Average Speed Values Research Articles

Analisis Kerusakan Dan Penanganan Jalan Menggunakan Metode Bina Marga Pada Ruas Jalan Poros Pare-Pare - Sidrap Di Kabupaten Sidrap

This study was conducted to understand the condition of traffic characteristics, types of road damage, the value of road conditions, and handling road damage on the Pare-pare - Sidrap Axis road section in Sidrap Regency KM 177+000 to KM 178+000. Meanwhile, the method used in this study is the Highways method. This method reviews the volume of traffic and the type of damage that occurs on the road pavement visually with the final result in the form of a road condition value which will later be an alternative solution in repairing road damage at the research site. The results of the study were in the form of the value of traffic characteristics on the pare-pare - sidrap axis road section in Sidrap Regency for STA 0 + 000 - 1 + 000 which obtained the average speed value of all vehicles on the right and left lanes of 34.74 km / h and 35.03 km / h respectively with an LHR volume value of 8630.675 SMP / Day. Meanwhile, the types of road damage found at the study site are longitudinal cracks, random cracks, crocodile cracks, grooves, collapses, roughs, grain release, disintegration, and patches and potholes. With the value of road conditions in priority order 4 which is included in the category of periodic maintenance.

A platoon ordering algorithm on reservation based intersection management systems

Traffic intersections act as pivotal junctions where various streams of traffic intersect and intersecting movements occur. When traffic volumes are high, intersections that are efficiently designed and equipped with intelligent traffic control systems can optimize the movement of vehicles. Accordingly, the time spent by vehicles at intersections increases, and these vehicles cause the vehicles behind them to slow down. This study aims to enhance the efficacy of reservation-based intersection control for platoons comprising vehicles arriving at intersections and turning in various directions. To assess the impact of different platooning algorithms on both the average speed of vehicles within the platoons and the total time spent at intersections, simulations were conducted using the SUMO environment. These simulations observed variations in the average speed values of vehicles and the duration spent by vehicles at intersections. The simulation results showed that the proposed reservation-based platoon ordering algorithm significantly contributed to increasing the average speed and reducing waiting time.

Is post-editing really faster than human translation?

Abstract Time efficiency is paramount for the localisation industry, which demands ever-faster turnaround times. However, translation speed is largely underresearched, and there is a lack of clarity about how language service providers (LSPs) can evaluate the performance of their post-editing (PE) and human translation (HT) services. This study constitutes the first large-scale investigation of translation and revision speed in HT and in the PE of neural machine translation, based on real-world data from an LSP. It uses an exploratory data analysis approach to investigate data for 90 million words translated by 879 linguists across 11 language pairs, over 2.5 years. The results of this research indicate that (a) PE is usually but not always faster than HT; (b) average speed values may be misleading; (c) translation speed is highly variable; and (d) edit distance cannot be used as a proxy for post-editing productivity, because it does not correlate strongly with speed.

Quantification of Congestion and Level of Service Determination for Urban Road Infrastructure

Level of Service is an important measure for describing traffic condition in terms of travel time, speed, convenience, comfort, and safety. The aim of present study is to measure the congestion in mid-block sections using the corresponding average speed values and determine the LOS of the mid-block sections of urban roads based on v/c values. Three mid-block sections were chosen and video-recording method was used for collecting data. Based on the average speed values the level of congestion was determined and the level of service of each mid-block section was also determined by using the v/c ratios. No/low level of congestion was observed in Section- I and Section-III whereas moderate congestion was observed in Section-II. As a result of congestion, fuel consumption will be more, which in turn causes air pollution. When the dynamic PCU values were used for v/c determination, the LOS was A in all the sections.

An Improved Vibe Algorithm Based on Adaptive Thresholding and the Deep Learning-Driven Frame Difference Method

Foreground detection is the main way to identify regions of interest. The detection effectiveness determines the accuracy of subsequent behavior analysis. In order to enhance the detection effect and optimize the problems of low accuracy, this paper proposes an improved Vibe algorithm combining the frame difference method and adaptive thresholding. First, we adopt a shallow convolutional layer of VGG16 to extract the lower-level features of the image. Features images with high correlation are fused into a new image. Second, adaptive factors based on the spatio-temporal domain are introduced to divide the foreground and background. Finally, we construct an inter-frame average speed value to measure the moving speed of the foreground, which solves the mismatch problem between background change rate and model update rate. Experimental results show that our algorithm can effectively solve the drawback of the traditional method and prevent the background model from being contaminated. It suppresses the generation of ghosting, significantly improves detection accuracy, and reduces the false detection rate.

