Average Selling Price Research Articles

The type and distribution of sap preservatives used by farmers in Kebasen District, Banyumas Regency, Indonesia

The purpose of this study was to know the type and distribution sap preservative used by farmer in Kebasen district, and to know the selling price of coconut sugar based on the type of sap preservative used in Kebasen district. Sensus method was used in this research. Total respondents are 794 farmers. The variables studied are the type and distribution of sap preservative used by farmer and the selling price level of coconut sugar. The results showed that the type and distribution of sap preservative used by farmer in Kebasen district are 431 farmers using sodium metabisulfite, 210 farmers using sodium metabisulfit + lime + jackfruit wood, 125 farmers using lime + jackfruit wood, 20 farmers using lime, and 6 farmers using lime + mangosteen peel, respectively. The type of sap preservative used by farmers give affects the selling price of sugar. The highest average selling price is Rp 10,750.00 from sugar using lime + mangosteen peel, while the lowest price is Rp 10,370.00 from sugar using sodium metabisulfite.

ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ВИРОБНИЦТВА ЗЕРНА В АГРАРНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВАХ МИКОЛАЇВСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ

Abstract Introduction. Attention to grain production is driven by its strategic importance within Ukraine's agro-industrial complex, as its products are critically important as key foodstuffs to support the life. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the economic efficiency increase of grain production in agricultural enterprises in the Mykolaiv region in modern conditions. Results. The general characteristic of the Mykolaiv region agriculture is given. The essence of the concept of «economic efficiency» is revealed and the indicators of its measurement for food grain are proposed. Indicators yield grain crops to the dynamics are considered, outlining the growth of spring wheat, but the reduction millet and buckwheat. The economic efficiency analysis of grain production in agrarian enterprises of the Mykolaiv region has been done for the studied period by the following indicators: yield, cost of 1 centner of production, average selling price, profit, profitability. As a result of the combined impact of rising cost and price, profitability declined by 8% to 25.7% in 2017. The role of scientifically grounded structure of acreage is considered in ensuring efficiency of agricultural enterprises management based on crop rotation of different soil and climatic zones of Ukraine as a form of organization of their alternation in cultivation. Construction parameters for economic and mathematical model of acreage areas optimization of grain crops in agrarian enterprises of Mykolayiv region are presented. Conclusions. As a result of the proposed model calculation, optimized values of the specific gravity of the acreage under different crops have been obtained: the sowing of spring wheat will increase by 10% and the smallest – peas by 2%. It is proposed to reduce the acreage under winter wheat by 14% and spring barley by 8%. Such changes will have a positive impact on sales revenue, product cost, and overall profitability. Keywords: agrarian enterprise, grain crops, economic efficiency, intensification of grain production, yield, cost, profit, level of profitability, economic and mathematical model.

Economically Sustainable Growth of Perovskite Photovoltaics Manufacturing

The significant capital expense of photovoltaics (PV) manufacturing has made it difficult for new cell and module technologies to enter the solar power market and compete on price with incumbents. We present a technoeconomic model that evaluates the sustainable growth rate of perovskite manufacturing companies, focusing on the dual impacts of economies of scale and average selling price on profitability. A cost model for a roll-to-roll perovskite PV manufacturing facility versus scale is presented and used to establish minimum sustainable prices from $3.3/W – $0.53/W for flexible modules manufactured in factory sizes ranging from 0.3 MW/year to 1 GW/year respectively. We use these numbers to calculate the economically sustainable annual growth rates for a company selling photovoltaic modules in different markets, obtaining a wide range of possible values, depending on operating margin and scale of manufacturing. Selling into the mainstream utility market for $0.4/W requires a prohibitively large upfront investment of over $1 billion to establish a profitable manufacturing facility. We show that the required investment, and thus the barrier to market entry for flexible perovskites, can be reduced in two ways: (i) lowering the cost of materials to 70% of current values reduces the initial investment required to <$100 million, highlighting the role of disruptive innovations in related industries, or (ii) selling into niche markets for $1/W or greater, representative of IoT, BIPV, and vehicle-integrated markets, reducing the required initial capital investment to <$10 million. In addition, we show that it is possible to sustainably grow a perovskite manufacturing company, considering US labor rates, by selling products in growing alternative PV markets.

