Average Selling Price Research Articles

Income Analysis and Break-Even Point of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) Business: A Case Study of the Lubuk Makmur and Tani Makmur Farmer Groups in Mugirejo Village, Samarinda City, Indonesia

Horticulture is a field that has great potential to be developed in the agricultural sector, because it has advantages that are much higher than other commodities, such as high economic value and significant added value. The prospects for farming in Samarinda City have good prospects and most vegetable farmers rely on income from mustard farming. The research aims to analyze production costs and receipts as well as income from mustard greens farming in Mugirejo Village, Sungai Pinang District, Samarinda City. This research was conducted for four months starting from March 2024 to June 2024. The research was conducted at the Lubuk Makmur and Tani Makmur Farmers Groups, Mugirejo Village, Sungai Pinang District, Samarinda City. The method used in sampling was purposive sampling with a sample size of 22 respondents. The data analysis method used was an analysis of production costs, revenues, income, and BEP. The results of this study indicate that the duration of mustard cultivation from land preparation to harvesting in one mustard planting season is 40 days, with a planting area of ​​0.755 m2 or 0.034 ha, farmers spend production costs to run mustard farming activities of IDR 1.269.916,63 respondents-1 planting season-1 or IDR 40.976.680,00 respondents-1 planting season-1 ha-1. The average income received by mustard farmers is IDR2.642,471.59 respondents-1 planting season-1 or IDR 85.419.034,09 respondents-1 planting season-1 ha-1. The average income received by farmers in running mustard farming in the research area is IDR1.372.554,96 respondents-1 planting season-1 or IDR39.994.979,00 respondents-1 planting season-1 ha-1. The BEP selling price and BEP production volume of mustard farming in Mugirejo Village are respectively IDR8,696.39 kg-1 and 81.20 kg-1. The BEP value is smaller than the average selling price and production values, so it can be concluded that mustard farming is profitable.

Resources, energy consumption and economic analysis for flame synthesis of ternary cathode materials

Cathode materials account for around one third of the manufacturing cost of lithium-ion battery, which are the major factor preventing the wider applications of power battery packs. Flame synthesis (FS) is a new manufacturing technology of nanostructured materials with few equipment and high efficiency, which potentially can substantially bring down the manufacturing cost of cathode materials. The primary objective of the present study was to quantitatively evaluate the resources, energy consumption and economic feasibility of large-scale production of cathode materials though FS. In the analysis process, the mass flow of reactants and resultants as well as the minimum cathode material selling price (MCSP) of ternary cathode material LiNixCoyMn(1-x-y)O2 (x + y + z = 1) produced by FS were calculated, and compared with that of the conventional hydroxide co-precipitation method. Results show that the production of ternary cathode material through FS can reduce CO2 emissions by ∼60% and water consumption by ∼30%. MCSP of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523), LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622), and LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) produced by FS are 224.8 k¥/t, 235.1 k¥/t, 240.0 k¥/t, which respectively are about 2%, 10% and 14% lower than the average selling prices in Chinese market, indicating that FS is economically feasible for producing ternary cathode materials. Particularly, for the production of high-nickel cathode materials, FS has notable potential in simplifying the production process and manufacturing costs. Sensitivity analysis of NCM811 produced by FS shows that when raw material price, fuel and power costs are reduced by 25%, MCSP can be as low as 186.4 k¥/t. When the metal cation concentration of the solution increases to 3.2 mol/L, it enables FS to meet the most rigorous energy consumption limitation standards in China. When the lithium excess is reduced from 10% to 5%, MCSP of NCM811 can be further reduced by 5.6 k¥/t, indicating that lithium loss due to high temperatures in FS is a moderate factor for reducing the manufacturing cost. Finally, this work presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) of NCM materials produced by FS in China. Comparison to the global warming potential (GWP) of the co-precipitation method in the literature indicated that GWP of FS is lower.

