Average Rise Research Articles

Experimental study on the internal short circuit and failure mechanism of lithium-ion batteries under mechanical abuse conditions

The safety issues of lithium-ion batteries under mechanical abuse conditions have attracted widespread attention due to their high uncertainty and risk. This research takes cylindrical lithium-ion batteries as the research object and conducts three-point bending tests on cylindrical lithium-ion batteries with different states of charge (SOC), electrode thicknesses and electrode materials. The mechanical response, voltage changes, temperature changes during the loading process of the battery, and the microstructural changes of the battery's electrodes and separator after the bending test were examined. The results show that the maximum load-bearing capacity of the battery and the displacement corresponding to the short circuit decreases with the SOC of battery; the higher the battery SOC means a faster average temperature rise rate of the battery. When the SOC is higher than 60 %, the battery will experience violent thermal runaway phenomena such as explosions and spouting fire after bending tests. The mass loss rate of the battery is also greatly affected by the battery SOC and the electrode thickness, however, electrode material have almost no effect on the mass loss rate of the battery. According to the SEM images of the electrodes, it is found that short circuits cause graphite particles to break, separators to close and electrolytes oxidize on the surface of positive electrode particles. After triggering the internal short circuit, more broken particles are observed in the positive electrode material of the battery with thicker electrodes and the surface roughness of the broken particles is higher. By comparing the electrode changes of LFP and NCM, it is found that the intensity of the internal electrochemical reactions in NCM is far greater than that in LFP. The research results provide theoretical insights for understanding the electrothermal characteristics and mechanical integrity of lithium-ion batteries under mechanical abuse, which can shed light on the design and optimization of high-performance and safe lithium-ion batteries.

Defining the Limits of Postpartum Leukocytosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study

There are established reference ranges for many laboratory values during pregnancy. Fewer studies exist regarding the expected white blood cell (WBC) count after delivery. The aim of this study was to determine appropriate postpartum leukocytosis in a diverse patient cohort. Patients who delivered a live fetus at 37 weeks or later were retrospectively identified. Complete blood counts collected on hospital admission and postpartum day one were used to quantify the change in WBC count associated with delivery. A total of 2245 patients were included; of these patients, 1476 delivered vaginally and 769 delivered via cesarean section. The average change in WBC count was 2.99 × 103/mm3. A WBC count of 20.19 × 103/mm3 defined the 95th percentile. The average rise in WBC count was 3.31 × 103/mm3 after vaginal delivery and 2.34 × 103/mm3 after cesarean section (p < 0.001). Patients with chorioamnionitis or endometritis had an average postpartum WBC rise of 7.38 × 103/mm3 compared to 2.99 × 103/mm3 in controls (p < 0.001). There was no difference in WBC count rise with comorbid asthma, diabetes, or chronic hypertension. A greater WBC count rise was found in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension. This study provides reference values for the average rise in WBC count after delivery and the 95th percentile postpartum WBC count in a diverse, medically complex patient population with and without delivery complications. Our findings further highlight maternal medical comorbidities that may contribute to the degree of postpartum leukocytosis.

Frequency varying heating strategy for lithium-ion battery rapid preheating under subzero temperature considering the limitation of on-board current

The electrical performance of lithium-ion battery gradually deteriorates with the temperature decrease. Alternating current (AC) heating is an efficient manner to improve the lithium-ion battery (LIB) discharge ability at low temperature. This paper proposes an effective method to quickly preheat battery under low temperature based on sinusoidal AC. An electrothermal coupled model is established to precisely characterize the battery electrical and thermal behavior characteristics. Subsequently, the impedance characteristics of large format prismatic LIB are investigated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy testing. The amplitude and frequency of sine wave current exploited for battery pack heating are optimized at different temperatures and SOC based on the analysis of AC impedance. Finally, the sinusoidal AC heating for battery pack is achieved leveraging the designed full bridge inverter circuit-based heater and the heating efficiency with respect to different amplitudes and frequencies are comprehensively compared. On this basis, a frequency varying heating strategy with fixed amplitude considering the current limitation of hardware circuit is proposed. The experimental results show that the battery pack can be rapidly heated from −30 °C to 0 °C with the maximum average temperature rise rate of 3.78 °C/min, and the heating energy consumption rate is less than 0.27% SOC/°C with the proposed strategy. On this account, the battery pack discharge capacity under frigid environment can be distinctly enhanced based on the proposed heating strategy.