Determination of exhaust emission characteristics in the RDE test using the Monte Carlo method

The article presents a method of determining the characteristics of exhaust emissions and fuel mass consumption in real driving conditions based on a single test using the Monte Carlo method. The exhaust emission characteristics used are the relations between the emissions and the average vehicle speed, and the characteristic of the fuel mass consumption is the dependence of the fuel mass consumption at the average vehicle speed. The results of empirical research of a passenger car with a spark-ignition engine in the RDE test were used. The use of the Monte Carlo method made it possible to select the initial and final moments of averaging the process values, thanks to which it was possible to determine the discrete values of the characteristics for various values of average vehicle speeds. The determined discrete characteristics of the particulate mass and number emissions and fuel mass consumption relative to the average vehicle speed were approximated by polynomial functions of the second and third degree. The determined discrete characteristics, presented as sets of points, were characterized by a relatively small dis-persion in relation to their polynomial approximations. The average relative deviation of the points of discrete characteristics from the value of the polynomial was in most cases small less than 4%, only in the case of the number of particles emitted deviated from this, as the average relative deviation of the measured points from the determined polynomial was nearly 14%. Combined with the results of RDE empirical studies, the Monte Carlo method proved to be an effective method for determining the characteristics of exhaust emissions, measured in real vehicle operating conditions. The main advantage of the proposed method was a significant reduction in the actual workload necessary to carry out the empirical research where it became possible to determine the charac-teristics in a large range of vehicle average speed values with just one drive test. Using standard methods of meas-uring this type of data, it would be necessary to conduct multiple tests, driving at different average vehicle speeds.

Two-Stage Fuzzy Traffic Congestion Detector

This paper presents a two-stage fuzzy-logic application based on the Mamdani inference method to classify the observed road traffic conditions. It was tested using real data extracted from the Padua–Venice motorway in Italy, which contains a dense monitoring network that provides continuous measurements of flow, occupancy, and speed. The data collected indicate that the traffic flow characteristics of the road network are highly perturbed in oversaturated conditions, suggesting that a fuzzy approach might be more convenient than a deterministic one. Furthermore, since drivers have a vague notion of the traffic state, the fuzzy method seems more appropriate than the deterministic one for providing drivers with qualitative information about current traffic conditions. In the proposed method, the traffic states are analysed for each road section by relating them to average speed values modelled with fuzzy rules. An application using real data was carried out in Simulink MATLAB. The empirical results show that the proposed study performs well in estimation and classification.

Development of Driving Cycle for Passenger Cars and Estimation of Vehicular Exhaust Emission Factors

Driving pattern of the given vehicle in a city is represented by the driving cycle which is used by modal models for estimation of vehicular emissions. In this study, a driving cycle was developed for passenger cars in the city of Islamabad. A representative route for city was identified which included parts of highway, arteries, and streets. Speed-time data was collected along the selected route in both peak and off-peak hours. The on-board measurement method was adopted for data collection on highways, whereas on arteritis and streets, chase car method has opted for data collection. The developed cycle showed comparable values of average speed and acceleration with New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), but acceleration and deceleration were observed to be lower. The emission estimation and fuel consumption were calculated by the Comprehensive Modal Emission Model (CMEM) for 4 selected vehicle types. The average emissions for the selected vehicles were 204.4 g CO2 /km, 2.3 g CO /km, 0.09 g HCs /km, 0.31 g NOx /km emitted, and 65.7 g of fuel consumed /km. The developed cycle showed higher fuel consumption and CO2 emissions /km traveled than NEDC for all 4 passenger car types. However, HCs, CO, and NOx emissions were lower. The developed driving cycle can be used for estimation of the emissions from passenger cars in the city and this information can be useful for future emission projections and policy making.

