature control effect of communication equipment and reduce the energy consumption of cooling system. This study has certain reference value for temperature control of communication equipment and energy saving of base station cooling system.

KARAKTERISTIK PERAIRAN MANGROVE PADA KERAPATAN YANG BERBEDA DI DESA EYAT MAYANG KABUPATEN LOMBOK BARAT

Different characteristics of mangrove habitat will have different water conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of mangrove habitat waters at different mangrove densities in Eyat Mayang Village, Lombok Barat Regency. Observation of mangrove density and characteristics of the waters was carried out in each sample plot using the grid line method. The tree parameters observed included the type and number of trees in the 84 sample plots. Parameters of mangrove habitat waters observed included temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and mud thickness. Mangrove density is divided into 3 criteria based on the Decree of the Minister of Environment No. 201 of 2004. Furthermore, statistical analysis was carried out to assess differences in water characteristics at 3 mangrove densities using one-way analysis of variance with a level of 5% (significance 0.05) with SigmaPlot 11.0 software. The results showed that the sparse, medium and dense densities had an average temperature range of 29 ºC, a pH value of 6.8 – 7, a salinity in the range of 35‰, DO 4.8 – 5 mg/l and a mud thickness of 72 – 91 cm . The mangrove area of Eyat Mayang Village has 77.1% sparse tree density, 20% medium tree density and 2.9% dense tree density. The results of statistical analysis using the ANOVA test showed that there were no significant differences in the parameters of temperature, salinity, pH, DO and mud thickness at 3 different density of mangrove trees.

The regeneration of various solid desiccants using novel heated surface plate based on heat pipe vacuum tube collector: an experimental investigation

ABSTRACT In this article, various desiccants such as silica gel, molecular sieve 13X, and activated alumina have been regenerated using a novel heated surface plate. No experiment for the regeneration of desiccant has been done with the use of a hot surface plate heated by the heat pipe vacuum tube collector. A novel apparatus SHPPCP (solar heat pipe powered copper plate) based on heat pipe vacuum or evacuated tube collector (ETC) has been made. SHPPCP contains a surface plate, which is an open box of copper and this open box is attached to heat pipes. The Heat pipe is made of copper and used to extract heat from ETC. Desiccants regenerate by taking heat from the surface plate. The average temperature range for regeneration was 65–105°C during the experiment. The different parameters like humidity ratio, surface plate temperature, regeneration rate, solar intensity, and so on, have been discussed to get the performance of a desiccant. Silica gel among other desiccants has shown better adsorption rate and regeneration rate. The maximum regeneration rates of silica gel, activated alumina, and molecular sieve are 0.0936 kg/h, 0.072638 kg/hr, and 0.051348 kg/hr, respectively, and the minimum regeneration rates of silica gel, activated alumina, and molecular sieve are 0.0936 kg/h, 0.072638 kg/hr, and 0.051348 kg/hr, respectively.

Lagged feedback of peak season photosynthetic activities on local surface temperature in Inner Mongolia, China

Increased vegetation peak growth and phenological shifts toward spring have been observed in response to climate warming in the temperate regions. Such changes have the potential to modify warming by perturbing land‒atmosphere energy exchanges; however, the signs and magnitudes of biophysical feedback on surface temperature in different biomes are largely unknown. Here, we synthesized information from vegetation growth proxies, land surface temperature (LST), and surface energy balance factors (surface evapotranspiration (ET), albedo, and broadband emissivity (BBE)) to investigate the variations in timing (PPT) and productivity (PPmax) of seasonal peak photosynthesis and their time-lagged biophysical feedbacks to the post-season LST in Inner Mongolia (IM) during 2001–2020. We found that increased PPmax, rather than advanced PPT, exhibited a significant impact on LST, with divergent signs and magnitudes across diurnal periods and among different biomes. In the grassland biome, increased PPmax cooled both LST during daytime (LSTday) and nighttime (LSTnight) throughout the post-season period, with a more pronounced response during daytime and diminishing gradually from July to September. This cooling effect on LST was primarily attributed to enhanced ET, as evidenced by the greater effect of ET cooling than that of albedo warming and BBE cooling based on a structural equation model (SEM). In the forest biome, increased PPmax led to a symmetrical warming effect on LSTday and LSTnight, and none of the surface energy balance factors were identified as significant intermediate explanatory factors for the observed warming effect. Moreover, the responses of average LST (LSTmean) and diurnal temperature range of LST (LSTDTR) to variations in PPmax were consistent with those of LSTday at two biomes. The observations above elucidate the divergent feedback mechanisms of vegetation peak growth on LST among different biomes and diurnal cycles, which could facilitate the improvement of the realistic parameterization of surface processes in global climate models.

Mapping Brazilian Expansion Risk Levels of Mango Weevil (Sternochetus mangiferae Fabricius) Based on MaxEnt.

