Average Depression Score Research Articles

Family’s Migration Experience and Distress Among Asian-Canadian Immigrant Youth

Asian immigrant parents often expect their children to pursue higher education and to succeed academically; this may be reinforced as parents lose social status upon arrival to the host country. In response, Asian immigrant youth often experience psychological distress and alienation from their parents. We studied Asian immigrant youth’s exposure to parental expectations and parents’ struggles post-migration to Canada, in conjunction with Asian immigrant youth’s career and academic choices and level of distress. Forty-nine first- and second-generation Asian immigrant university students from a single Canadian university institution completed an on-line survey assessing their migration trajectory, parents’ expectation and influence in choosing their field of study, and distress. Parental difficulties and participants’ awareness of those were highly correlated with perceptions of high parental expectations and filial piety. Whereas second-generation youth focused more on how they received direct pressure from parents to succeed according to parental standards, first-generation youth placed higher emphasis on how their own awareness of parental difficulties acted as a source of internal motivation. The average depression score of first-generation respondents was significantly higher than that of second-generation respondents, and association between family’s financial struggle and guilt was observed. This study provides insight on possible contributors to distress in Asian immigrant youth related to parental expectations and struggles post-migration.

PROMIS Physical and Emotional Health Scores Are Worse in Musculoskeletal Patients Presenting to Physiatrists than to Other Orthopedic Specialists.

Physiatrists' unique training in person-centered biopsychosocial management of complex problems may influence musculoskeletal patients' expectations and self- and/or physician-referral patterns to physiatrists. Consequently, average patient complexity and need for multi-disciplinary services may be increased in physiatric patients. To compare musculoskeletal patients' self-reported physical and emotional health according to provider specialty. Researchers tested the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scores between patients who present to physiatrists in comparison to other musculoskeletal specialists. Cross-sectional study. Orthopedic department of a tertiary academic medical center. Participants included 31 791 new adult patients (mean age 52.6 ± 16.2 years) who presented for initial elective evaluation of a musculoskeletal problem by an orthopedic surgeon or sports medicine trained emergency medicine, family medicine, pediatric, or physiatric physician. Patients completed the PROMIS computer adaptive test (CAT) Physical Function, Pain Interference, Anxiety, and Depression domains at department check-in prior to the physician encounter. Score differences by provider type were assessed using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Mean PROMIS score in each domain subdivided by physiatric, surgical, and other nonsurgical provider type. In total, 2081 patients presented to physiatrists, 28 267 presented to surgeons, and 1443 presented to other nonsurgical providers. For each respective provider type, average PROMIS scores were Physical Function 38.9 ± 8.2, 41.5 ± 9.5, and 43.5 ± 8.2; Pain Interference 62.6 ± 7.2, 60.9 ± 7.7, and 59.2 ± 6.8; Anxiety 54.5 ± 10.4, 51.9 ± 10.6, and 49.8 ± 9.8; and Depression 49.3 ± 10.4, 47.0 ± 10.0, and 44.2 ± 8.7. Physiatric patients had significantly worse average scores for all domains compared to surgical (P < .001) and other nonsurgical patients (P < .001). Average PROMIS Physical Function, Pain Interference, Anxiety, and Depression scores were worse in musculoskeletal patients who presented to physiatrists in comparison to surgical or other nonsurgical providers. This suggests that some patients who choose to see or are referred to see physiatrists may have more or be more willing to endorse having biopsychosocial impairments. III.

How to determine whether conceptual endophenotypes can improve clinical outcomes in patients suffering from major depression: An exploratory approach