Study on the Factors Affecting Housing Prices in Chengdu

Based on the background of the sluggish real estate market in recent years, this paper organizes the relevant data on the average selling price of commercial housing in Chengdu from 2002 to 2022 and studies the factors affecting housing prices. It also collects data such as per capita GDP, housing completion area, and real estate development investment in Chengdu from 2002 to 2022, and constructs the STIRPAT model for multiple linear regression. After a series of model tests and empirical analysis, it is concluded that both per capita GDP and real estate development investment have a positive effect on Chengdu housing prices, while the housing completion area is negatively correlated with Chengdu housing prices. Based on the research results, this paper summarizes the conclusions and puts forward suggestions for the Chengdu Municipal Government and real estate developers.

Countermeasures to promote sustainable construction and coordinated development of healthy cities: a case study of Dandong City

In order to promote sustainable construction and coordinated development of healthy cities in small and medium-sized cities, as well as to improve people's happiness, this paper takes the border city of Dandong as an example. It constructs 5 primary indexes and 28 secondary indexes, including healthy environment, healthy culture, health service, healthy society, and healthy tourism real estate. Among them, the index for healthy tourism real estate includes five secondary indicators: tourism income, number of tourists, real estate transaction volume, average selling price of commercial housing, and renovation of old residential areas. This paper analyzes the overall goal of healthy city construction in Dandong using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The relative priorities of the five first-level indicators considered are: healthy environment; healthy society; health service; healthy tourism real estate; and healthy culture. This indicates that a focus on creating a healthy environment is more important in evaluating a city's health. According to data analysis, Dandong has met national standards for creating a healthy environment and promoting a vibrant cultural scene. In addition to this achievement, the number of practicing (assistant) doctors per 1000 people in health services reached national standards in 2018, and people's living standards have gradually improved. Combining the advantages of local tourist destinations with the promotion of healthy development in the tourist industry, and balanced growth in real estate development as contributed to the creation of a positive social environment conducive to good health.

Returns to solar panels in the housing market: A meta learner approach

This paper aims to estimate the returns to solar panels in the UK residential housing market. Our analysis applies a causal machine learning approach to Zoopla property data containing about 5 million observations. Drawing on meta-learner algorithms, we provide strong evidence documenting that solar panels are directly capitalized into sale prices. Our results point to a selling price premium above 6% (range between 6.1% to 7.1% depending on the meta-learner) associated with solar panels. Considering that the average selling price is £230,536 in our sample, this corresponds to an additional £14,062 to £16,368 selling price premium for houses with solar panels. Our results are robust to traditional hedonic pricing models and matching techniques, with the lowest estimates at 3.5% using the latter. Despite the declining trend, the additional analyses demonstrate that the positive premium associated with solar panels persists over the years.

Analisis Pendapatan Petani Jagung yang Ditinjau dari Modal dan Harga Jual: Studi pada Petani Jagung di Desa Tudi Kecamatan Monano

In Indonesia, corn is a food ingredient that can contribute to the development of the agricultural sector. Development of the agricultural sector is synonymous with efforts to increase community income and welfare. There are various factors that can influence farming income such as capital, selling price, production, land area, and labor. The aim of this research is to determine the income of corn farmers in terms of capital and selling price. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method using primary data obtained through observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this research show that the average level of income of farmers in terms of selling prices produces income for one harvest which is quite high because the average selling price received during the last harvest by farmers was IDR 4,800/kg. This is also a high selling price. will produce a large income, while the farmer's income level in terms of capital to produce one harvest is quite low due to the varying differences in capital expenditure. This can occur because the purchase price of tools, materials and wage costs incurred by each informant is different, this causes large the small amount of capital spent will affect the level of income generated.