The mango weevil, Sternochetus mangiferae (Fabricius) (Curculionidae), pest present in Brazil and is restricted to some municipalities in the Rio de Janeiro State. This curculionid attacks the mango crop exclusively and puts mango production globally at risk, especially those destined for export. Using ecological modeling tools, this study is the first to map the potential risk of S. mangiferae in Brazil. We aimed to identify the potential distribution of this pest in Brazilian states, drawing up thematic maps of regions that present suitable and unsuitable climatic conditions for the establishment of the pest using the MaxEnt ecological niche model. The average annual temperature, the annual precipitation, the average daytime temperature range, and the annual temperature range were the variables that contributed most to the selected model. The MaxEnt model predicted highly suitable areas for S. mangiferae throughout the Brazilian coast, especially on the northeast coast. The region responsible for more than 50% of mango production in Brazil, the São Francisco Valley, was classified by the model with suitability for the pest; it can impacts exportations due to the imposition of phytosanitary barriers. This information can be used in strategies to prevent the introduction and establishment of this pest in new areas and monitor programs in areas with recent occurrence. In addition, the model results can be used in future research plans on S. mangiferae in worldwide modeling studies and climate change scenarios.

Physiological responses of Ampithoe valida and its feeding potential on Ulva prolifera

Large numbers of Amphipoda feed on floating green tide macroalgae in the Yellow Sea, among which Ampithoe valida has a high abundance in the stable and decline periods. Amphipoda preferentially feed on Ulva. Under different temperatures, salinities, and pH, the physiological responses of A. valida and its feeding potential on Ulva prolifera were investigated, along with its physiological responses during green tide blooms in the Southern Yellow Sea. Ampithoe valida could survive within a temperature range of 5–30 °C, salinity of 5–40, and pH of 4–10. Optimal environmental conditions for growth were temperature 15–25 °C, salinity 10–40, and pH 6–10. At temperatures of 5–30 °C, salinities of 5–35, and pH of 4–9, A. valida could effectively reduce U. prolifera biomass. The feeding ability of A. valida was greatest in 25–30 °C, 10–25 salinity, and neutral seawater, exceeding 5 mg·ind.−1·d−1. During green tide outbreaks in the Southern Yellow Sea from May to August, the monthly average sea surface temperature, salinity, and pH range is 17.5–27.3 °C, 23.8–29.6, and 7.87–8.17, respectively, within which A. valida showed well growth and could effectively reduce U. prolifera biomass. Finally, this study further discussed the possibility of A. valida as a biological method to control green tide.

Exploring the Impact of Winter Storm Uri on Power Outage, Air Quality, and Water Systems in Texas, USA

Texas was hit by a record-setting cold snap from the 14–17 February 2021 after three decades that resulted in power outages, disruption of the public water systems, and other cascading effects. This study investigates the unprecedented impact of winter storm Uri on power outages, air quality, and water systems in Texas, USA. Analysis of the Parameter Regression of Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) gridded climate data showed that the average daily freezing temperature range was 0–−19 °C on 14 February 2021, with severe levels (−17–−19 °C) occurring in the Texas High Plains. Our results showed that the extreme freezing temperature persisted from 14–17 February 2021, significantly affecting power operation and reliability, and creating power outages across Texas. Uri impacted the public water systems and air quality on time scales ranging from a few minutes to several days, resulting in 322 boiling notices. The air quality index level exceeded the standard limit by 51.7%, 61.7%, 50.8%, and 60% in Dallas–Fort Worth, Houston–Galveston, Austin, and Lubbock regions. The level of the pollutants exceeded the EPA NAAQS standard allowable limits during winter storm Uri. In general, this study gives information on the government’s future preparedness, policies, communication, and response to storm impacts on vulnerable regions and communities.

Why and which opacifier for perlite based vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) in the average temperature range of 10–70 °C

Little is known on the effect of opacifiers in perlite core vacuum insulation panels at lower temperatures in the range of 10–70 °C, which are important for applications like refrigerators, transport boxes, buildings, and domestic hot water storage tanks. This paper shows that the effect of opacifier on perlite core Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIPs) is radically different than that on fumed silica VIPs. Identifying an optimum proportion of opacifiers for perlite core VIPs is not a trivial task because of a concomitant rise in solid conductivity as the radiative conductivity decreases. Further, the effect of opacifiers on temperature dependent thermal conductivity of VIPs has been resolved. Opacifiers in perlite are shown to yield clear benefits by reducing the overall thermal conductivity for insulation exposed to ≥70 °C. This was not the case for ≤20 °C. Several VIPs were manufactured using a low-density expanded perlite and 3 different proportions of 4 opacifiers i.e., carbon black, graphite and two variants of silicon carbide (SiC I, SiC II). These VIPs were tested at various combinations of sealing pressure and four different average temperatures i.e., 10 °C, 20 °C, 40 °C and 70 °C. A novel methodology has been developed to derive the evacuated thermal conductivity of perlite core VIPs by curve fitting technique, in order to eliminate the effect of gaseous conduction. The results were also compared with fumed silica core vacuum insulation panels with different proportions of carbon black as opacifier. Among the opacifiers tested (carbon black, graphite, SiC I and SiC II) in this research, Silicon carbide I with a mean particle size of 20 μm was found out to be the best opacifier, with one of its composite resulting in a 50% lower thermal conductivity at 70 °C in comparison to pristine perlite core VIPs.