Depression is a complex mental health disorder, resulting in a high degree of disability. Since symptom constellation, course, and outcome are heterogeneous in these patients, current research initiatives are striving to establish stratified diagnostic and treatment approaches. In the past two decades, Dirk Hellhammer and his team introduced Neuropattern, a new diagnostic concept, which is based on conceptual endophenotypes of the stress response network. We explore how to use this concept in clinical practice in order to ultimately determine whether it brings any value over standard care. In view of the novelty of the concept and the difficulties dealing with such a concept at a practical level, it was necessary to initiate an exploratory study to determine key factors for planning future clinical trials.We report results and knowledge gained from an exploratory single-site study investigating the use and potential benefits of Neuropattern in standard care. Inpatients (ICD-10 diagnosis F32, F33; Nö=ö178) were allocated to either treatment as usual (standard group, SG) or a novel Neuropattern oriented exploratory treatment (intervention group, IG). Symptom severity was assessed with psychometric tests at admission to hospital, during the first six weeks, and upon discharge from the hospital. In addition, direct and indirect costs were assessed for the 3-month-intervals prior to and after the hospital stay.Compared to the SG, depression scores of patients in the IG showed a faster decline once psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatment were based on an individualized explanatory model. The patients in the IG with an F33 diagnosis showed a more pronounced reduction of depression severity during the stay in the hospital and a stronger and quicker reduction of general symptom severity. Comparing the average depression scores at the start of the study and after six weeks, symptom severity was reduced in all Neuropattern groups.Some limitations of the study have to be mentioned: The study was not blinded, was single-site, included highly depressed inpatients only, and was conducted for no longer than 8 months. The results highlight some important issues regarding taking the Neuropattern approach to the bedside and researching its efficacy and effectiveness to support personalized treatments in clinical care.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Depression among Indonesian University Students

The prevalence of mental health problems, including depression, among university students was high. Previous studies showed that adverse childhood experiences was among factors that contribute to the course of depression. Individuals with more adverse childhood experiences had more vulnerability to have depression symptoms in their later life. This study was aimed to describe the adverse childhood experiences and depression among university students and to investigate the role of adverse childhood experiences to depression. Data were collected from 419 students of Diponegoro University. The subjects filled the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). Data were analyzed using descriptive and correlation analysis as well as Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) and odds ratio computation. The result showed that subjects had zero to seven adverse childhood experiences and the average score of depression is 13,22 (SD=6.998). Using cut-off score at 17, the data showed that the prevalence of depression among subjects was 27.7%. Both variables in the study were significantly correlated (Spearman’s rho= .266; p< .0001), supporting previous studies in general population. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) of adverse childhood experiences as predictor of depression was 61.9%. Odds ratio of individuals with minimum one adverse childhood experience was 2.481 (95% CI; 1.602 – 3.843). The result offers an additional understanding to mental health problems, particularly depression, among university student. Further implication of this findings for mental health program in university is discussed.

Association of serum ferritin level and depression with respect to the body mass index in Korean male adults.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESObesity is globally a major public health issue. Evidence suggests that elevated ferritin levels are associated with obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between the serum ferritin level and depression in Korean male adults with respect to classification of the prevailing obesity.SUBJECTS/METHODSThis was a case-control study; subjects were classified into obese group (≥ 25.0 kg/m2, 28 subjects) and normal group (18.5–22.9 kg/m2, 27 subjects). A survey was conducted to assess the depression levels as per the guidelines suggested by the Center program for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D). Blood was collected from each group for assessing biomarkers, and isolated plasma was evaluated for fasting glucose, insulin, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, and ferritin levels. Data were analyzed, and groups were compared with respect to Body Mass Index (BMI), depression scale and biomarkers.RESULTSThe average depression score of the obesity group was 16.86, which was higher than the normal group (12.56). Subjects scoring more than 16 points comprised 53.6% of the population in the obese group, which was more than double that in the normal group, as assessed by the CES-D program. Furthermore, the serum ferritin level of the obesity group was 207.12 ng/mL, which was higher than that of the normal group (132.66 ng/mL). Lastly, the BMI appeared to be significantly correlated with both depression (r = 0.320, P = 0.017) and elevated ferritin levels (r = 0.352, P = 0.008).CONCLUSIONThis study provides evidence of existing correlation between ferritin and depression with obesity.

Effectiveness of using the Centering Teen Pregnancy Program on Postpartum Depression among Adolescent Mothers: A Posttest Only Quasi-experimental Design using a Comparison Group