Optimized Nutritional Intakes of Fishers’ Children in Coastal Communities in Mabini, Davao de Oro, Philippines

In the Philippines, the fishers’ children are one of the groups with the highest prevalence of malnutrition. Mabini in Davao De Oro is among the municipalities affected by the high incidence of nutrition inadequacies. The study assessed the dietary intakes of fishers’ school-aged children during three seasons: Northeast Monsoon (NEM), summer, and Southwest Monsoon (SWM). A stratified random sampling was used to obtain the 112 fishing household data, and the three-day diet recall approach was utilized in gathering nutrition information of 178 fishers’ children during the 2017–2018 period. From the Kruskal Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post-hoc test, results showed that the total catch per week, income per week, and the average selling price of fish during the three seasons were significantly different with catch and income levels higher during the NEM followed by SWM and summer. Moreover, the results from the linear programming show that the average nutrient intakes of the children were found to be inadequate compared to the recommended energy and nutrient intakes. This result is more noticeable during the summer season when there are low catch and income levels. The results from the optimal diet plan suggest that the recommended nutrient intakes can be attained by increasing the consumption of locally available fish resources and decreasing the consumption of processed foods. Finally, local interventions such as food fortification, school-based feeding programs, and diet supplementation can increase the nutrient adequacy of children in coastal communities.

Optimized Nutritional Intakes of Fishers’ Children in Coastal Communities in Mabini, Davao de Oro, Philippines

In the Philippines, the fishers’ children are one of the groups with the highest prevalence of malnutrition. Mabini in Davao De Oro is among the municipalities affected by the high incidence of nutrition inadequacies. The study assessed the dietary intakes of fishers’ school-aged children during three seasons: Northeast Monsoon (NEM), summer, and Southwest Monsoon (SWM). A stratified random sampling was used to obtain the 112 fishing household data, and the three-day diet recall approach was utilized in gathering nutrition information of 178 fishers’ children during the 2017–2018 period. From the Kruskal Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post-hoc test, results showed that the total catch per week, income per week, and the average selling price of fish during the three seasons were significantly different with catch and income levels higher during the NEM followed by SWM and summer. Moreover, the results from the linear programming show that the average nutrient intakes of the children were found to be inadequate compared to the recommended energy and nutrient intakes. This result is more noticeable during the summer season when there are low catch and income levels. The results from the optimal diet plan suggest that the recommended nutrient intakes can be attained by increasing the consumption of locally available fish resources and decreasing the consumption of processed foods. Finally, local interventions such as food fortification, school-based feeding programs, and diet supplementation can increase the nutrient adequacy of children in coastal communities.

Impact of contract farming on green technological efficiency of farmers: a comparative study of two contract organizational models

IntroductionEngaging in contract farming represents a crucial avenue for developing countries to integrate small farmers into modern agricultural practices. Existing research believes that contract farming offers a promising opportunity for fostering sustainable agricultural development. However, insufficient attention has been directed toward investigating the varying impacts of different organizational models within contract farming on farmers' transition to green production practices.MethodsThis study investigates the impact of contract farming on green technological efficiency of farmers using survey data from 719 wheat growers in Shandong Province, China. The propensity score matching method and multiple mediation effects models are employed for empirical analysis.ResultsThe organizational model plays a pivotal role in determining whether participation in contract farming can improve the green technological efficiency of farmers. Participation in an integrated model demonstrates a significant effect on improving green technological efficiency, whereas participation in a quasi-integrated model does not show a significant improvement. Integrated contract farming can improve green technological efficiency through expanding the degree of land consolidation and enhancing the level of productive service, whereas quasi-integrated contract farming improves green technological efficiency only by enhancing production intensification. As an economic incentive measure, the effect of contract purchase price on strengthening the enhancement of green technological efficiency in the quasi-integrated model is moderate only when the contract purchase price exceeds the local average selling price of wheat by more than 19.3%. Conversely, the moderate effect of farmers' dividend income in the integrated model remains consistent, with higher dividend incomes correlating with a stronger moderating effect.DiscussionThe impact of contract farming on green technology efficiency correlates significantly with the organizational model. Compared with the quasi-integrated contract farming model, the integrated model distinctly excels in advancing farmers' green technology efficiency, evidenced by its ability to consolidate fragmented land, provide productive services, and offer economic incentives. Therefore, to unlock the latent potential of contract farming in driving agricultural green transformation, a shift toward organizational models with higher levels of integration is essential.

Operational decisions of public firms and feedback mechanism from stock market

We investigate the operational strategy of a public firm under feedback effect. We find that the manager who learns useful information from stock market will expand firm production in average. But the average selling price can remain unchanged, leading to the improved firm profitability due to managerial learning.