A Review on lithium-ion battery thermal management system techniques: A control-oriented analysis

Lithium-ion batteries are the preferred power source for electric vehicle applications due to their high energy density and long service life, thus significantly contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and pollution reduction. Their performance and lifetime are significantly affected by temperature. Hence, a battery thermal management system, which keeps the battery pack operating in an average temperature range, plays an imperative role in the battery systems’ performance and safety. Over the last decade, there have been numerous attempts to develop effective thermal management systems for commercial lithium-ion batteries. However, only a few analyze and compare thermal management techniques based on a control-oriented viewpoint for a battery pack. To fill this gap, a review of the most up-to-date battery thermal management methods applied to lithium-ion battery packs is presented in this paper. They are broadly classified as non-feedback-based and feedback-based methods. Finally, the paper concludes with a detailed discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the reviewed techniques, along with some suggestions for future study.

Growing season average temperature range is the optimal choice for Q10 incubation experiments of SOM decomposition

Temperature sensitivity (Q10) of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition is an essential parameter that reflects the feedback relationship between climate warming and atmospheric CO2 concentration and plays a key role in accurately estimating changes in soil carbon pools and their feedback to climate change. Setting the incubation temperature range (ITR) scenario is essential to accurately estimate the temperature sensitivity of SOM decomposition; however, this has been widely ignored. To address this issue, we conducted a systematic incubation experiment using 54 soils covering the most typical ecosystems in China and nine ITR scenarios. The results showed that ITR scenarios had a significant effect on Q10 in different ecosystems and soil types. Combining the results of fitting mean annual temperature (MAT) to the Q10 of different ITR and the interpretation rate of factors (including climate, soil, and microbial community composition) to the Q10 of different ITR, the results indicate that the growing season average temperature range (GSA) scenario had better performance than the other ITR scenarios and should be the optimum ITR scenario. Furthermore, the variation of main influence factors of Q10 across different ecosystems should be accounted for to accurately predict the feedback between soil C cycle and climate change. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of the ITR for the estimates of Q10 using widespread experimental data, providing a reference for subsequent experiments accurately measure Q10, as well as compare and compile global data to better predict the feedback between the global carbon cycle and climate change.

Decomposing Process of Food Waste using Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL): Case Study in Taman Pura Kencana, Johor

Food waste is one of the critical issues which has been discussed in many countries including Malaysia. Apart from that, about 50% of food waste usually being dumped at landfill sites and incinerators which root to more problems towards the environment, economic and society. In this research, Taman Pura Kencana, Johor was chosen to identify the average total of food waste generation from selected households in 3 months from April 2021 to June 2021and to determine decomposing days of food waste using BSFL.Raosoft Sample Size Calculator was used to calculate sample respondents bringing 48 households in this research. Hence,the average total of food waste generation from households per month was1056.82 kgThe collection of food waste from selected households in Taman Pura Kencana during the normal month of June was the highest compared to the fasting month in April and Eid month in May.25samples of food wastewere examined to identify duration of decomposing daysusing BSFLbased on pH, temperature and moisture content.The results showed that, the food waste successfully decompose after 10 days compare to control sample whichwas taking the longest time to fully decompose at about 90 days.The range of average temperature of the food waste using BSFL were 27°C to 34°C.The initial range of average pH value for the food waste samples were 3.22 to 4.00 while on the last decomposing days of the food waste samples were 7.06 to 7.12.Moisture content for food waste samples is51% except for control sample.Inconclusion, BSFL werethe ideal insects to decrease amount of food waste in landfills and incinerators as they could accelerate the time of composting food wasteand could reduce the negative impacts towards the environment, economic and society.This research’s findings will help create awareness and a better understanding of how much food waste could be generated from residential area, as this contributes to many negative issues when discarding them through landfills and incinerators.

Experimental study on a novel battery cooling system containing dual flow medium

The refrigerant cooling scheme can effectively deal with the problem of battery cooling but with a poor economy. A novel battery thermal management (BTMS) called dual flow medium system (DFMS) is proposed in this paper, which is more economical than the refrigerant cooling scheme. The DFMS contains the refrigerant cooling system (RCS) and the coolant cooling system (CCS). The alternate cooling mode and the simultaneous cooling mode of the DFMS were studied under different coolant flow rates, the control range of the batteries' average temperature, and ambient temperature. The results show that the alternate cooling mode makes power consumption saved by 49.15% maximumly when the ambient temperature is 18.3°C and the compressor start-stop interval time is prolonged. The simultaneous cooling mode can prolong the compressor operating time by 16.3% and save a little energy under an appropriate coolant flow rate. The DFMS provides a novel option for the design of BTMS, and the research on the operating modes of the DFMS lays a good foundation for its further development.