Probabilistic projections of temperature and rainfall for climate risk assessment in Vietnam

ABSTRACT In this study, we developed a probabilistic model using the surrogate mixed model ensemble (SMME) method to project temperature and rainfall in Vietnam under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. The SMME model combines patterns from 31 global climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and their weighted model surrogates. Testing for the period of 2006–2018 demonstrated the SMME's ability to encompass observed temperature and rainfall changes. By the end of the 21st century, there is a 5% probability of average temperature increase exceeding 6.29 °C, and a 95% probability of minimum temperature increasing by more than 2.21 °C during 2080–2099 under RCP8.5 compared to 1986–2005. Meanwhile, rainfall is projected to slightly increase, with an average rise of 6.12% at the 5% probability level. The study also quantified the contributions of uncertainty sources – unforced, forced, and scenario-related – to the projection results, revealing that unforced uncertainty dominates the total signal at the beginning of the 21st century and gradually decreases, while forced uncertainty remains relatively moderate but increases gradually over time. As we approach the end of the century, scenario uncertainty dominates, accounting for 75–80% of the total signal.

Quasi-one-dimensional approach to heat transfer: General formulation and its application to transformer windings

A quasi-one-dimensional approach to conduction heat transfer with convective boundary conditions is developed for bodies of variable geometry. The novelty of the method is demonstrated on the windings in oil-filled distribution transformers with partial cooling ducts. We obtain analytical solution for the windings average temperature rise and tangential temperature distribution and find them in an excellent agreement with the FEM simulation, numerically confirming the validity of the reduction from 2D to 1D. When the quasi-one-dimensional approach is applied to calculation of temperature rise for the low and high voltage windings in industrial setting we obtain 1% and 5% discrepancy with the industrial tests respectively. Hence, the method offers reliable estimates of the temperature rise, and temperature distribution in a chosen direction, in bodies of variable geometry.

Experimental investigation of nonuniform PV soiling

Photovoltaic (PV) module soiling, i.e., the accumulation of dust on PV module surfaces, poses several challenges to PV system performance. Among these challenges, the nonuniform deposition of soiling across the module surface has received scarce attention. Soiling is directly associated with an overall performance loss, but can also potentially give rise to localised hotspots that can lead to long-term PV module failure. Therefore, addressing the issues arising from this nonuniformity is not only important for optimising energy production, but also for enhancing system reliability, and ensuring the long-term operation of relevant power generation systems. In this study, the impact of nonuniform soiling on PV performance is investigated experimentally by examining soil deposition on the upper surfaces of low-iron glass samples. Samples positioned at four different tilt angles were collected on a monthly basis over a one-year study period. Since the horizontal samples were found to represent the worst-case conditions, the most soiled sample at horizontal tilt was divided into four zones, each housing a single monocrystalline solar cell and examined further. The findings reveal that the soiled sample experiences an average transmittance deterioration of 13% relative to a clean sample, and a maximum (relative) spatial variation of 4% between the four zones. These optical losses affect the amount of sunlight received by the cells, resulting in a power deterioration of ∼6–7% per 5% drop in transmittance. The soiled sample experienced an average temperature rise of 2 °C, and an average power output (and efficiency) reduction of 30% relative to the clean sample, and a maximum (relative) spatial variation of 7% between the zones. The 30% average power loss measured in this nonuniform soiling case is more than double that which would be expected theoretically for a transmittance loss of 13% but from uniform soiling, so these results highlight the importance of addressing PV soiling for optimal PV performance, and of accounting for spatial soiling nonuniformity.