Research on superstore vegetable replenishment decision-making based on time series and PSO particle swarm algorithm

Because vegetables are easy to wear and tear and not easy to store, supermarkets will replenish vegetables every day. In order to make reasonable replenishment and pricing decisions, this paper firstly correlates the total sales data with other data, and finds that the total sales data is negatively correlated with the average purchase price and average selling price, and positively correlated with the number of discounts, and then adopts the Feedforward Neural Network model, the Evenberg-Marquardt training algorithm, and the time series analysis prediction to predict the total daily replenishment and pricing policy of each vegetable in the coming week. Marquardt training algorithm, time series analysis and forecasting, predicting the total daily replenishment and pricing strategy of each vegetable in the coming week, and at the same time, adopting the method of dynamic planning, through the use of particle swarm algorithm of PSO to solve the total replenishment of each category and pricing strategy, and then iterated to get the total daily replenishment of each category of commodities and pricing strategy in the coming week.

Analysis of the Emerging Market for Poultry By-Products in Ghana

<p>The paper examined the emerging poultry by-products market, delving into the nature, revenue generation, influencing factors, and constraints of the market, using data from poultry farmers, aggregators, and cattle farmers. The paper described the nature of the market using descriptive statistics and a flow chart, estimated its contribution to poultry revenue, and examined the factors influencing the proportion of revenue contributed using a Tobit model. Kendall’s coefficient of concordance was used to measure the level of agreement among the poultry farmers in ranking identified constraints. The poultry by-product market is currently characterized by only poultry droppings trading, with Côte d’Ivoire as the largest user (76% of the consumption) in cross-border informal trade and an average selling price of 8.39 USD per metric ton. The emerging market for the by-products can be described as seasonal. Annual revenue per poultry farmer for poultry droppings is 1,072.26 USD. Management type, production scale, and membership of poultry farmers’ association influenced the proportion of revenue contributed from poultry droppings. The emerging poultry droppings market provided an opportunity for small-scale farms to earn additional income and organic manure to support sustainable farming. The key constraints among the poultry farmers participating in the by-products market were low prices and a lack of processing and storage facilities. The study recommended that agriculture sector development agencies should support the development of value chains for poultry droppings and other poultry by-products to help expand the market for sustainable agriculture production under the circular economy framework.</p>

The Contribution of Gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) Income to Farmers’ Households Income in Pesisir Selatan District

Gambier productivity in Pesisir Selatan District is low, affecting gambier farmers' household income. Furthermore, the price of gambier fluctuates, especially between 2019 and 2022. This study aims to describe gambier cultivation carried out by farmers in Pesisir Selatan and analyze the contribution of gambier income to farmers' household income in Pesisir Selatan. This descriptive study used the survey approach on two districts of gambier-producing centers in Pesisir Selatan, namely Koto XI Tarusan and Sutera Sub-district. The sample size is sixty farmers, who were chosen using a purposive sampling strategy based on the criteria of farmers who have harvested their gambier. The data gathered include gambier farming activities, markets, production, revenue, costs, gambier income, and household income. The findings revealed that weeding and pest spraying were done three times each year on average. Farmers fertilize their crops between two and four times every year. Harvesting was also done 2-4 times a year. Gambier production averaged 899.83 kg each period, or 2,384.56 kg per year. The gambler's average selling price was Rp. 41,250, -/kg. The average gambier revenue each year was Rp 98,363,031.25, -. The annual income from the gambier business was Rp. 21,656,558.34, - or Rp. 1,804,713.19, - per month. Farmers' total annual revenue was Rp. 59,911,051.33, - or Rp. 4,992,587.61, - per month. Gambier contributed 36% of the total household income in Pesisir Selatan. Gambier farmers in Pesisir Selatan do not just grow gambier for a living. Rice farming and oil palm plantations provide additional household income.

