Average Shadowing Research Articles

Direct-sequence spread spectrum in a shadowed Rician fading and land-mobile satellite channel

The performance of a direct-sequence spread-spectrum land-mobile satellite transmission system, using binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation, is analysed. The satellite channel is modeled as having Rician fading characteristics. The bit-error probability is evaluated, considering both the envelope and the phase variation. Assuming a Gaussian approximation for the interference, numerical results are obtained for both spread-spectrum and narrowband land-mobile satellite communication systems with BPSK modulation. A comparison of the two systems is made for light, average, and heavy shadowing. >