Average Reynolds Number Research Articles

Effect of crossflow regulation by varying jet diameters in streamwise direction on jet impingement heat transfer under maximum crossflow condition

ABSTRACTJet impingement heat transfer has been studied numerically for a maximum crossflow condition using a 3 × 9 array of jets. Five-hole configurations have been studied for jet average Reynolds numbers ranging from 10,000 to 20,000. Crossflow has been mitigated by varying the jet diameters in the streamwise direction to reduce the impact of crossflow on downstream jet impingement. The design criteria for all five configurations were to keep the average of the jet diameters equal to the constant jet diameter configuration (baseline). It has been found that the configuration with increasing and then decreasing jet diameters provided higher levels of heat transfer with more uniform cooling when compared to the traditional constant diameter configuration and other configurations.

Turbulent forced convection of nanofluids downstream an abrupt expansion

Turbulent forced convection of Nanofluids through an axisymmetric abrupt expansion is investigated numerically in the present study. The governing equations are solved by ANYS 14.0 CFD code based on the finite volume method by implementing the thermo-physical properties of each nanofluid. All results are analyzed through the evolutions of skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number. For each nanofluid, the effect of both volume fraction and Reynolds number on this type of flow configuration, are examined. An increase on average Nusselt number with the volume fraction and Reynolds number, are highlighted and correlated. Two relationships are proposed. The first one, determines the average Nusselt number versus Reynolds number, volume fraction and the ratio of densities of the solid particles to that of the base fluid ( $$ \overline{Nu}=f\left(\operatorname{Re},\phi, \frac{\rho_s}{\rho_f}\right) $$ ). The second one varies according Reynolds number, volume fraction and the conductivities ratio of solid particle to that of the base fluid ( $$ \overline{Nu}=f\left(\operatorname{Re},\phi, \frac{k_s}{k_f}\right) $$ ).

Numerical simulation of pulsatile flow through a coronary nozzle model based on FDA’s benchmark geometry

Abstract Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a powerful tool to extent knowledge of biomechanical processes in cardiovascular implants. To provide a standardized method the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) initialized a CFD round robin study. One of the developed benchmark standard models is a generic nozzle geometry, consisting of a cylindrical throat with a conical collector and sudden expansion on either side. Several fluid mechanical data obtained from international institutes by means of CFD and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements under different flow regimes (Re = 500, 2000, 3500, 5000 and 6500) are freely available. This database includes only steady state simulations. In this study we performed pulsatile CFD simulations to consider the physiological environment of the coronary vessels. Furthermore, the nozzle geometry was scaled down to coronary dimension (D inlet = 12 mm to 3 mm) while retaining the average Reynolds number Re = 500 constant. The pulsatile character is described by a Womersley number of Wo = 2.065. Our CFD code was previously validated by using FDA’s data for steady state inflow conditions. It could be shown that time averaged wall shear stress and shear stress values agree well with steady state results. We conclude that steady state simulations are valid for hemodynamic analyses if only time averaged values are needed. This could save computational costs of future hemodynamic investigations. In addition, this study expands FDA’s benchmark case by pulsatile inlet condition for further code validation. This could be necessary for the development of new numerical methods as well as for validation of CFD codes used in the approval process of medical devices.

Numerical investigation of flow parameters for solid rigid spheroidal particle in a pulsatile pipe flow

Quantifying, forecasting and analysing the displacement rates of suspended particles are essential while discussing about blood flow analysis. Because blood is one of the major organs in the body, which enables transport phenomena, comprising of numerous blood cells. In order to model the blood flow, a flow domain was created and numerically simulated. Flow field velocity in the stream is solved utilizing Finite Volume Method utilizing FVM unstructured solver. In pulsatile flow, the effect of parameters such as average Reynolds number, tube radius, particle size and Womersley number are taken into account. In this study spheroidal particle trajectory in axial direction is simulated at different values of pulsating frequency including 1.2 Hz, 3.33 Hz and 4.00 Hz and various densities including 1005 kg/m3 and 1025 kg/m3 for the flow domain. The analysis accomplishes the interaction study of blood constituents for different flow situations which have applications in diagnosis and treatment of cardio vascular related diseases.