Economic Profitability of Carbon Sequestration of Fine-Aroma Cacao Agroforestry Systems in Amazonas, Peru

Currently, the economic profitability of cocoa is being affected by the increasing incidence of pests, low selling prices, high production costs, and the presence of cadmium in cocoa farms, posing a potential risk of crop abandonment. Therefore, the objective of the present research was to evaluate the economic profitability of carbon sequestration of fine-aroma cacao agroforestry systems in Amazonas, Peru, using the economic indicators of NPV, EIRR, and the benefit–cost ratio. For this purpose, 53 small cocoa producers of the APROCAM cooperative were involved, from which data were obtained on the general characteristics of the production system, production and maintenance costs, indirect costs, and administrative costs; in addition, the costs of implementation and maintenance of an environmental services project were calculated to finally make a cash flow projected over 5 years. As part of the results, the economic analysis was carried out on 104.25 hectares of cocoa belonging to the total number of farmers evaluated, who reported an average yield of 957.32 kg of dry cocoa per he. In addition, it was found that the production cost is PEN 3.91/kg of dry cocoa, and the average selling price is PEN 7.38/kg of dry cocoa. After the economic analysis, it was found that the implementation of an environmental services project is profitable (NPV = PEN 1,454,547.8; EIRR = 44% and B/C = 1.86). These results open up an opportunity for cocoa farmers to diversify and increase their income by contributing to climate change mitigation.

Analysis of Migratory Catfish Production from Artisanal Fishing in the Middle Madeira Sub-Basin Using New Monitoring Methods, Southwestern Amazon

Studies on the production of Pimelodidae catfish in the Amazon are generally carried out in large fishing centers. However, the data referring to small-scale fisheries have gaps that can represent a risk to the activity. This study evaluated the volume produced and the revenue obtained from migratory catfish of the Pimelodidae family of commercial interest landed in Humaitá, Amazonas, Brazil, from May 2018 to April 2019. Daily monitoring was carried out with the Z-31 Fishermen’s Colony through questionnaires to fishermen for each vessel docked. The total production was 6013.93 kg, with 1,689 fish counted and 13 species. A total of 186 landings by 122 fishermen in 24 fishing sites characterized as rivers, lakes, and “igarapés” were evaluated. The average selling price was R$5.57/kg, and the highest volumes were obtained from July to September, mainly with gillnets, where the “Surubim” Pseudoplatystoma punticfer had the highest volume and revenue. Low productivity was verified in most localities, characterizing the fishing as artisanal. The lack of adequate conditions for storing and transporting fish, the local hydrological variations, and the presence of hydroelectric plants on the Madeira River are major factors limiting the fishing expansion in southern Amazonas.

Financial Analysis of Additional Supply to Obtain Optimal Basic Costs of Provision in The Weda System

The electricity growth in the PLN Weda Customer Service Unit (ULP) area in Central Halmahera Regency reached 26.64% in 2022, driven by national-scale nickel mining, resulting in consistent yearly increases in electricity demand. ULP Weda's electricity supply, with an installed power of 5.2 MW and a peak load of 5.6 MW, faces challenges due to high fuel prices, leading to a Cost of Supply (BPP) value of IDR 4,193, significantly higher than the average selling price of IDR 1,365 in the Veda system. To address these issues, a research methodology, incorporating SWOT and TOWS analyses, was employed. Three potential scenarios emerged: relocating Diesel Generating System (SPD) engines, adding rental generator engines, and purchasing excess power. Financial Feasibility Study (KKF) calculations, considering Nett's Present Value (NPV), Nett's Present Cost (NPC), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR), determined the excess power purchase scenario as the most viable, with an NPV of IDR 29.8 billion, NPC of IDR 623 billion, IRR of 33.49%, and the lowest BPP value at IDR 1,244. The Homer application provided insights into optimizing generating machine units for optimal BPP values. Sensitivity analysis showed that higher interest rates and lower fuel prices contribute to lower BPP values. This comprehensive research offers a strategic framework for addressing electricity supply challenges in the ULP Weda area, ensuring financial viability and optimal operation.