Approvisionnement Et Commercialisation De Deux Espèces De Francolin Utilisées Comme Oiseaux Gibiers Au Bénin

The two species of francolin used as game birds in Benin are Francolinus albogularis Hartlaub and Francolinus bicalcaratus Linnaeus belong to the family Phasianidae. This study aims to evaluate the importance of the commercialization of these game birds at the level of the different actors involved in the value chain. Data collection is based on structured and semistructured surveys conducted at the outlets of species along inter-state roads, in restaurants and hotels, public dining places and bushmeat markets as well than consumers. In total, 495 people were surveyed. The data collected is essentially the actors of the marketing chain, the evolution of the price variation of an individual of francolin, the different transaction circuits, the places of supply. The Minitab 16 software, with the descriptive statistical function, was used to assess the evolution of the price of a francolin individual over the last thirty years among the actors of the marketing circuit. Calculated meat supply frequencies and Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed. The results from the analysis of the data show that three main actors intervene in the distribution of the product, a varaiation of frequency of supply of the meat, the price of sale of an individual of francolin rose from 50 FCFA there is thirty years to 1600 FCFA this day at the level of hunters. For women processors, this price went from 200 FCFA twenty years ago to 1500 FCFA that day; while he spent for the same period from 300 FCFA to 3500 FCFA among the tenants of restaurants and hotels. This shows a consequent increase in prices. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed a significant difference between the average selling prices of an individual francolin by hunters from thirty years ago, twenty years, ten years, five years ago and then today. It follows from all the above that urgent measures are being taken to adopt a domestication model for the multiplication of individuals and the valorization of francolins' meat.

Analisis Distribusi Pemasaran Udang Windu (Penaeus monodon) di Kelurahan Margomulyo, Kecamatan Balikpapan Barat Kota Balikpapan

Margomulyo area is a protected area that provides various benefits to support life for the community. This study aims to determine: (i) the number of marketing institutions in the distribution of marketing of tiger shrimp, (ii) the marketing channels available in the marketing of tiger shrimp by pond farmers in Margomulyo Village, Balikpapan Barat District, Balikpapan City, (iii) marketing margins in the distribution of black shrimp marketing. This research was carried out in Margomulyo area in September-December 2016. The research method used a field survey method by interviewing fishing communities and literature. To analyze marketing functions, it is analyzed based on the functions of each marketing agency, while the analysis of margin distribution is done by calculating marketing costs both at the consumer and producer level. The results of the study of marketing patterns of freckle shrimp in the Margomulyo Region indicate that there are four patterns of marketing distribution channels, namely: I (producer-consumer), II (consumer-retailer), III (producer-retailer-consumer) and IV (producer-gatherer) -customer-sellers-retailers). The marketing distribution of tiger shrimp on pattern channel II (Producers-Retailers-Consumers) is more dominantly used because the marketing distribution channel is relatively shorter so it cuts the marketing distribution flow to the final consumer level, so it can suppress other additional costs. This can be seen based on the value of the share obtained at 75.05%, the selling price of tiger shrimp in the final consumer is 37,000, while the average selling price is Rp. 27,767, - Marketing margin of Rp. 9,233, - with a profit of 5,881. This value shows the advantages for the promising shrimp producer (producer) farmers as the main business actors of tiger shrimp cultivation

Impacts of sustainability certification on farm income: Evidence from small-scale specialty green tea farmers in Vietnam

Sustainability certification for small-scale farms has gained considerable momentum in developing countries. However, evidence on the economic benefits of certification schemes in the context of domestically consumed foods and beverages is scarce. This paper addresses this gap by evaluating the impacts of sustainability standards on the selling prices, sales, costs and net income of small-scale specialty green tea farming in Vietnam. We analyze original survey data on 401 smallholder green tea farmers and employ propensity score matching to mitigate self-selection bias. Our estimates reveal that certified green tea producers are able to obtain a higher average selling price and sales value. In addition, although certification leads to a dramatic increase in the costs of hired labor, net farm income is still significantly improved.