Effects of pre-treatments on drying kinetics and energy consumption, heat-mass transfer coefficients, micro-structure of jujube (Zizyphus jujuba L.) fruit

In this study, jujube fruits were investigated effects on drying kinetics and energy consumption (total-specific), heat-mass transfer coefficients, micro-structure of pre-treatments 2% ethyl oleate, 540 W microwave and freeze-thaw + 720 W microwave. Initial moisture of fruit from 0.75 ± 0.2 g (water).g-1 (dry matter) to 0.15 ± 0.1 g (water).g-1 (dry matter). The shortest drying durations were observed in 2% ethyl oleate pre-treated samples. The greatest total power consumption (1.502 kW) was observed in control samples The greatest specific energy consumption (158.98 kW.kg-1) was observed in freeze-thaw pre-treated samples. The effective diffusion values varied between 9.53 x 10-8-5.26 x 10-8 m2.s-1. Lewis and Jena-Das models the best estimated time-dependent moisture ratios in freeze-thaw pre-treated samples. The average speed values was determined between 0.0025-0.0005 (gr db.minute-1) at the beginning of the drying and decreased to about 0.0005 (gr db.minute-1) at the lasting of the drying. The largest mass transfer coefficient value was found depending on the time varied between 1.035 x 10-7-8.256 x 10-12 m.s-1. in the samples dried by dipping into a 2% ethyl oleate solution. The average heat transfer coefficient value is calculated 0.204 W.m2 °C-1. With regard to micro-structure of the dried samples, 2% ethyl oleate pre-treatments yielded the least deformations and had the closest structure to fresh samples.

EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF HAND ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS, GRIP STRENGTH AND BALANCE SKILLS ON SHOT PERFORMANCE IN ELITE FEMALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS

This study aims to examine the effects of elite female basketball players’ hand anthropometric measurements, hand-grip strength and balance skills on their shooting performance. The age, height, weight, body mass index and hand anthropometric values, hand-grip strength and balance of the athletes were measured, and Aahperd shot tests were applied. Data analysis was performed through SPSS 24 package program. Data analyses included the Shapiro-Wilk Test applied to determine whether there is a normal distribution, and Pearson correlation analysis used to evaluate the correlation status of the parameters with the normal distribution of the data. The average age of the 12 female athletes participating in the study was 21.83 ± 4.407 years, the average height was 171.50 ± 6.95 cm, the average body weight was 68.60 ± 17.96 kg and the mean Body Mass Index was 23.99 ± 4.72. has been determined. It was determined that the average right hand grip strength of 12 female athletes participating in the study was 35.92 ± 6.127 kg and the average left hand grip strength was 32.92 ± 5.807 kg. Among the balance parameters, the balance mean deviation value was determined as 07 ±, 048, the balance average speed value as 42 ± 119, the balance path length value as 12.19 ± 3.473 and the balance area value as 02 ±. The Aahperd shot test mean value was also determined to be 18.67 ± 2.425. The analyses regarding the hand anthropometrics parameter of the 12 athletes indicate that there is no significant correlation between shot performance and hand length, width, palm length, third finger length, hand shape index, finger index and hand surface area. Besides, it is determined that there is no significant correlation between the hand grip strength and balance test results and shooting performance. The data revealed that the dominant hand measurements, test values and shooting performance of the athletes are not significantly correlated.
 
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Testing the precision and sensitivity of density estimates obtained with a camera-trap method revealed limitations and opportunities.

The use of camera traps in ecology helps affordably address questions about the distribution and density of cryptic and mobile species. The random encounter model (REM) is a camera‐trap method that has been developed to estimate population densities using unmarked individuals. However, few studies have evaluated its reliability in the field, especially considering that this method relies on parameters obtained from collared animals (i.e., average speed, in km/h), which can be difficult to acquire at low cost and effort. Our objectives were to (1) assess the reliability of this camera‐trap method and (2) evaluate the influence of parameters coming from different populations on density estimates. We estimated a reference density of black bears (Ursus americanus) in Forillon National Park (Québec, Canada) using a spatial capture–recapture estimator based on hair‐snag stations. We calculated average speed using telemetry data acquired from four different bear populations located outside our study area and estimated densities using the REM. The reference density, determined with a Bayesian spatial capture–recapture model, was 2.87 individuals/10km2 [95% CI: 2.41–3.45], which was slightly lower (although not significatively different) than the different densities estimated using REM (ranging from 4.06–5.38 bears/10km2 depending on the average speed value used). Average speed values obtained from different populations had minor impacts on REM estimates when the difference in average speed between populations was low. Bias in speed values for slow‐moving species had more influence on REM density estimates than for fast‐moving species. We pointed out that a potential overestimation of density occurs when average speed is underestimated, that is, using GPS telemetry locations with large fix‐rate intervals. Our study suggests that REM could be an affordable alternative to conventional spatial capture–recapture, but highlights the need for further research to control for potential bias associated with speed values determined using GPS telemetry data.