Characterizing the aridity indices and potential evapotranspiration using CMIP6-GCMs in two distinct regions of Ethiopia

Abstract Using an ensemble of three global climate models, the current study aims to estimate climate change and quantify the changes in the aridity and evapotranspiration of two distinct areas in Ethiopia. To adjust for bias in the climate dataset, the Hydrological Modeling Tool (CMhyd) was used. These studies were initially run using station data and employed the shared socioeconomic pathways scenarios for the short-range (2011–2040) years and medium-range (2041–2070) years. Climate-related aridity is measured using the De Martone and United Nations Environment Programme aridity indices. The study's findings for the western and eastern catchments for the reference period (1981–2010) years reveal an average annual temperature rise of 1.5 and 0.06 °C and a drop in annual precipitation of 15.73 and 3.68 mm/year, respectively. These alter the climate in the geographical areas that have historically supported drought. Evapotranspiration in the western and eastern catchments may grow by up to 24.6 and 21.6%, respectively, by the 2070s. The observation implies that the western catchment may experience more pronounced climate change and volatility than the eastern one. The consequences of this observation influence agriculture, water resource management, and the social and economic well-being of those living in drought-prone areas.

An experimental investigation of liquid immersion cooling of a four cell lithium-ion battery module

The thermal management of a lithium-ion battery module subjected to direct contact liquid immersion cooling conditions is experimentally investigated in this study. Four 2.5 Ah 26650 LiFePO4 cylindrical cells in a square arrangement and connected electrically in parallel are completely immersed in the dielectric fluid Novec 7000. The thermal and electrical behaviour of the module is assessed at charging and discharging rates of 1C to 4C. Experiments are conducted with initially ambient temperature liquid, resulting in single phase natural convection cooling, as well as preheated liquid temperatures of 33 °C ± 0.5 °C to study the influence of the phase change process under pool boiling conditions. Superior performance is observed when two-phase immersion cooling conditions are established for discharge rates of 2C and above, limiting the average cell temperature rise to 1.9 °C at the end of 4C discharge, corresponding to a maximum temperature of 34.7 °C. For the most onerous charging rate of 4C, considered fast charging, this maximum temperature rise is limited to 1.3 °C, corresponding to a maximum temperature of 35 °C. Vigorous boiling is observed from the cells' electrodes, leading to more effective heat transfer from the locations of high heat flux. Excellent module thermal homogeneity is exhibited, maintaining a maximum temperature difference of 1.2 °C for all cases investigated. The axial temperature gradients of the module's individual cells are also greatly reduced under two-phase conditions. The influence of cell spacing within the module is also investigated for inter-cell spacings of 0.25D and 1D, where D is the cell diameter. Marginally improved heat transfer performance is observed for the more closely spaced cell arrangements, reducing the maximum cell temperatures and thermal inhomogeneity within the module.

Multi-objective optimization for multi-stage constant current charging for Li-ion batteries

Fast charging is a key challenge for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), as it can make EVs more convenient and appealing to consumers. Therefore, different charging methods are proposed to enhance the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Multi-stage constant current (MSCC) charging can improve LIB's performance in several aspects, including charging time, charged capacity, temperature rise, average temperature rise, and charging energy efficiency. However, achieving a multi-objective performance during LIB charging is challenging. In this paper, the Taguchi method is used to determine the multi-objective optimal (MOO) charging profile for the MSCC charging strategy. The Orthogonal experiments are designed and conducted to find the optimal solutions for each performance parameter for a five-stage constant current (5SCC) charging profile. A comparison is conducted among the performance-based selective charging profiles to validate the optimal charging profile. Furthermore, a comparison is made between the obtained MOO charging profile and the classical equivalent constant current constant voltage (CCCV) method. Experimental results demonstrated that the MOO charging profile reduces the charging time with comparable temperature rise to the CCCV, making it promising for the future alternative efficient EV charging. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the MSCC approach in improving LIB performance.

Acoustic outcomes and voice-related quality of life in male-to-female transsexuals undergoing Wendler glottoplasty: a single-centre experience.