Cost Simulation for Febrile Neutropenia Hospitalization in the US Due to Pegfilgrastim on-Body Injector Failure Compared to Single-Injection Pegfilgrastim and Daily Injections with Reference and Biosimilar Filgrastim in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Introduction: Failure rates ranging from 1.7-3.8% of the pegfilgrastim on-body injector (PEG-OBI) device have been reported (Joshi, Curr Med Res Opin 2017; Stuessy, J Clin Onc 2017; Mahler, Clin J Onc Nurs 2017). Failures may increase the risk of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia (FN) and FN-related hospitalizations (FN-HOSP) beyond the FN and FN-HOSP rates for prophylaxis with single-injection pegfilgrastim (PEG) or daily injections of reference (REF-FIL) or Sandoz filgrastim biosimilar (BIOSIM-FIL). We aimed to estimate for a US panel of 10,000 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) the total incremental costs of PEG-OBI prophylaxis and incremental FN-HOSP costs at different PEG-OBI failure rates versus (vs) assured prophylaxis administration with PEG, REF-FIL, or BIOSIM-FIL.Methods: Simulation analysis from a US payer perspective of the total incremental prophylaxis costs associated with PEG-OBI failure rates of 1-5% compared to assured prophylaxis administration with PEG, REF-FIL, and BIOSIM-FIL in chemotherapy cycle 1 for a panel of 10,000 NHL patients. Filgrastim daily injection regimens included real-world durations of 5 (Gascón, Support Care Cancer 2016) and 6.5 days (Weycker, Ann Pharmacother 2006) and standard 11 days, all clinician-administered. Differential base rates of FN-HOSP (rate of FN-HOSP without colony-stimulating factor [CSF] minus rate with CSF) in NHL patients was computed for two chemotherapy regimens: 1) cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP) (Chrischilles, Cancer Control 2002; 13.25% with CSF, 23.28% without), and 2) CHOP or cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone, vincristine and prednisone (CNOP) (Osby, Blood 2003; 33.0% with CSF, 50.0% without). Costs (US$) were based on 1Q2018 average selling price for drugs and 2018 Current Procedural Terminology reimbursement for administration. FN-HOSP costs in 2012 of $25,676 per episode for NHL patients (Tai, J Oncol Pract 2017) were adjusted per the Consumer Price Index for Medical Care to $29,938.63 for 2018.Results: Table 1 (Chrischilles; CHOP) and Table 2 (Osby; CHOP/CNOP) present, for PEG-OBI failures rates of 0.01-0.05, the incremental number of patients at risk for FN-HOSP and associated incremental costs; and total incremental costs of PEG-OBI prophylaxis over the costs of assured prophylaxis administration with other CSFs in CTX cycle 1 for a panel of 10,000 NHL patients. Except for one scenario (savings of $72,916 at 0.1 failure rate due to the lower PEG-OBI administration costs), all scenarios showed incremental costs associated with PEG-OBI prophylaxis and failures of the PEG-OBI device (Tables 1 and 2). Per Chrischilles rates, in a panel of 10,000 NHL patients, incremental FN-HOSP costs due to PEG-OBI device failure ranged from $300,284 (at 0.01 failure rate) to $1,501,422 (at 0.05 failure rate). Total incremental costs of PEG-OBI over PEG ranged from $227,369 to $1,128,222. Total incremental costs of PEG-OBI over REF-FIL ranged from $6,794,984 to $28,859,922; and over BIOSIM-FIL from $19,004,984 to $34,409,922. Per the Osby rates, in a panel of 10,000 NHL patients, incremental FN-HOSP costs due to PEG-OBI device failure ranged from $508,957 to $2,544,784. Total incremental costs of PEG-OBI over PEG ranged from $135,757 to $2,171,584; over REF-FIL from $7,003,657 to $29,903,284; and over BIOSIM-FIL from $19,213,657 to $35,453,284.Conclusions: In this simulation of NHL patients treated with CHOP or CNOP, the total incremental costs of PEG-OBI prophylaxis vs assured prophylaxis administration with other CSFs vary as a function of PEG-OBI failure rates, baseline and failure-associated FN-HOSP risk, and the alternative CSF prophylaxis option. Incremental costs of PEG-OBI prophylaxis and failure are lowest vs PEG and highest vs BIOSIM-FIL at real-world duration of 5 days. [Display omitted] DisclosuresKrendyukov:Sandoz: Employment. Mathieson:Sandoz: Employment. Campbell:Sandoz Inc.: Employment. Balu:Sandoz Inc.: Employment. MacDonald:Sandoz: Consultancy. Abraham:Sandoz: Consultancy.