Application of the signal speed change limiting method for increasing the indications credibility on the example of hydraulic shock absorber monitoring system

This article is devoted to the problem of unreliable indications in a system with sensors operating in harsh environmental conditions. To increase the indications credibility, an algorithm based on the signal speed change limiting method is proposed when calculating the average speed value using the simple moving average formula. The result of the algorithm obtained by modeling the algorithm in a software environment on a sample of linear displacement sensor indications obtained from the hydraulic shock absorbers monitoring system of the current NPP power unit is also presented.

Viscosity, nonconformal equation of state, and sound velocity in Landau hydrodynamics

We find an analytical solution to relativistic viscous hydrodynamics for a ($1+1$)-dimensional Landau flow profile. We consider relativistic Navier-Stokes form of the dissipative hydrodynamic equation, for a nonconformal system with a constant speed of sound, and employ the obtained solution to fit rapidity spectrum of observed pions in $\sqrt{{s}_{NN}}=200$, 17.3, 12.3, 8.76, 7.62, 6.27, 4.29, 3.83, 3.28, and 2.63 GeV collision energies. We find that at the freeze-out hypersurface with improved Landau's freeze-out prescription, the viscous corrections do not affect the rapidity spectra. We demonstrate that the solution of the nonconformal Landau flow leads to a better agreement with the experimental data compared to the conformal ideal solution. We also extract speed of sound from fit to the rapidity spectra for various collision energies and find a monotonous decrease with decreasing collision energies. Appealing to the fact that viscosity has negligible effect on rapidity spectra for Landau's freeze-out scenario, we argue that our calculations provides a framework for extracting the average value of speed of sound in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.

Analisis Kinerja Routing Protokol AODV pada Jaringan VANET (Studi Kasus : Kecamatan Cakranegara)

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network is the concept of a subset of Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANET) where vehicles act as nodes on the network. Protocol routing is very influential on the performance of the network to deal with challenges related to the rapidly changing network topology. This study analyze the routing performance of the AODV protocol on vanet networks in the district of Cakranegara by analyzing performance results using end to end delay parameters, packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, and routing overhead. The average Maximum value at end to end delay is 940.577 ms while the minimum value is 50,065 ms, and the average speed value decreases delay at speed 50 to 30 km / h by 78,314 ms and from 30 to 10 km / hour decreased by 102,827 ms. The maximum average value in the packet delivery ratio is 84.75% while the minimum value is 55.33%, and the average speed value decreases the ratio at the speed of 50 to 30 km / hour by 7.26% and from 30 to 10 km / h has increased by 10.39%. The average maximum value at throughput is 69,553 Kbps while the minimum value is 10.06 Kbps, and the average speed value decreases throughput at speeds of 50 to 30 km / h by 1,065 Kbps and from 30 to 10 km / h decreases amounting to 0.658 Kbps. The average Maximum value on routing overhead is 37,311 bytes while the minimum value is 7,439 bytes, and the average speed value increases at a speed of 50 to 30 km / hour by 1,321 Bytes and from 30 to 10 km / hour decreases by 5,453 Bytes.
 Key words: AODV, VANET, Routing Protocols, SUMO, NS2.

Визначення швидкості зносу базових елементів вагонів у експлуатації

The article analyzes passenger and freight cars that are submitted for scheduled repairs. As a result of wear and tear research, an alternative approach is considered, which is to use a combined criterion that limits the period of overhaul to calendar time and the amount of work expressed in kilometers of vehicle run during operation. For the development of a combined criterion based on an automated system of standardized accounting of carriage of wagons, taking into account real conditions of use and intensity of use, taking into account statistics, the wagons were divided into three groups. The article presents natural observations of the condition of knots and parts of wagons during the experiment. The dimensions of the base elements, which are worn in real time, were measured on all cars. The statistics of average wear of the base element of the wagon and the coefficient of change of the rate of wear of the elements of the wagon are given. The value of the coefficient of variation was given an estimate of the law of distribution of a random variable - the rate of wear of the main elements of cars. The obtained values of average speed of wear and scattering revealed that for some elements of the car (sleeves of spindles, wedges, breads, earrings, central beams) it is necessary to reduce their speed of wear and accordingly to increase the inter-repair run of the car before repair of the depot. This is done by applying a hard alloy to the worn surfaces of the elements. During the experiment, the measurement of wear and certain wear rates of the wagon elements showed the need to introduce into the depot the input control of the hardness of the wagon replacement elements. It is established that the coefficient of deterioration of the basic elements of passenger cars, carried to the depot, allows to determine the need for the depot in the spare parts for the new system of repair of cars, depending on their mileage.