Many transsexual women seek to feminise their voice through pitch elevation surgeries so that it becomes congruent with their gender identity. This study aims to determine the safety and effectiveness of Wendler glottoplasty (WG) in vocal feminisation through the assessment of acoustic and aerodynamic parameters of the voice, as well as voice-related quality of life (QoL) in male-to-female transsexuals. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of transsexual women who underwent WG for voice feminisation at our institution between 2016 and 2023. All acoustic and aerodynamic analyses, a voice self-assessment, and a videolaryngostroboscopic evaluation were performed in the immediate preoperative period and at the follow-up visit 6 weeks after the procedure. A total of 11 patients with a mean age of 32.73 years were included. After WG, there was a significant fundamental frequency and speaking fundamental frequency increase of 109.64 Hz and 83.48 Hz, respectively (p < 0.001), representing an average rise by 9.71 semitones and 8.36 semitones (STs), respectively. No significant differences were found between the mean pre- and postoperative values of fundamental frequencies, frequency range, upper limit of the frequency range of spoken voice, and maximum phonation time. Contrarily, the mean lower limit of frequency range rose by 75.56 Hz (p < 0.001), representing an average increase of 10.56 STs. None of the assessed spirometric parameters changed significantly after WG (p > 0.05). The mean overall Voice Handicap Index (VHI) and Voice-Related Quality of Life (V-RQOL) scores significantly improved after the surgery, decreasing by 24.54 points (p = 0.008) and 11.5 points (p = 0.001), respectively. A significant improvement was observed in the functional and emotional domains of VHI. Additionally, significantly fewer patients considered the overall quality of their voice to be "poor" after WG. WG constitutes an effective method of surgical voice feminisation in male-to-female transsexuals with concurrent improvement in their voice-related QoL. Furthermore, it remains a safe procedure without persistent complications and negative influence on the acoustic-aerodynamic measures of the voice.

Assessing muscular power in older adults: evaluating the predictive capacity of the 30-second chair rise test.

Background: Timed chair rise tests are frequently used as a substitute for assessing leg muscle strength or power. To determine if timed chair rise tests are an indicator of lower extremity muscle power, we examined the relationship between the repetitions completed in a 30-s chair rise test and the power generated during the test. Methods: Seventy-five individuals participated in this study (n = 30 < 65 years and 45 ≥ 65 years). Participants underwent a 30-s chair rise test while instrumented with a power analyzer. Handgrip strength was also evaluated. Results: The relationship between chair rise repetitions and average chair rise power was R 2 = 0.32 (p < 0.001). Chair rise repetitions when regressed on a total (i.e., summed) chair rise power, it yielded R 2 = 0.70 with data from all participants combined (p < 0.001). A mediation analysis indicated that anthropometrics partially mediates the relationship between chair rise repetitions and total chair rise power accounting for 2.8%-6.9% of the variance. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that in older adults, the overall performance of chair rises offers limited information about the average power per rise but is more indicative of the cumulative power exerted. Thus, the total number of chair rises in a 30-s test is likely a more comprehensive metric of overall muscular power, reflecting endurance aspects as well. Additionally, we found that personal physical attributes, such as height and weight, partially influence the link between chair rise count and total power, highlighting the importance of factoring in individual body metrics in assessments of muscular performance.

ELA-RCP: An energy-efficient and load balanced algorithm for reliable controller placement in software-defined networks

Software-defined networking is a modern and popular network technology that utilizes controllers as network operating systems to manage the network and allow user applications to interact with network hardware. Determining the optimal number of controllers and the optimal place to install them are some of the multi-controller model challenges that are known as the Controller Placement Problem (CPP). CPP is an optimization problem that tries to minimize delay and achieve a balanced network. CPP becomes more important when we intend to increase reliability and reduce energy consumption. This paper proposes an Energy-efficient and Load-balanced optimization Algorithm for Reliable Controller Placement (ELA-RCP) in Software-Defined Networks (SDN). The proposed ELA-RCP is a three-step solution to CPPs. First, it determines the optimal number of controllers using the proposed cellular learning automata, taking into account network traffic status, scale, and budget. Second, an innovative meta-heuristic algorithm is proposed to identify proper controller locations based on factors like path reliability, controller processing capacity, propagation delay, and energy consumption. In the last step, load balancing and the reliability of the controllers are improved using queuing theory and a proposed greedy algorithm. ELA-RCP is evaluated with real-world topologies. The simulation demonstrates up to 25% improvement in energy consumption, up to 108% improvement in the network survivability, and up to 68% improvement in mean average delay rise compared to particle swarm optimization, firefly optimization algorithm, ant lion optimization, and seagull optimization algorithm.