Pre‐Play Learning and the Preference Reversal Phenomenon

Elicited preference rankings for two lotteries are typically inconsistent across choice and pricing tasks. We test whether pre‐play learning makes preference rankings consistent. Pre‐play learning denotes ex‐ante lottery learning, where subjects observe playing lotteries before making decisions. We find that pre‐play learning makes the average selling prices for the p‐bet, of subjects who choose the p‐bet, higher than their average selling prices for the $‐bet. However, pre‐play learning is not strong enough to equalize the rates of standard and non‐standard reversals, although pre‐play learning reduces the rate of standard reversals.

Analisis Finansial Pengembangan Industri Sagu Melalui UMKM di Distrik Tomu Kabupaten Teluk Bintuni

Tomu District's economy in general still adheres to the traditional system. Economic development efforts in Tomu District from traditional to modern system can be started by developing a home industri. One resource that can be utilized to develop the home industri in Tomu District is sago. Sago forest area in this district is wide enough, that is 51,804 ha. The purpose of this research is to figure out the market opportunity and financial feasibility of the sago industri development through UMKM in Tomu District. Based on the analysis, the projection of wet sago production of home industri in Tomu District is 320 Kg/trunk. The industri is expected to process 1 trunk of sago in a full day operation. In average, the industry can process approximately 20 trunks of sago per month. With the average selling price in Bintuni Regency is Rp. 15.000/Kg wet sago, then the average income earned in one production process is projected to reach Rp 39.474.417. The projection results of B/C ratio, NPV and IRR indicated that sago processing industry in Tomu District was financially feasible. It is then expected that the development of sago home industry in Tomu District can be operated in accordance with the projected price.

Get smart: why biometric cards will reshape the payments industry

Payment card vendors are hoping that biometric-based cards will provide an innovative platform for them to differentiate themselves from low-cost competitors. They aim to use biometric-based cards as a higher-value proposition, creating a new revenue opportunity in a sector where average selling prices (ASPs) continue to be challenged and revenue margins continue to fall.