Objective: To examine the effectiveness of the Centering Teen Pregnancy Program on postpartum depression among adolescent mothers.Material and Methods: Study sample was 60 adolescent mothers who attended a prenatal care clinic and delivered at a tertiary hospital in Thailand. Convenience sampling was used to select the participants. Thirty participants were assigned into the intervention group and the comparison group. The comparison group received standard nursing care. The intervention group received the Centering Teen Pregnancy Program. Research instruments consisted of the Centering Teen Pregnancy Program, which was modified from the original Nursing Practice Guideline for Teenage Pregnancy, and research questionnaires including demographic data sheets, maternal and infant health records, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. All the research instruments were content validated and tested for reliability. Independent t-test and chi-square were used for data analysis.Results: The average depression score was statistically significantly lower in the intervention group than in the comparison group. Postpartum depression was experienced by 23.2% of adolescent mothers in the comparison group but by only 3.3% in the intervention group.Conclusion: The Centering Teen Pregnancy Program was effective in reducing postpartum scores and lowering the number of women having postpartum depression. Therefore, the introduction of the Centering Teen Pregnancy Program and the training of healthcare providers to integrate the Centering Teen Pregnancy Program into the standard care for the prevention of postpartum depression are recommended.

Anxiety and Depression Scores in Patients with Burning Mouth Syndrome.

Burning mouth syndrome is a condition of unknown etiology, characterized by burning symptoms on the otherwise clinically healthy oral mucosa. Central and/or peripheral neuropathy is one of the proposed causes for this condition. Psychological component in these patients is also very present, as it is known that BMS patients exhibit high levels of pain, anxiety, and depression. The aim of this study was to evaluate anxiety and depression among patients with burning mouth syndrome and a control group. We also further review and discuss the literature available on this subject. A total of 93 subjects, divided into two groups, participated in this study. The group of patients with BMS included 43 participants, while the control group consisted of 50 participants. Self-reported STAI (State anxiety and Trait anxiety) and BDI questionnaires were used to evaluate anxiety and depression in subjects in both groups. BMS group had higher average total scores of state anxiety, trait anxiety and depression. The difference between the BMS group and control group was statistically significant for state anxiety scores and BDI scores. We might conclude that BMS patients are more anxious (state) and depressed when compared with the control group. However, they do not differ from the control group regarding anxiety as a trait. Thus we might conclude that feeling of anxiety in general starts after the BMS symptoms first occur and last for a longer period of time.

THE APPLICATION OF ART THERAPY TO REDUCE THE LEVEL OF DEPRESSION IN PATIENTS WITH HEMODIALYSIS

Background: Depression can occur in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis and can lead to decreased quality of life, and will have a two-fold risk for the occurrence of death and hospitalization.&#x0D; Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of art therapy on the level of depression patients with hemodialysis.&#x0D; Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental method with pretest posttest with control group design. Collecting data using questionnaires of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) versions of Indonesia, which was done twice, before and after art therapy intervention. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and unpaired t-test.&#x0D; Results: The results showed that after given intervention of art therapy there were differences in the average scores of depression in the intervention group (t = 0.764; p-value = 0.000). Art therapy is a medium to expose and express the feelings, fears or perceived problem, so it can be used as an adaptive coping method in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis.&#x0D; Conclusion: It is concluded that art therapy could reduce depression in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis. Nurses can act as a facilitator to provide art-based therapy in order to improve the ability of psychological adaptation in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis.

Psychiatric traits in patients with vasovagal and unexplained syncope.

PurposeSyncope is a common condition affecting almost one-third of the general population. The present study measures the prevalence of psychiatric traits in patients presenting with syncope (unexplained and vasovagal) and whether recurrent attacks have an impact on psychiatric profiles.Patients and methodsThis is a case–control study in a tertiary hospital enrolling all patients aged ≥12 years with single or recurrent syncopal attacks. A self-reporting psychometric questionnaire (The Symptoms Checklist-90-Revised) was used to screen for depression, anxiety, somatization disorder, and phobia. Crude comparisons of average scores were done. Further, multiple logistic regression analyses were carried out to measure the impact of syncope on each psychiatric domain. The control group were matched for age, gender, and chronic illnesses with a ratio of 1:3.ResultsThere were 43 cases and 129 control subjects, with predominance of females (67.4%) and an average age of 33.8 years (standard deviation = 16). There were no significant differences in average scores of depression (13 vs 14.53, P = 0.31), anxiety (11.3 vs 10.4, P = 0.51), or phobia (5.4 vs 5.2, P = 0.88). However, the syncope group had a higher average score for somatization disorder (18.53 vs 13.66, P = 0.002). Binary logistic regression model showed that the association between syncope and somatization disorder was independent of competing confounders (odds ratio = 3.75, 95% confidence interval: 1.72, 8.15, P = 0.001). A sub-analysis of the case group showed that patients with multiple syncopal attacks (six or more) had higher average scores of depression, anxiety, phobia, and somatization disorder compared to those who had less than six attacks.ConclusionSyncope was independently associated with somatization disorder traits. Further, recurrent syncope resulted in greater deterioration of patients’ psychiatric profiles. Thus, taking into account the psychiatric status in the management of such patients is crucial.