The distribution of retail gross margin: analysis and implications

ABSTRACT Prior research on retail sales distributions finds both product concentration and long tails. However, gross margin dollars (rather than sales dollars) are critical drivers of retail financial performance, especially in sectors characterized by short product cycles and declining average selling prices. The paper is the first to use sku level data to estimate both sales and margin distributions for an office supply/technology retailer. We calculate Lorenz curves, Gini coefficients, and Pareto curves for in-store, on-line, and omni-channels. The estimated distribution of gross margin dollars is less skewed than the sales distribution; that is, more of the margin dollars are in the middle of the distribution. Significant differences in sales and margin distributions are found in store, online, and omnichannel products. These differences are only partially explained by price architecture and by private label merchandise. We analyze the decile distributions of sales and margin across channels and develop a classification matrix with implications for merchandise planning. Because merchandise strategies often focus on best sellers and managing long tails, the paper highlights opportunities for increasing profitability by emphasizing the middle of the margin distribution.

Analysis of some variables affecting the marketable surplus of wheat production farms in Iraq

The change in the familiar features of the markets for selling the wheat crop in Iraq is one of the most important problems facing wheat farmers in Iraq. Where that surplus is sold among its various distribution channels in the country. The research aims to identify the most important economic and social factors affecting the marketable surplus of wheat farms in Baghdad governorate for the agricultural season 2023. The study was based mainly on the primary data of a simple random sample of a total of 50 wheat farmers in Baghdad governorate distributed among the various agricultural units of the governorate. The data required for the study were collected through a questionnaire prepared to achieve the research objective. The estimated results indicated that the marketable surplus of the wheat crop in the farms of the study sample is affected by each of the variables: the quantity of crop production, average selling price, in-kind deductions, harvest and collection loss, and family consumption, where the significance of these factors proved at different statistical levels, while there were no significant differences in the effect on the marketable surplus of wheat in relation to the cultivated area variable in all the estimated functional formulas.

Perbandingan Pendapatan Usahatani Sayuran Dataran Tinggi Kentang Dan Bawang Daun Di Desa Sinsingon Barat Kecamatan Passi Timur Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow

This study aims to calculate the income of potato and green onion upland vegetable farming in West Sinsingon Village, East Passi District, Bolaang Mongondow Regency in one growing season. This study uses data from the growing season from October 2022 to January 2023. The total samples are 10 potato farmer samples and 10 leek farmer samples. Data were analyzed using mathematical calculations using the formula: I = R-C (I = Income, R = Revenue, and C = Expenditures). The research results showed that the average potato farming production was 20.827.59 kg. The average selling price of potatoes is IDR 13.000/kg, resulting in an average income of IDR 191.775.135.72/hectare. The average leek farming income produces a production of 12.585.03 kg. The average selling price is IDR 9.000/kg, resulting in an average income of IDR 51.493.375.11/hectare. Potato farming and leek farming in West Sinsingon Village, East Passi District are profitable. The average income from potato farming is relatively higher than the average income from leek farming with a difference of IDR 140.281.760.61/hectare/planting season.

Optimization of normal operation mode of an electric system with renewable energy sources in Mongolia

This article is aimed at developing an algorithm for optimizing the operation modes of the electric power system of Mongolia, particularly the central power system that include not only conventional thermal power plants, but also renewable sources (wind and solar power plants). This power system accounts for a large share of electricity consumption and generation in Mongolia. The method of linear programming was chosen to minimize financial costs and active power losses during power generation at thermal power plants, while Newton’s method was used to minimize power losses. In addition, the article uses load schedules of each node of the studied power system for its modeling based on the ranking model. Load graphs are predicted using ensemble machine learning algorithms. After the optimization by the criterion of power loss minimization in the grid, power losses were found to be 3.05% of the total power consumption (with power losses in the basic variant of 3.12% and the average selling price of thermal power plants of 0.51 units). Thus, the reduction in losses amounted to 0.07 percentage points, or 2.24%. In terms of the cost minimization criterion, the average selling price of electricity was 0.49 units, i.e., decreased by 3.92%. Average losses of electric power in the grid decreased by 0.6%. According to empirical data, the suggested algorithms can be applied to the optimization of power distribution between thermal power plants by given criteria. The suggested algorithms are implemented using pandapower, a Python-based tool for power system analysis, thus creating a unified system of predictive analytics of power system operation modes