ANALISIS SISTEM PEMASARAN SAPI POTONG

In the context of national development, West Nusa Tenggara Province has been prioritized as one of the areas / regions of beef cattle and once as a beef cattle purification area that is expected to be a provider / stock of national beef cattle in a sustainable manner while maintaining its sustainability, especially Bali cattle (Livestock Service NTB Province, 2011). Cows are the most efficient commodity in converting animal feed into animal protein. Cattle breeders in Nusa Tenggara Province are generally family businesses in small-scale rural areas, while large-scale businesses are still very limited and generally are a newly grown dairy business. The composition of cattle farmers is estimated to consist of 80% of small farmers with less than four cows, 17% of farmers with 4-7-tailed cattle ownership and 3% of farmers with ownership of 7 cows. The average selling price of beef cattle at the producer level is Rp 16,435.05 / kg live weight, Rp 16,539.34 / kg live weight and Rp 17,066.51 / kg live weight. The selling price of beef cattle at the level of recipient traders is Rp 16,952.73 / kg live weight, Rp 17,288.57 / kg live weight and Rp 18,208.29 / kg live weight. The average selling price of beef cattle at the cutter / retailer level is Rp. 17,529.57 / kg live weight, Rp. 18,344.06 / kg live weight and Rp. 20,125.75 / kg live weight. The average selling price of beef cattle at the retailer level is Rp. 17,557.55 / kg of live weight. The selling price of beef cattle at the agent level is Rp. 17,804.85 / kg of live weight. The selling price of beef cattle at the trader level is Rp. 20,125.75 / kg of live weight. Based on these price differences, the total marketing margins on average in each marketing channel are Rp 1,135.41 / kg live weight, Rp 2,154.74 / kg live weight and Rp 2,828.94 / kg live weight, respectively.

ANALISIS SISTEM PEMASARAN SAPI POTONG

In the context of national development, West Nusa Tenggara Province has been prioritized as one of the areas / regions of beef cattle and once as a beef cattle purification area that is expected to be a provider / stock of national beef cattle in a sustainable manner while maintaining its sustainability, especially Bali cattle (Livestock Service NTB Province, 2011). Cows are the most efficient commodity in converting animal feed into animal protein. Cattle breeders in Nusa Tenggara Province are generally family businesses in small-scale rural areas, while large-scale businesses are still very limited and generally are a newly grown dairy business. The composition of cattle farmers is estimated to consist of 80% of small farmers with less than four cows, 17% of farmers with 4-7-tailed cattle ownership and 3% of farmers with ownership of 7 cows. The average selling price of beef cattle at the producer level is Rp 16,435.05 / kg live weight, Rp 16,539.34 / kg live weight and Rp 17,066.51 / kg live weight. The selling price of beef cattle at the level of recipient traders is Rp 16,952.73 / kg live weight, Rp 17,288.57 / kg live weight and Rp 18,208.29 / kg live weight. The average selling price of beef cattle at the cutter / retailer level is Rp. 17,529.57 / kg live weight, Rp. 18,344.06 / kg live weight and Rp. 20,125.75 / kg live weight. The average selling price of beef cattle at the retailer level is Rp. 17,557.55 / kg of live weight. The selling price of beef cattle at the agent level is Rp. 17,804.85 / kg of live weight. The selling price of beef cattle at the trader level is Rp. 20,125.75 / kg of live weight. Based on these price differences, the total marketing margins on average in each marketing channel are Rp 1,135.41 / kg live weight, Rp 2,154.74 / kg live weight and Rp 2,828.94 / kg live weight, respectively.

Ghost City Extraction and Rate Estimation in China Based on NPP-VIIRS Night-Time Light Data

The ghost city phenomenon is a serious problem resulting from the rapid urbanization process in China. Estimation of the ghost city rate (GCR) can provide information about vacant dwellings. This paper developed a methodology to quantitatively evaluate GCR values at the national scale using multi-resource remote sensing data. The Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership–Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer (NPP-VIIRS) night-time light data and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) land cover data were used in the evaluation of the GCR values in China. The average ghost city rate (AGCR) was 35.1% in China in 2013. Shanghai had the smallest AGCR of 21.7%, while Jilin has the largest AGCR of 47.27%. There is a significant negative correlation between both the provincial AGCR and the per capita disposable income of urban households (R = −0.659, p &lt; 0.01) and the average selling prices of commercial buildings (R = −0.637, p &lt; 0.01). In total, 31 ghost cities are mainly concentrated in the economically underdeveloped inland provinces. Ghost city areas are mainly located on the edge of urban built-up areas, and the spatial pattern of ghost city areas changed in different regions. This approach combines statistical data with the distribution of vacant urban areas, which is an effective method to capture ghost city information.