A pulsed bipolar current-mode power supply with high power factor in a single stage for dielectric barrier discharge application

Purpose Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is widely used in the treatment of skin disease, surface modification of material and other fields of electronics. The purpose of this paper is to design a high-performance power supply with a compact structure for excimer lamps in electronics application. Design/methodology/approach To design a high-performance power supply with a compact structure remains a challenge for excimer lamps in electronics application, a current-source type power supply in a single stage with power factor correction (PFC) is proposed. It consists of an excitation voltage generation unit and a PFC unit. By planning the modes of the excitation voltage generation unit, a bipolar pulse excitation voltage with a high rising and falling rate is generated. And a high power factor (PF) on the AC side is achieved by the interaction of a non-controlled rectifier and two inductors. Findings The experimental results show that not only a high-frequency and high-voltage bipolar pulse excitation voltage with a high average rising and falling rate (7.51GV/s) is generated, but also a high PF (0.992) and a low total harmonic distortion (5.54%) is obtained. Besides, the soft-switching of all power switches is realized. Compared with the sinusoidal excitation power supply and the current-source power supply, the proposed power supply in this paper can take advantage of the potential of excimer lamps. Originality/value A new high-performance power supply with a compact structure for DBD type excimer lamps is proposed. The proposed power supply can work stably in a wide range of frequencies, and the smooth regulation of the discharge power of the excimer lamp can be achieved by changing the switching frequency. The ideal excitation can be generated, and the soft switching can be realized. These features make this power supply a key player in the outstanding performance of the DBD excimer lamps application.

Experiment study on shear behavior and properties of granite fractures under real-time high-temperature conditions

Direct shear tests were conducted on granite fractures with similar joint roughness coefficients under real-time high temperatures (up to 400 °C) and constant normal stiffness conditions. In this study, the shearing process was monitored via acoustic emission, and fracture surface morphology was measured with three-dimensional laser scanning. With increasing temperature, peak and residual shear strengths, peak friction coefficient, and maximum normal dilation became higher. In contrast, peak normal displacement and peak shear displacement decreased. The apparent cohesion and internal friction angle exhibited opposite trends as temperature increased, primarily due to competition between thermal hardening and thermal cracking. The elastic strain energy of stick-slip events increased with temperature. From 100 °C to 400 °C, the degradation of fracture roughness and the volume of sheared-off asperities grew. Real-time temperature influences shear properties and is mainly attributed to physical and geometrical changes. Acoustic emission parameters, including count, energy, and hit, show segmented variation during fracture shearing. Based on parameter analyses of the average frequency and rise angle values, during the shearing process, the proportion of shear cracks at each stage varied with temperature. Shear failure was the predominant failure mode. Results from this study provide insight into the shear behavior of granite fractures under real-time high temperatures.

The Ultrasound Renal Stress Test for the Assessment of Functional Renal Reserve in Kidney Transplantation: A Pilot Study in Living Donors.

In the evolving landscape of nephrology and kidney transplants, assessing renal functional reserve (RFR) in living kidney donors is essential for ensuring donor safety and successful transplantation. This study explores the use of the Intra-Parenchymal Renal Resistive Index Variation (IRRIV) test, a novel non-invasive method, to measure RFR in living donors. Our observational study included 11 participants undergoing living kidney donations, evaluated using the IRRIV-based Renal Stress Test (RST) before and 12 months post-nephrectomy. The study demonstrated significant changes in creatinine and eGFR CKD-EPI levels post-donation, with an average creatinine rise from 69 to 97 µmol/L and a reduction in eGFR from 104 to 66 mL/min/1.73 m2. These variations align with the expected halving of nephron mass post-nephrectomy and the consequent recruitment of RFR and hyperfiltration in the remaining nephrons. This pilot study suggests that the IRRIV-based RST is a practical, safe, and reproducible tool, potentially revolutionizing the assessment of RFR in living kidney donors, with implications for broader clinical practice in donor eligibility evaluation, even in borderline renal cases. Furthermore, it confirms the feasibility of RST in living kidney donors and allows us to assess the sample size in 48 donors for a future study.