Lane-by-Lane Analysis Framework for Conducting Highway Capacity Analyses at Freeway Segments

The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) methodology for freeway systems yields average speed values for each segment and does not consider lane-by-lane flow and operational conditions. However, flows are not equally distributed between lanes. In congested conditions and particularly when spillback occurs, flows and traffic conditions vary widely. For example, the rightmost lane may be blocked while the leftmost lane is free-flowing. The purpose of this research is to develop a model for estimating lane-by-lane speeds and flows under various freeway designs and demands. Speed and flow data from loop detectors at several locations around the USA were collected, totaling 531,000 observations aggregated in 15-min intervals. The results show that lane flow distribution is highly dependent on the segment total flow, with different patterns for 4-, 6-, and 8-lane segments. The percentage of heavy vehicles, presence of nearby ramps, day of week, and time of day also affect the distribution of flow among freeway lanes. Theoretical lane-by-lane speed-flow curves were developed and the results were compared with field data. Results showed that lane-by-lane speeds can be estimated accurately, as long as inputs for capacity and free-flow speeds can be provided for each lane in the segment.

Dynamic traffic information for electric vehicles as a basis for energy-efficient routing

Abstract Dynamic traffic information for conventional vehicles has been widely studied in literature. A common approach is to broadcast an average speed value per road segment. Usually, this is sufficient to calculate an approximate travel time on a given route. For electric vehicles, where the overall range is limited, it is crucial to know the ongoing traffic situation best in order not to drain the battery. To this end, knowledge on the estimated energy consumption is significantly more relevant than knowledge on the average travel time. This paper aims to provide a literature survey of current energy consumption models and energy-efficient routing algorithms, and adapts current dynamic traffic information towards electric driving. A real-world field study from Germany has been evaluated and serves as a basis for energy consumption analyses.

Small-sided games activities with external wildcard soccer players

Aim: The Small-Sided Games (SSG) is technical exercises presented as modified games by coaches and conditioning trainers according to the objective of the training session. The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the external load of the professional player using GPS devices and to describe the speed run and power events in 6vs6 and 7vs7 SSG with external wildcard players. Methods: 14 professional soccer players Results: The study shows that values ​​of average speed, average power and the power events number were statistically significant in 6vs6 versus 7vs7 (p<0.05); the low intensity (p<0.05) and moderate intensity travel volumes are higher in 6vs6, while the high intensity runs and the sprint number are clearly higher in 7vs7 (p<0.001). Conclusion: The results showed that the two SSG formats determine very different external workload in professional soccer players. The 7vs7 format shows a greater sprint number while the 6vs6 imposes average running speeds up to medium intensity but does not require, if not to a very small extent, high speed and sprint performance.

Preliminary study of simple methods to get the average speed using a smartphone's light sensor

This paper reports on the result of a preliminary study of utilization of a smartphone ambient light sensor for get the average speeds of motion along a straight line based on experiments. We attach a smartphone to a dynamics train that travels across multiple light sources where the distance is already set. The main source of this experiment is obtained from the luminosity curve obtained from free android applications. From the curve, we can get position information against time. So from the data we can get the value of average speed. Then the use of the smartphone light sensor in physics experiments can be done easily and fun.

Speed management as a measure to improve road safety on Polish regional roads

The article presents the issue of the implementation of speed management measures on regional roads, whose character requires the use of different solutions than those on national roads. The authors briefly described speed management measures, the conditions for their implementation and their effectiveness with reference to environmental conditions and road safety. The further part of the paper presents selected results of the authors' research into the speed on various road segments equipped with different speed management measures. The estimations were made as to the impact of local speed limits and traffic calming measures on drivers' behaviour in free flow conditions. This research found that the introduction of the local speed limits cause reduction in average speed and 85th percentile speed up to 11.9 km/h (14.4%) and 16.3 km/h (16.8%) respectively. These values are averaged in the tested samples. Speed reduction depends strongly on the value of the limit and local circumstances. Despite speed reduction, the share of drivers who do not comply with speed limits was still high and ranged from 43% in the case of a 70 km/h limit, up to 89% for a 40 km/h limit. As far as comprehensive traffic calming measures are concerned, results show decrease in average speed and 85th percentile speed up to 18.1 km/h and 20.8 km/h respectively. For some road segments, however, the values of average speed and 85th percentile speed increased. It confirms that the effectiveness of speed management measures is strongly determined by local circumstances.