Dairy activity in family farming in Minas Gerais, Brazil: production costs and cost-effectiveness analysis

The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the cost-effectiveness of three family dairy farms, located in the municipality of Limeira do Oeste, MG, Brazil, as well as to identify the break-even points and the factors that most influenced the final costs, and their impacts on each property. The analyzed data comprised the period from May 2015 to May 2016 and were collected using forms developed by EMATER-MG (Technical Assistance and Rural Extension Company of the State of Minas Gerais) and MDA (Ministry of Agrarian Development). Gross and net margins as well as results (profit or loss) were considered as cost-effectiveness indices. It was realized that the dairy activity in the properties studied exhibited low efficiency in the use of inputs, implying idle productive capacity, an increase in the proportion of fixed costs in the composition of total costs, and low productivity per animal per unit area. Therefore, diary activity was highly dependent on the sale of animals in order to afford and present positive results. Among the components of the effective operating cost, feeding is the most representative (averaging 63.09%), in the three studied properties, being the tax rates considered as fixed (9.41%) and miscellaneous expenses (9.49%) also expressive. The properties showed high fixed costs and break-even points; in one property, these could not be determined as the unit variable cost was higher than the average selling price in the market. In the economic analysis, the three systems showed positive net margins and results, indicative of production viability in the long term.

PCN53 - Economic Impact of Laparoscopic Vs Open Low Anterior Resection for Rectal Cancer Surgery: A Budget Impact Analysis

Laparoscopic colorectal surgery has become a well-established treatment option for malignant colorectal disease. Despite the demonstrated clinical advantages, it remains underpenetrated; less than 50% of patients receive minimally invasive procedures. The study objective was to assess the economic and clinical impact of laparoscopy in comparison with an open procedure in low anterior resection (LAR) for rectal cancer surgery. A budget impact model was developed from a hospital perspective. Inpatient costs included device, operating room (OR), hospital stay (LOS) and treatment costs for major complications (anastomotic leak, surgical site infection (SSI) and bleeding). Peer-reviewed literature was leveraged to inform procedural costs for hourly OR cost and daily cost of LOS. Incremental costs of complications and frequencies of major complications were estimated from Ethicon’s internal data. Quantities of the devices used in both procedures were based on the literature as well as expert opinion, while unit costs of devices were based on average selling price in 2015 USD. Converted cases from laparoscopic to open (15%) were considered as part of model specifications. The cost estimate for converted cases was reported under laparoscopic surgery. Per procedure, the estimated cost saving of laparoscopy was $1,041 compared to open surgery. Although open surgery incurred lower device and OR costs, laparoscopic surgery demonstrated cost saving on hospital stay and treatment for complications, fully offsetting the upfront device costs of laparoscopic approach. Laparoscopic surgery was associated with reduction of major complication rates (costs): 30.6% ($783) less anastomotic leak, 30.1% ($1,140) less SSI, and 26.5% ($1,013) less bleeding. Despite longer (11.6%) operating times, laparoscopic surgery showed a 19.0% shorter LOS compared with open surgery. In LAR for rectal cancer surgery adoption of laparoscopic approach may help to reduce the cost of surgery for hospitals in addition to providing inherent clinical and patient benefits.