5-HTTLPR polymorphism of serotonin transporter and effects of sertraline in terminally ill cancer patients: report of eleven cases.

Depression is difficult to detect in cancer patients, though its determination offers an opportunity to relieve patients' suffering in palliative care. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the treatment of choice for mood disorders, but they show a highly variable response. The short allelic variants "s/s" and "s/l" of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene has been consistently associated with a poorer response to SSRIs. The aim of this study has therefore been to examine depression, anxiety and mental adaptation to cancer in terminally ill and depressed cancer patients, in relation to treatment with sertraline and to the 5-HTTLPR genetic polymorphism. Eleven consecutive depressed patients with different forms of advanced cancer who were admitted to the Hospice of the Casa di Cura "Pineta del Carso" (Trieste, Italy) were treated with sertraline for two weeks and their response was determined and related to 5-HTTLPR. Sertraline significantly reduced the average depression and anxiety subscale scores of HADS, as well as the scores of the subscales of Mini-MAC. When the effects of sertraline were analyzed in relation to the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, only patients with the "l/l" allelic variant had significantly lower scores of HADS anxiety, Mini-MAC hopelessness-helplessness and anxious preoccupation, and a higher score for the fighting spirit of Mini-MAC; the depression score was significantly reduced in patients with both allelic variants. These data indicate that sertraline is effective after two weeks of treatment in terminally ill cancer patients, acting not only on depression but also on anxiety and mental adaptation to cancer. Moreover, the effect of sertraline significantly depended on the genetic polymorphism of the serotonin transporter, being more pronounced in patients carrying the "l/l" genetic variant; these findings seem to encourage the examination of a larger sample of patients.

Correlations among Psychological Resilience, Self-Efficacy, and Negative Emotion in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

We investigated the influencing factors of the psychological resilience and self-efficacy of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and the relationships of psychological resilience and self-efficacy with negative emotion. Eighty-eight participants were enrolled. Psychological resilience, self-efficacy, and negative emotion were assessed with the Psychological Resilience Scale, Self-Efficacy Scale, Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), respectively. Furthermore, the relationships of psychological resilience and self-efficacy with negative emotion were investigated. The average scores of psychological resilience, self-efficacy, anxiety, and depression were 70.08 ± 13.26, 21.56 ± 9.66, 53.68 ± 13.10, and 56.12 ± 12.37, respectively. The incidences of anxiety and depression were 23.90% (21/88) and 28.40% (25/88), respectively. The psychological resilience and self-efficacy scores of AMI patients after PCI varied significantly with age and economic status. SAS scores and SDS scores were significantly negatively correlated with psychological resilience and self-efficacy. Negative emotions in AMI patients after PCI are closely related to psychological resilience and self-efficacy. Therefore, anxiety and depression could be alleviated by improving the psychological resilience and self-efficacy of patients undergoing PCI, thus improving patients' quality of life.

The Association between Treated and Untreated Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Depression

ABSTRACTStudy Objectives: The aims of this study were (1) to determine the association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and depression and (2) to identify if treated or untreated OSA affects depression levels, in a sample of 51 patients. Methods: Participants were 18 years old or older, who were diagnosed with some form of OSA. A survey was administered at a local sleep clinic and via social media, Facebook. A Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale (PHQ-8) was used to assess depression. Results: Overall, 51 participants met the requirements and completed the survey. Participants who were currently not being treated for their OSA had a mean depression score of 18.9 (moderate-severe). In treated mild OSA participants, the mean depression score was 8; in participants with moderate OSA, the mean depression score was 13.7; and in patients with severe OSA, the mean depression score was 13.4. In untreated mild OSA participants, themean depression score was 15.3; in moderate OSA participants, the mean depression score was 17.3; and in severe OSA participants, the mean depression score was 18.4. A two-sided t test (P < 0.05) showed that participants with untreated sleep apnea have significantly higher depression scores than those with treated sleep apnea. Data also showed a higher average depression score among females with untreated OSA (17.3) versus males with untreated OSA (16.7). Conclusions: The results showed an increase in depression levels among individuals with untreated OSA, lower depression scores in all levels of severity within treated OSA participants, and females had higher depression levels than men, in both treated and untreated OSA. These data could be useful in the future for physicians when assessing patients for sleep apnea or depression.