Effect of gravity on the development of homogeneous shear turbulence laden with finite-size particles

ABSTRACTFully resolved simulations of homogeneous shear turbulence (HST) laden with sedimenting spherical particles of finite size have been performed to clarify the effects of gravity on the development of particle-laden turbulent shear flows. We consider turbulence in a horizontal flow subjected to vertical or horizontal shear. Numerical results show that the development of HST laden with finite-size particles are significantly altered by gravity. The effects of gravity lead to a slower increase in the Taylor-microscale Reynolds number, whose value is found to be well correlated with the average particle Reynolds number. The gravity also causes a slower increase in the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) through the enhancement of energy dissipation. The change in the Reynolds shear stress (RSS) due to particles also significantly contributes to the relative change in TKE. In vertically sheared cases, RSS has high values between counter-rotating trailing vortices behind the particles, which causes a transient relative increase in TKE. In horizontally sheared cases, on the other hand, RSS is reduced in the wakes of particles, which contributes to a significant relative reduction in TKE.

Enhancement of convective heat transfer coefficient of ethylene glycol base cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanofluids

The enhancement in the convective heat transfer coefficient of the ethylene glycol (EG) base cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanofluids were investigated. The nanofluids of different volume concentrations i-e 1%, 2.5% and 4.5% were prepared by the two step method. Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanoparticles were ultrasonically stirred for four hours in the ethylene glycol (EG). The experimental study has been performed through circular tube geometry in laminar flow regime at average Reynolds numbers 36, 71 and 116. The constant heat flux Q = 4000 (W/m2) was maintained during this work. Substantial enhancement was observed in the convective heat transfer coefficient of ethylene glycol (EG) base cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanofluids than the base fluid. The maximum 74% enhancement was observed in convective heat transfer coefficient at 4.5 vol% concentration and Re = 116.

Heat transfer characteristics of oscillating flow in a narrow channel under rolling motion

In order to investigate the effect of ocean conditions on heat transfer characteristics of oscillating flow in a narrow channel, a series of experimental researches were performed. The results demonstrate that the mass flux fluctuates with the rolling motion, and the fluctuation intensity of the mass flux is enhanced with the increase of rolling amplitude and rolling frequency due to the effect of additional pressure drop on the fluid. The relative pulsating amplitude of mass flux, Reynolds number and Nusselt number increases with the increase of rolling amplitude, however it decreases with the increase of rolling period, Prandtl number and time average Reynolds number. The time average Nusselt number under rolling motion is equal to that under steady state, and can be predicted by the Sieder-Tate correlation in the laminar flow region and the Gnielinski correlation in the turbulent flow region. Base on the relationship between the relative pulsating amplitude of Reynolds number and Nusselt number a new correlation was developed to predict the instantaneous heat transfer characteristic of oscillating flow under rolling motion condition.

An experimental comparison of SiO2/water nanofluid heat transfer in square and circular cross-sectional channels

In this paper, with the aim of enhancing the thermal conductivity of the fluid, a nanofluid is prepared based on SiO2. A series of experimental tests were carried out for both laminar and forced convection regimes in a horizontal tube with two different geometric shapes (circular and square cross section) subjected to constant wall heat flux (4735 W m−2). A comparative study has been done to investigate the effect of the geometry on the convective heat transfer. Moreover, the effect of the volume concentration on the behavior of the nanofluid and the base fluid was evaluated by comparing various volume concentrations (0.05, 0.07 and 0.2%). The experiments were done under two different conditions: constant Reynolds number and constant mass flow rate. It was found that the circular-shaped channel could be better for heat transfer purposes at the same flow rate, while the square-shaped channel has a higher heat transfer coefficient at the same Reynolds number. The slope of the lines for the square cross section is more than that for circular cross sections which result in a steeper increase in average heat transfer coefficient versus Reynolds number in the square-shaped channel. The increase of the Reynolds number may decrease the dead zones in the square channel that causes the double enhancement of the average heat transfer coefficient.

Use of Rib Turbulators to Enhance Postimpingement Heat Transfer for Curved Surface

The present study aims to investigate the heat transfer and pressure loss characteristics for multiple rows of jets impinging on a curved surface in the presence of rib turbulators. The target plate contains a straight section downstream of the impingement section. The rib turbulators are added only over the straight section, in an attempt to enhance the heat transfer while minimizing the pressure loss. The jet plate configuration in this study has fixed jet hole diameters and hole spacing. For the curved plate, the radius of the target plate is 32 times the diameter of the impingement holes. Impingement array configuration was chosen such that validation and comparison can be made with the open literature. For all the configurations, crossflow air is drawn out in the streamwise direction. Average jet Reynolds numbers ranging from 55,000 to 125,000 were tested. Heat transfer characteristics are measured using steady-state temperature-sensitive paint (TSP) to obtain local heat transfer distribution. The experimental results are compared with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. CFD results show that CFD simulations predict the heat transfer distribution well in the postimpingement area with turbulators.