Profile analysis of biodiesel producers in Brazil during 2005–2015

ABSTRACTPetroleum-derived fuels such as diesel, natural gas and coal have been the main sources of energy for the global energy matrix. Due to this, there is a necessity to implement new technologies to increase biofuel production from renewable sources, such as the use of soybean oil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the profile of the companies that were established to produce B100 biodiesel in Brazil from 2005 to 2015. The research was developed using data from scientific articles, master's dissertations and PhD theses, statistical yearbooks, laws and decrees in force. It also used data collections published by the government agencies and representative entities from the biodiesel sector for the elaboration of a correlation matrix for average prices of biodiesel, diesel oil and soybean oil. The average B100 biodiesel prices between 2011 and 2015 have been lower than the average selling prices from soybean oil. Currently, the biodiesel unit comprises 71.14% large production units, 20.31% medium production units and 8.55% small production units of B100 biodiesel. The participation of transnational companies in the biodiesel market is responsible for a significant portion of the installed production capacity in Brazil.

Analisis Pendapatan Petani Nanas di Desa Tanjung Atap Kecamatan Tanjung Batu Kabupaten Ogan Ilir Analysis of Revenue of Pineapple Farmers in Tanjung Atap Village, Tanjung Batu District, Ogan Ilir Regency

The purpose of this research are: (1) Calculate production cost and acceptance of pineapple farmer in Tanjung Atap Village, Tanjung Batu District, Ogan Ilir Regency. (2) Calculating the income of pineapple farmers who have narrow land and large area in Tanjung Atap Village, Tanjung Batu District, Ogan Ilir Regency. Data collected in this research are primary data and secondary data. Primary data obtained directly in the field by way of direct survey and field interviews with sample farmers using a list of questions that have been prepared. Secondary data are obtained from various institutions and agencies related to this research and the literature relating to this research. Sampling in Tanjung Atap Village, Tanjung Batu District, Ogan Ilir Regency is Simple Random Sampling. Data obtained from the field survey results will be collected and processed systematically and will be analyzed in a desktiptive manner.The average pineapple fruit production per year is 1,8640 with the average selling price is Rp 1,555.24 in 3 (three) times the planting period per fruit so that the average revenue earned during one year is Rp. 29,422,142,86 per year. With an average variable cost and a flat fee of Rp. 11,631,571,43 and Rp. 73,764,28 so that farmers get net income from farming of Rp. 17.716.807,58.

Empirical Testing of Influencing Factors of China’s Housing Prices - Evidence From Provincial Panel Data

This paper empirically tests influencing factors of China’s housing prices utilizing provincial panel data. Empirical results find that unemployment rate, aging rate, and elderly dependency ratio have a negative relation with average selling price. Completed real estate area, year-end population, population growth rate, GDP, and disposable income of urban residents are positively related with average selling price. This paper divides China into East, West, and Centre. Influencing factors of housing prices are tested in three regions, respectively. Among all influencing factors, completed real estate area, elderly dependency ratio, and year-end population have significant impact on housing prices in the East, while have little impact on housing prices in the Center and the West.

An estimate of the average cumulative royalty yield in the world mobile phone industry: Theory, measurement and results

An influential literature argues that dispersed patent ownership may lead to royalty stacking and excessive running royalties, thus increasing the long-run marginal cost of manufacturing phones and their prices. One set of estimates claims that the royalty stack is on the order of 20–40 percent of the value of the average phone. In order to assess this claim, we estimate the average cumulative royalty yield—the sum total of patent royalty payments earned by licensors, divided by the total value of mobile phones shipped— in the world mobile phone industry between 2007 and 2016.We “follow the money” and identify, with varying accuracy, 39 potential licensors in the smartphone value chain. We find that, of these, only 29 charged royalties in 2016, running from a low of $1.6 million to a high of $7.7 billion, summing to $14.2 billion in total, which compares with $425.1 billion in mobile phone sales. The average cumulative royalty yield in 2016 was 3.3 percent or $7.20 per phone. If we restrict this only to smartphones, the result would be $9.60 per phone, roughly 3.4 percent of the average selling price. A sensitivity analysis shows that even under a very restrictive set of assumptions, the average cumulative royalty yield on a smartphone would not exceed 5.6 percent.