Effects of a nursing intervention in the control of symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia. Case report

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Fibromyalgia is a non-inflammatory rheumatic syndrome, characterized by diffuse chronic musculoskeletal pain, usually accompanied by other symptoms not related to the locomotor system such as depression, fatigue, cognitive alterations, impaired sleep quality, and headache. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a nursing intervention in the control of pain and depressive symptoms of patients with fibromyalgia. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study conducted through the electronic database review of a private chronic patients monitoring service. The sample included 353 patients with fibromyalgia who were attended in the period from 2014 to 2017. The nursing intervention included a home visit and the application of educational strategies over the telephone for 6 months. Participants were assessed using the verbal numerical rating scale and the Patient Health Questionnaire scale. The comparison between the continuous variables was performed by the t-paired test, and the comparison between the categorical variables was performed using the McNemar-Bowker test. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Nursing intervention promoted a significant reduction in the average pain intensity (p<0.001) after the intervention. The reduction in the average depression score, however, was not significant (p=0.093), but the intervention significantly reduced the cases of moderate and very severe depression (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: Nursing intervention by telephone showed a positive impact on pain control and reduction of depressive symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia.

Evaluation of Patients with Iron Deficiency Anemia

Objectives: We aimed to assess the effect of anemia on subjective sleep quality in patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Methods: The present study is a prospective and cross-sectional study which has been carried out at King Abdulaziz hospital between November 2016 and April 2017. Fifty-two patients diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia and 40 healthy individuals, who are gender and age matched, were involved in the study. All participants were requested to fill 3 forms: a socio-demographic form (age, gender, marital status, income level and educational status), hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scale and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). Results: According to the HAD scale, the average anxiety score was found 9.31±2.41 in patients and 7.62± 2.11 in controls. And, the average depression score was 7.49±2.08 in patients and 6.39±2.73 in controls. The total sleep quality score was 6.68±2.99 in patients and 4.27±1.71 in controls. There was a statistically significant difference in terms of anxiety, depression and sleep quality scores. Linear regression analysis showed no association between anxiety and depression with poor sleeping. Conclusion: IDA affects sleep quality irrespective of psychological symptoms such as depression and anxiety.

Impact of Nutrition and Depression on the Cognitive Functioning of the Elderly in Taiwan

Background: According to the Alzheimer's Disease International (ADI), the regional distribution of new dementia cases worldwide in 2015 shows an increased proportion of new cases arising in Asia, the Americas and Africa. Moreover, an average of one new case of dementia every three seconds is estimated, with prevalence increasing with age. Nutritional disorder is a risk factor in reversible dementia, and literature also points out that the prevalence of depression in dementia patients is 22%, rendering depression a likely risk factor for future dementia. Therefore, this study mainly aimed to explore the relationship between nutrition and depression and cognitive function, and hopes that the findings can be used as a reference for providing medical care to the elderly. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional survey to study the elderly in northern Taiwan. A total of 245 subjects were selected using convenience sampling, and a questionnaire survey was administered. The research tool was a structured questionnaire constructed by the researchers, and the results were analyzed using the SPSS 20.0 statistical software. Results: A total of 245 elderly people over the age of 65 completed the questionnaire survey. According to the Pfeiffer's Short Portable Mental State Questionnaire (SPMSQ), 233 respondents (95.1%) showed normal cognitive functioning, and 12 respondents (4.9%) showed mild to serious cognitive impairment. The mean age of the subjects was 72.82 years old, with a standard deviation of ± 7.80. 92 (37.6%) of the subjects self-reported normal health condition; average total cognitive score was 9.13 (± 1.37); the average number of chronic diseases was 0.98 (± 1.04); the average nutritional score was 25.23 (± 3.71); and the average total depression score was 1.56 (± 0.65). Most of the respondents were women, had university education or above, were non-smokers, “thought about regularly exercising 3 times a week for 30 minutes each” and “agreed to regularly do trans theoretical exercises”. However, these variables were not significantly correlated to cognitive functioning. The relationship between age and cognitive functioning was also statistically insignificant. The number of chronic diseases showed significant negative correlation, indicating that subjects with more chronic diseases showed lower cognitive scores. Total cognitive score showed significant positive correlation to nutritional status, indicating that the better the nutritional condition of the elderly, the better their cognitive functioning. Total cognitive score negatively correlated to total depression score, indicating that those with higher depression score had poorer cognitive functioning. Conclusion: This study showed that nutritional status, depression and chronic diseases were important variables that affect cognitive functioning. In order to improve the cognitive functioning of the elderly, the prevention of these key risk factors (nutritional status, depression, chronic diseases) can be strengthened to reduce rapid deterioration in cognitive functioning.