Leading Edge Jet Impingement Under High Rotation Numbers

The effect of rotation on jet impingement cooling is experimentally investigated in this study. Pressurized cooling air is supplied to a smooth, square channel in the radial outward direction. To model leading edge impingement in a gas turbine, jets are formed from a single row of discrete holes. The cooling air from the first pass is expelled through the holes, with the jets impinging on a semi-circular, concave surface. The inlet Reynolds number varied from 10,000 to 40,000 in the square supply channel. The rotation number and buoyancy parameter varied from 0 to 1.4 and 0 to 6.6 near the inlet of the channel, and as coolant is extracted for jet impingement, the rotation and buoyancy numbers can exceed 10 and 500 near the end of the passage. The average jet Reynolds number varied from 6000 to 24,000, and the jet rotation number varied from 0 to 0.13. For all test cases, the jet-to-jet spacing (s/djet = 4), the jet-to-target surface spacing (l/djet = 3.2), and the impingement surface diameter-to-diameter (D/djet = 6.4) were held constant. A steady-state technique was implemented to determine regionally averaged Nusselt numbers on the leading and trailing surfaces inside the supply channel and three spanwise locations on the concave target surface. It was observed that in all rotating test cases, the Nusselt numbers deviated from those measured in a nonrotating channel. The degree of separation between the leading and trailing surface increased with increasing rotation number. Near the inlet of the channel, heat transfer was dominated by entrance effects, however moving downstream, the local rotation number increased, and the effect of rotation was more pronounced. The effect of rotation on the target surface was most clearly seen in the absence of crossflow. With pure jet impingement, the deflection of the impinging jet combined with the rotation-induced secondary flows offered increased mixing within the impingement cavity and enhanced heat transfer. In the presence of strong crossflow of the spent air, the same level of heat transfer is measured in both the stationary and rotating channels.

Scale-adaptive subgrid-scale modelling for large-eddy simulation of turbulent flows

The proportionality between the subgrid-scale (SGS) drain rate of kinetic energy and the viscous dissipation rate of the resolved motions is studied a priori by filtering a given fully resolved field and evaluating a generic form of the hypothesized energy spectrum. The ratio of the SGS drain to the resolved dissipation, on which a balance condition for the SGS dissipation across an arbitrary grid scale is founded, is shown to be independent of the turbulence Reynolds number, and can be described by a function in terms of the averaged mesh Reynolds number. Such a balance condition can serve as a physical constraint in the SGS modeling to account for the scale effects of the model coefficient(s). Scale-adaptive dynamic Smagorinsky-Lilly model and mixed nonlinear model are formulated for large-eddy simulation of transitional and/or turbulent flows in such a way that the constraint is satisfied. The newly proposed scale-adaptive dynamic SGS models are validated in simulations of homogeneous isotropic turbulence and turbulent channel flow, and prove to be superior over traditional dynamic SGS models.

Effect of Target Wall Curvature on Heat Transfer and Pressure Loss From Jet Array Impingement

Experiments to investigate the effect of target wall curvature on heat transfer and pressure loss from jet array impingement are performed. A jet plate configuration is studied with constant hole diameters and spacings. The geometry of the jet plate has streamwise jet spacings of 5.79 jet diameters, spanwise jet spacings of 4.49 jet diameters, and a jet-to-target plate distance of 3 jet diameters. For the curved case, the radius of the target plate is r/D = 31.57. A flat target wall setup with identical geometric spacing is also tested for direct comparison. Jet spacings were chosen such that validation and comparison can be made with open literature. For all configurations, spent air is drawn out in a single direction, which is tangential to the target plate curvature. Average jet Reynolds numbers ranging from 55,000 to 125,000 are tested. A steady-state measurement technique utilizing temperature-sensitive paint (TSP) is used on the target surface to obtain Nusselt number distributions. Pressure taps placed on the sidewall of the channel are used to evaluate the flow distribution in the impingement channel. Alongside the experimental work, CFD was performed utilizing the v2 − f turbulence model to better understand the relationship between the flow field and the heat transfer on the target surface. The main target of the current study is to quantify the impact of target wall radius and the decay of heat transfer after the impingement section, and to check the open literature correlations. It was found that the target wall curvature did not cause any significant changes in either the flow distribution or the heat transfer level. Comparisons with established correlations show similar level but different trends in heat transfer, potentially caused by differences in L/D. CFD results were able to show agreement in streamwise pitch-averaged Nusselt number levels with experimental results for the curved target plate at higher Re numbers.

AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION FOR WATER FLOW ENHANCEMENT IN HORIZONTAL PIPES BY USING NANOPARTICLES

This work has been devoted to investigate experimentally, the increase in range of horizontal discharge distance and velocity of water flow for pipes of fire-hoses and water jet propulsion systems in small ships. The enhancement method of water flow depends on increase the drag reduction and best uniform flow. One of the important practice techniques is adding a small amount of some materials, cheap and locally available added into water flow in a horizontal pipe.A simple experimental system is designed and constructed to investigate the increase in drag reduction. Nanoparticles (aluminum oxide –30 nm diameters) and polyacrylamide (PAM) have been added alone and gain time together. Experimental calculations of average flow velocity, Reynolds number, and friction factor and percentage drag reduction are experimentally calculated under water heads of 75,100, 125,150,175 and 200 cm.The effects of concentration ratios of nanofluid(AL2O3) on friction factor and drag reduction are studied and calculated. The present results showed that addition of AL2O3 and PAM are caused reducing in friction factor, increase in range of horizontal discharge distance and the velocity of water flow.Also the results indicated that, drag reduction was26% increased at addition of AL2O3 and 39% at PAM while at mixing them together was 52 % as average for six heads were chosen. The results are represented graphically to explain the degrees of enhancement of increasing in drag reduction, flow velocity and the range of discharge distance for water in horizontal pipes. The originality of this work was addition materials of nanopartcles with polyacrylamide together.

Analysis of heat transfer of different nanofluids flow through an abrupt expansion pipe

Turbulent forced convection of nanofluids through an axisymmetric abrupt expansion is investigated numerically in the present study. Finite volume method is used to solve the governing equations. All results are analyzed through the thermal and dynamic fields, particularly the evolutions of skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number. The influence of nanofluid’s volume fraction and Reynolds number on this type of flow configuration was examined. The analysis is detailed for pure water and four nanofluids (Ag-water, Cu-water, CuO-water and Al2O3-water). All results evidence an increase of average Nusselt number with increasing the volume fraction and Reynolds number. Two correlations of average Nusselt number are proposed. The first correlation expresses the average Nusselt number versus Reynolds number, volume fraction and the ratio of densities of solid particles to that of the base fluid Nu‾=fRe,ϕ,ρsρf. The second one relates Reynolds number, volume fraction and the conductivity ratio of solid particle to that of the base fluid Nu‾=fRe,ϕ,kskf.

Electric Circuit Model for the Aerodynamic Performance Analysis of a Three-Blade Darrieus-Type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine: The Tchakoua Model

The complex and unsteady aerodynamics of vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) pose significant challenges for simulation tools. Recently, significant research efforts have focused on the development of new methods for analysing and optimising the aerodynamic performance of VAWTs. This paper presents an electric circuit model for Darrieus-type vertical axis wind turbine (DT-VAWT) rotors. The novel Tchakoua model is based on the mechanical description given by the Paraschivoiu double-multiple streamtube model using a mechanical‑electrical analogy. Model simulations were conducted using MATLAB for a three-bladed rotor architecture, characterized by a NACA0012 profile, an average Reynolds number of 40,000 for the blade and a tip speed ratio of 5. The results obtained show strong agreement with findings from both aerodynamic and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models in the literature.

Heat flux: thermohydraulic investigation of solar air heaters used in agro-industrial applications

A new design of solar air heater simulator is presented to comply with the extensive applications inagro-industry. A wise installation of increased heat transfer surface area provided uniform and efficient heat diffusion over the duct. Nusselt number and friction factor have been investigated based on the constant roughness parameters such as relative roughness height (e/D), relative roughness pitch (P/e), angle of attack (α) and aspect ratio with Reynolds numbers ranging from 5000 to 19,000 in the fully developed region. Heat fluxes of 800, 900 and 1000 Wm−2 were provided. The enhancement in friction factor is observed to be 3.1656, 3.47 and 3.0856 times, and for the Nusselt number either, augmentation is calculated to be 1.4437, 1.4963 and 1.535 times, respectively, over the smooth duct for 800, 900 and 1000 Wm−2 heat fluxes. Thermohydraulic performance is plotted versus the Reynolds number based on the aforementioned roughness parameters at varying heat fluxes. The results show up that thermohydraulic performance is found to be maximum for 1000 Wm−2 at the average Reynolds number of 5151. Based on the results, we can verify that the introduced solar simulator can help analyzing and developing solar collector installations at the simulated heat fluxes.