Response characteristics of acoustic emission signal and judgment criteria for different fracture modes

Coal mining is going deeper into the ground, resulting in more intense and frequent mine dynamic disasters. To ensure the early warning of dynamic disasters, it is significant to accurately reveal the differences of acoustic emission (AE) signals generated by rock fractures. This paper focuses on studying how AEs average frequency (AF) and rise angle (RA) change in sandstone during loading, and examines the characteristics of waveform amplitude, energy, and frequency distribution of AE signals from different types of fractures. The findings reveal that the percentage of shear fracture gradually increases with increasing load, and the energy activity of the AE signal is significantly enhanced in the high stress stage. The occurrence of the main fracture was preceded by a large number of low-frequency tensile fracture AE signals, accompanied by a small decrease in RA and a small increase in AF. The spectra of different fracture signals were characterized as “low anomalous F” for shear fractures, “vertical F” for low-frequency tensile fractures, and “high anomalous F” for high-frequency tensile fractures. Their energy distribution in the frequency domain was respectively described as “peak-centered distribution”, “pillar-shaped distribution” and “peak-skewed distribution”. The outcomes of the decomposition and reconstruction from the P- and S-waves reveal that the P wave energy (Ep) dominates in the high-frequency tensile fracture AE signal, while the S wave energy (Es) is greater in the low-frequency tensile fracture and the shear fracture AE signals. The ES/EP threshold value for laboratory discrimination of tensile and shear fracture is 3, as the fracture extends and penetrates, the ES/EP value rises rapidly at the appearance of macroscopic fracture. The findings offer theoretical guidance for monitoring and early warning of coal and rock dynamic hazards as well as revealing the morphology of fracture source.

Increasing Solar cell Efficiency using Quantum Dot Sensitization

This research examines the effectiveness of swarm intelligence approaches in improving the functioning of solar cell hybrid microgrids, specifically focusing on the difficulties caused by the irregularity of renewable energy sources. Analyzed were simulated data that represented the creation of solar cell and solar cell electricity, the status of charge of batteries, and the outputs of swarm optimization. The solar cell power data exhibited oscillations in power output ranging from 85 kW to 150 kW, corresponding to changes in solar cell speed ranging from 6.5 m/s to 9.0 m/s. On the other hand, solar cell power saw a marginal decrease from 95 kW to 88 kW, which may be attributed to variations in solar cell irradiation ranging from 850 W/m² to 780 W/m². The battery's level of charge varied between 70% and 95%, indicating the fluctuating rates of charging and discharging, which ranged from 20 kW to 30 kW and 12 kW to 25 kW, respectively. The swarm optimization rounds showed a decrease in the cost of the optimum solution from 3200 to 2000, and an improvement in the convergence rate from 80% to 100%. The analysis indicated a significant 76.5% surge in solar cell power output at peak periods, whereas there was an 8% decline in solar cell power. The state of charge (SoC) of the battery exhibited an average rise of 35.7%, while swarm optimization demonstrated a 37.5% reduction in cost and a steady 25% improvement in convergence rate. The results emphasize the natural fluctuation of renewable sources and demonstrate the potential of swarm intelligence in improving microgrid operation. These results highlight the significance of adaptive control methods in the management of renewable-based microgrids, providing valuable insights for improving their stability, dependability, and cost-effectiveness. The study's findings have practical applications, highlighting the importance of swarm intelligence in promoting the development of sustainable energy systems in the context of integrating renewable energy sources.

Effect of environmental variables on the incidence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil and Colombia