Who are the individuals diagnosed with epilepsy using the Public Health System in the city of Pelotas, southern Brazil?

The aim of this study was to describe sociodemographic, clinical, behavioral, nutritional, and health-related variables from people with epilepsy. A descriptive observational study was carried out in the city of Pelotas, southern Brazil. Sociodemographic, clinical, behavioral, nutritional, and health-related variables were collected. A univariate analysis was performed, calculating the measures of central tendency for continuous variables and proportions for categorical ones. The sample consisted of 101 people, age ranging from 12 to 75years, mostly male (50.5%) and white (59.4%). Only 37.2% from the sample was employed, and the average income was R$ 788.00 Brazilian Reais (US$ 245.90 at the moment of the interview). From all the subjects, 65.6% was in treatment with monotherapy, 62.9% presented more than 15 seizures during the life, 67.3% showed active epilepsy, 64.6% were physically inactive, 52.5% presented normal body mass index, and 50% showed generalized seizures. The most used antiepileptic drug was the carbamazepine. The average score of depression was 12.6±4.1 points and 34.6% showed severe depressive symptoms (equal or higher than 15 points). The mean score of trait and state anxiety was 12.2±3.6 and 15.1±3.4 points, respectively (ranging from 6 to 24 points). The mean score of quality of life and stress was 63.2±18.2 (ranging from 0 to 100 points) and 21.2±7.1 points (ranging from 0 to 40 points), respectively. Considering the medication side effects, the mean score was 42.4±8.9 points, 38.5% showing high rates (higher than 45 points), and only 16% showing good sleep quality. In conclusion, these results are important to improve understanding of these individuals' disease and to subsidize the specific public policies in countries of low and middle income.

Psychosocial Correlates of Jordanian Adolescents' Help-Seeking Intentions for Depression: Findings From a Nationally Representative School Survey.

Little is known about help-seeking for depression among Jordanian adolescents who are a vulnerable population with high rates of depressive symptoms and few mental health services. The purpose of this study was to (1) explore Jordanian adolescents' helpseeking intentions for depression and (2) examine whether depression stigma, depression severity, or their interaction are associated with Jordanian adolescents' willingness to seek help for depression and the type of treatment they would seek. In collaboration with the Jordanian Ministry of Education, we conducted a nationally representative, school-based survey of adolescents aged 12-17 years ( N = 2,349). One fourth of the adolescents reported they would not seek professional help for depression, and those respondents had higher average depression scores. Among those adolescents willing to seek help, the most likely sources included family member (57%), school counselor (46%), psychiatrist (43%), religious leader (39%), and general health practitioner (28%). Lower stigma scores were associated with greater likelihood to seek psychotherapy or visit a psychiatrist, while higher stigma scores were associated with increased likelihood to seek help from a school counselor or a family member. Jordanian adolescents experience significant barriers to seeking professional help for depression. However, even among adolescents with greater depression severity and depression stigma, school counselors were identified as a key resource for help. These findings suggest that school-based interventions may fill a critical service need for adolescents with depression and other mental health problems. School nurses should be leveraged along with counselors to address mental health issues in this vulnerable population.