Convective Regimes on Porous Media within Sudden Changed Channel due to Tangential Gas Flow

Study of lateral heat distribution in porous media caused by tangentially heated air flow is presented. Purpose of present study is to investigate effect of air velocity streamed tangentially, through a sudden enlarged-contracted channel, over a porous media layer toward heat distribution inside the layer. Air with temperature 373 K, as a heat source, is streamed over upper-facing of the porous layer, while its intake velocities are varied respectively at 0.5 to 2.5 m/s. Lower-facing of the porous layer, temperature is held on 313 K constant, as a heat sink. The consolidated porous layer is made from aluminum with porosity 38%. Important informations are obtained. Sudden enlarged-contracted channel generates non-linear heat transfer inside the porous media, whereas the suddenly enlarged channel enhances the molecular conductance, and the sudden contracted one increases the convective conductance.Thislaminar tangential gas flow yields the heat transfer takes respectively on free-, forced-, and combined-convective regime. It is also known that the combined convection is due to air flow at average Reynolds number 231.26.

Effect of spanwise shear on flow past a square cylinder at intermediate Reynolds numbers

Three-dimensional numerical simulation of flow past a square cylinder with linear spanwise shear has been performed in the Reynolds numbers range of 165-250. Navier-Stokes equations are discretized using second order central differencing for both advection and diffusion terms, explicitly marching in time using the second order Adams-Bashforth scheme. The solution methodology used is the Simplified Marker and Cell algorithm. Spanwise shear is simulated by providing a linear variation in the inlet velocity profile along the spanwise direction and the resulting wake characteristics are compared with uniform inflow. Presence of mode-A, mode-B, and large scale vortical irregularities of two-sided symmetrical vortex dislocations is detected when the inflow is uniform. With shear, oblique and cellular vortex shedding are identified for the square cylinder. Shedding frequency of the vortices varies in a stepwise manner along the span, giving rise to local cells of constant frequency. Constant frequency cell sizes are found to be longer for a square cylinder in shear flow as compared to the circular one. Spanwise shear leads to vortex splitting and one-sided vortex dislocation, contrary to the naturally occurring two-sided vortex dislocation for uniform flow. Reynolds number dependence of spanwise shear flow is studied by comparing wake dynamics at three mid-span Reynolds numbers of 165, 200, and 250 with a shear parameter of 0.025. With an increase in the average Reynolds number, cell sizes decrease and dislocations become irregular in space and time. Simulations with three different shear parameters of 0.0125, 0.025, and 0.05 have been carried out for an average Reynolds number of 250. With an increase in the shear parameter, the frequency of occurrence of vortex dislocations increases in the wake. In addition, obliqueness of the primary vortices and the number of cells also show an increase.

Effects of Reynolds Number on the Energy Conversion and Near-Wake Dynamics of a High Solidity Vertical-Axis Cross-Flow Turbine

Experiments were performed with a large laboratory-scale high solidity cross-flow turbine to investigate Reynolds number effects on performance and wake characteristics and to establish scale thresholds for physical and numerical modeling of individual devices and arrays. It was demonstrated that the performance of the cross-flow turbine becomes essentially R e -independent at a Reynolds number based on the rotor diameter R eD ≈ 106 or an approximate average Reynolds number based on the blade chord length R ec ≈ 2 × 105 . A simple model that calculates the peak torque coefficient from static foil data and cross-flow turbine kinematics was shown to be a reasonable predictor for Reynolds number dependence of an actual cross-flow turbine operating under dynamic conditions. Mean velocity and turbulence measurements in the near-wake showed subtle differences over the range of R e investigated. However, when transport terms for the streamwise momentum and mean kinetic energy were calculated, a similar R e threshold was revealed. These results imply that physical model studies of cross-flow turbines should achieve R eD ∼ 106 to properly approximate both the performance and wake dynamics of full-scale devices and arrays.

Experimental studies on natural convection of water in a closed-loop vertical annulus

Experimental studies on heat transfer and fluid flow of water in a vertical annulus, circulating through a cold leg forming a closed loop thermo-siphon, have been carried out in this article. The annulus has a radius ratio (outer radius to inner radius) of 1.184 and aspect ratio (length to annular gap) equal to 352. The experiments were conducted for constant heat fluxes of 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15 kW/m2. Transient behavior during the heat-up period of the system until the steady-state condition is attained and discussed. Variation in the heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number along the annulus height represent the developing boundary layer at the entrance and fully developed flow in the remaining length. A large drop in the differential pressure is experienced when the liquid is circulated through the flow meters, which restrict the flow due to their very small passages. Flow restriction causes mass accumulation and rise of pressure at the exit of the annulus. It also causes a decrease in liquid head in the cooling leg. An increase in the heat flux leads to an increase in the heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number. As a result of the data analysis correlations for the average Nusselt number, Reynolds number and circulation rate have been developed in terms of the heat flux.