Abstract P4-12-07: Cost-minimization of chemotherapy-induced (febrile) neutropenia prophylaxis with biosimilar ZARXIO® over NEUPOGEN®, NEULASTA®, and NEULASTA/ONPRO®: Breast cancer case study

Abstract RATIONALE &amp; OBJECTIVES: Biosimilar filgrastim may offer significant cost advantages over originator filgrastim and pegfilgrastim. The objectives were (1) to evaluate for the US the comparative cost-minimization of chemotherapy-induced (febrile) neutropenia (CIN/FN) prophylaxis with biosimilar filgrastim ZARZIO® over originator filgrastim NEUPOGEN®, and originator pegfilgrastim NEULASTA® and NEULASTA/ONPRO® injection device with the health-care provider (HP) providing full administration, using 3Q2016 average selling price (ASP); and (2) to apply the different savings estimates to a breast cancer case study. METHODS: Cost-minimization analysis of [1] acquisition costs for one patient for one chemotherapy cycle for 1 to 14 days (d) using per unit dose, and [2] administration costs using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. We calculated [1] the general cost of prophylaxis for one cycle with each agent, with standard filgrastim administrations ranging from 1-14 days and pegfilgrastim limited to single administration; and [2] the cost-savings that could be accrued from 1-14d prophylaxis with ZARXIO® over the three originator options. The case study concerns a 43 y/o Caucasian female, newly diagnosed with stage 2 HER2-negative breast cancer being started on TAC (FN risk &amp;gt;20%); unremarkable medical history; no comorbidities; with primary prophylaxis initiated in cycle 1 and continued through 6 cycles per local protocol (single NEULASTA® or NEULASTA/ONPRO® or 11d NEUPOGEN® or ZARXIO®). RESULTS: Using ASP+CPT, prophylaxis cost per dose (rounded) was $260 for ZARXIO®, $326 for NEUPOGEN®, $3,926 for NEULASTA®; $3,910 for NEULASTA®. In general, cost-savings per cycle from ZARXIO® over NEUPOGEN® ranged from $65 (1d) to $916 (14d); over Neulasta®, from $3,666 (1d) to $284 (14d); and over NEULASTA/ONPRO®, from $3,649 (1d) to $267 (14d). In the breast cancer case study, cost of prophylaxis per one cycle was $2,862 for ZARXIO® (11d), $3,582 for NEUPOGEN® (11d) vs. $3926 for NEULASTA® and $3910 for NEULASTA/ONPRO® single-injection. Cost-savings per cycle from ZARXIO® use were $719 vs. NEUPOGEN®, $1,064 vs. NEULASTA®, and $1,047 vs. NEULASTA/ONPRO®. Total savings from ZARXIO® use over all 6 TAC cycles were $4,316 vs. NEUPOGEN®, $6,385 vs. NEULASTA®, and $6,284 vs. NEULASTA/ONPRO®. CONCLUSIONS: In general, CIN/FN prophylaxis with ZARXIO® for 1-14d generates significant cost savings over NEUPOGEN®, NEULASTA® and NEULASTA/ONPRO generating significant cost-savings. In the case study of the 43 y/o HER-negative breast cancer patient treated with TAC and prescribed 6 cycles of primary prophylaxis with 11d standard or single-administration pegfilgrastim, savings reached as high as $6,385 for the full course of chemotherapy. Given the trial evidence of non-inferiority of pegfilgrastim over filgrastim, the clinical trend for &amp;lt;14d of filgrastim prophylaxis, and payer trends to authorize filgrastim vs. pegfilgrastim prophylaxis, using biosimilar Zarxio® is rational from both a economic perspective; as illustrated also in the breast cancer case study. Citation Format: McBride A, Campbell K, Bikkina M, MacDonald K, Abraham I, Balu S. Cost-minimization of chemotherapy-induced (febrile) neutropenia prophylaxis with biosimilar ZARXIO® over NEUPOGEN®, NEULASTA®, and NEULASTA/ONPRO®: Breast cancer case study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-12-07.