Disentangling the effects of depression on trajectories of sleep problems from adolescence through young adulthood

BackgroundLittle is known about the differential influences of between- and within-person effects of depression as well as its long-term impacts on sleep problems in adolescents. This study aims to disentangle these differences by estimating three effects of depression (i.e., long-term, immediate, and fluctuating). MethodsThe sample included 1345 males and 1283 females in Taiwan. In multilevel models, the between- (i.e., long-term and immediate) and within-person (i.e., fluctuating) effects were estimated by using the average and time-varying scores of depression, respectively. The interactions between long-term and the other effects were also tested to determine the moderating effects of long-term influences. ResultsSignificant immediate and long-term effects of depression were found for both sexes, indicating that adolescents with higher levels of depression were at increased risks for future sleep problems. For females only, the long-term effects further exacerbated the negative influences of immediate effects of depression on sleep problems. Moreover, the fluctuating effects were found to change over time in females and the influences were more pronounced in young adulthood. LimitationsThe self-reported measures of both depression and sleep problems may produce common method variance and bias the results. Our measurements were adapted from various existing scales to increase their applicability; therefore, the internal consistency was not high. ConclusionsOur findings provide insight regarding who is at risk for sleep problems and when this risk would occur based on the effects of depression. They also highlight the importance of both immediate and long-term effects of depression on development of sleep problems.

Depression and influencing factor in pregnancy: A community-based study

Background: Pregnancy is a term in which significant biological and psychosocial changes in women’s lives are experienced, and there is a high risk of encountering many anxieties and stresses. Objectives: The objective of the study is to estimate the prevalence and risk factors for pregnancy in Eastern Turkey in Elazýg. Materials and Methods: A community-based, cross-sectional, and descriptive study was conducted in the primary health-care center in Elazýð (pregnant women population: 4855). A total of 240 pregnant women were included in the study. The questionnaires were applied to pregnant women by visiting home. Each participant completed a questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory. The data were analyzed in SPSS version 18.0. One-way ANOVA and t-test analyses were used in the statistical evaluation. Results: The mean age of the women was 26.78 ± 5.52. About 7.1% of pregnancies are in terms of adolescence. About 11.7% of the women are not knowing literacy. The rate of women who have got the level of low economic is 81.7%. The average of marry age of women is 20.97 ± 4.34. About 20% of women who are involved in research are in the first trimester, and 23.3% of women are in the second trimester. About 25.4% of women have not planned pregnancy. The rate of pregnancy who take antenatal care is 92.5%. BDS average is found out 14.97 ± 8.58. Although the score of the Beck Depression Scale of adolescence pregnancy old is 17.71 ± 8.26, pregnant women of afterward and 35 years are 17.92 ± 11.56 (P = 0.06). While the score of Beck Depression Scale of illiterate pregnancy is 20.93 ± 9.03, literate pregnancy is found 16.33 ± 6.54 (P = 0.0001). The average depression score of pregnant women who talk to their husband about their problem is found out 14.31 ± 8.76 and 17.08 ± 8.65 by mother (P = 0.000). While average of the Beck Depression Scale of women who first pregnancy is 13.51 ± 8.51, an average of depression of women who two or upper pregnancy is found out 15.82 ± 8.54 (P = 0.045). Beck depression scale score is significantly decrease in women who her husband low level of education, term of last pregnant be between 3 and 6 years, have a health problem in during her pregnancy, non-antenatal care. Conclusion: Pregnant women had middle levels of depression which were associated with some sociodemographic variables. When pregnant women are medically examined, a holistic approach should be made to pregnant women.

Analysis of the current situation and influencing factors of depression among female outpatients with infertility in reproductive medicine center

Objective To investigate the status of depression in female infertility patients and its influencing factors in reproductive medicine center. Methods Totally 147 cases of female infertility patients from the reproductive medicine center of a tertiary hospital in Beijing were collected as the research object by convenient sampling method from July to September 2015. The questionnaire survey was used to investigate the patients′ general information, disease related data and depression mood. Results In the study, the average depression score of 147 participants was (0.45±0.12). Among them, there were 32 cases (21.8%) of mild depression, 15 cases (10.2%) of moderate depression and 4 cases (2.7%) of severe depression. Multiple regression analysis showed that patients with depression were affected by academic qualifications, age and whether there was a history of transplantation. Conclusions The outpatients of the reproductive medicine center have a more severe depression mood and will be affected by the patient′s education background, age, and whether there is a history of transplantation. It is recommended to consider the patient′s education background, age, and whether there is a history of transplantation in patients′ health education. Key words: Health education; Infertility; Depression; Influencing factors