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe of the three forms of Leishmaniasis. In the Americas, Brazil and Colombia present more than 90 % of the cases in the region. Our aim in this research was to estimate the association of the incidence rate of Visceral Leishmaniasis with the following environmental variables: the percentage of area suitable for the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis, the episodes of La Niña and El Niño, the Brazilian and Colombian biomes. Epidemiological data were obtained from the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System and the Colombian National Public Health Surveillance System. Environmental data were downloaded from the NASA Giovanni web app, the Modis Sensor database, and the meteorological agencies of Australia, Japan, and the United States of America. Records of the presence of Lu. longipalpis were obtained from public databases and previous studies. As a result, the incidence per 10,000 inhabitants with LEBS for each El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episode showed the largest values during El Niño 2015–2016, mainly in Brazil's Northeast and Central regions and the Northeast region of Colombia. Compared with the Neutral 2012–2014 episode, the episodes of El Niño 2015–2016 and La Niña 2010–2011 showed an average increase in the monthly incidence rate of VL, and the average increase was higher during El Niño 2015–2016 (aIRR = 2.304 vs.1.453) We found a positive association between the incidence rate of VL and the El Niño 2015–2016 episode and an impressive% of area suitable for the vector Lu. longipalpis in the Amazon region.An increase of 1 % in the area suitable for the vector Lu. longipalpis leads to an average rise of 0.8 % in the monthly incidence rate of VL. Our study shows a possible association between VL incidence and ENSO, with the most considerable incidence rates observed during El Niño 2015–2016 in Brazil's Northeast and Central regions and the Northeast region of Colombia. The present study is very important to better understand the Visceral Leishmaniasis transmission dynamics.

Impact of global warming on extreme hot and cold weather

After the industrial revolution, carbon dioxide emissions have continued to grow rapidly and global warming has become evident. Along with the warming, heat waves, cold waves, and protracted droughts are only a few examples of the extreme weather and climatic phenomena that additionally happened regularly, causing many casualties and property damages. In order to offer a foundation for future decision-making about the avoidance and reaction to severe hot and low temperature weather, we analyzed the reaction of future temperature to rising temperatures in the context of global heating in this study. This paper first analyzed the impact of global warming on extreme hot weather based on the Fifth Assessment Report of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), in terms of the probability of occurrence of extreme hot weather when the average and temperature variance increase individually and together. Secondly, by examining the causes of the intensified polar vortex brought on by stratospheric warming as in setting of climate warming, the effects of global warming on extreme low degree weather were examined. The findings demonstrated that climate warming had an important impact on the occurrence of extreme high and low temperature weather. Warming on the one hand may make the average temperature and temperature variance change in some regions larger, and extreme high heat occurrences are more likely to occur as the temperature's average and variation both rise. Warming on the other hand will warm the stratosphere, which in turn will cause the asymmetric polar vortex to strengthen, making extreme low temperature events more likely to occur.

Study on the temperature rise characteristics of aging lithium-ion batteries under different cooling methods

Lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in electric vehicles and electrochemical energy storage power stations. With the increase of service time, the single cells in the battery module will age to varying degrees, resulting in inhomogeneous heat generation and even safety accidents. Considering that there is currently limited research on the cooling effect of battery cooling technology on aging batteries, this article adopts a new non-destructive method to study the uneven aging characteristics and the temperature rise characteristics under different cooling conditions of different cells in small aging lithium-ion battery modules. The results show that the irreversible heat generation power of cell 1, cell 2 and cell 3 during 1 C discharge is 1.23 W, 1.33 W and 1.15 W, respectively, showing different degrees of aging. However, the maximum temperature rise under natural heat dissipation conditions has the same change trend and the average temperature rise on the surface of three cells at the end of discharge is about 20 °C. The temperature rise at the edge of cell 2 and cell 1 with more serious aging is higher, while the temperature rise at the center of cell 3 with the smallest aging degree is higher. The temperature distribution at different positions on the surface of the three cells was slightly different. The maximum temperature difference at different positions on the surface of cell 2 (2.3 °C) was greater than that of cell 1 (1.5 °C) and cell 3 (1.6 °C). Then, a simple OCV test method and SEM characterization technique were used to analyze the aging characteristics of the electrode position corresponding to the external temperature monitoring position of cell 2, and the relationship between temperature distribution and aging characteristics was established. The cooling and uniform temperature ability of thermal pad, semiconductor cooling and liquid cooling plate/semiconductor composite cooling are improved in turn. Among them, the liquid cooling plate/semiconductor composite cooling is an efficient temperature control strategy which can make the temperature of cell 3 basically stable at 23 ° C during 1C discharge by reasonably regulating the cooling power, and the maximum surface temperature difference is maintained at 0.4 ° C. It is suggested that when the large cell is put into use, it should be equipped with an independent sub-regional precise temperature control system that can adjust the cooling power in real time according to the heat production rate of the battery, so as to improve the safety and promote the development of sustainable energy.