Average Relative Humidity Research Articles

Forest-Fire-Risk Prediction Based on Random Forest and Backpropagation Neural Network of Heihe Area in Heilongjiang Province, China

Forest fires are important factors that influence and restrict the development of forest ecosystems. In this paper, forest-fire-risk prediction was studied based on random forest (RF) and backpropagation neural network (BPNN) algorithms. The Heihe area of Heilongjiang Province is one of the key forest areas and forest-fire-prone areas in China. Based on daily historical forest-fire data from 1995 to 2015, daily meteorological data, topographic data and basic geographic information data, the main forest-fire driving factors were first analyzed by using RF importance characteristic evaluation and logistic stepwise regression. Then, the prediction models were established by using the two machine learning methods. Furthermore, the goodness of fit of the models was tested using the receiver operating characteristic test method. Finally, the fire-risk grades were divided by applying the kriging method. The results showed that 11 driving factors were significantly correlated with forest-fire occurrence, and days after the last rain, daily average relative humidity, daily maximum temperature, daily average water vapor pressure, daily minimum relative humidity and distance to settlement had a high correlation with the risk of forest-fire occurrence. The prediction accuracy of the two algorithms in regard to fire points was higher than that for nonfire points. The overall prediction accuracy and goodness of fit of the RF and BPNN algorithms were similar. The two methods were both suitable for forest-fire occurrence prediction. The high-fire-risk zones were mainly concentrated in the northwestern and central parts of the Heihe area.

High-Relative-Humidity Storage Reduces the Chilling Injury Symptoms of Red Sweet Peppers in the Breaker Stage

Water loss, interwoven with other factors, is identified as the cause of chilling injury to sweet peppers. The breaker stage is the most vulnerable of all maturity stages. The purpose of this study was to see if increasing the storage relative humidity (RH) reduces the chilling injury and to compare its effect on breaker-stage fruits to red-ripe fruits at a normal RH. The fruits were stored at 5 °C with a RH of 98 ± 2% and 70 ± 6% for high and low RH, respectively. After 15 days of cold storage, the fruits were moved to ambient conditions for 3–5 days for chilling injury symptoms to appear. The results showed that high RH storage reduced fruit water loss by 4–4.5% compared to low RH storage, resulting in fewer chilling injury symptoms regardless of fruit maturity stage. Due to the increased RH, cell membrane damage indicators such as electrolyte leakage, MDA, respiration, and ethylene production rates were shown to be reduced, while brix and color were well maintained, indicating reduced or stopped senescence. Furthermore, DPPH antioxidant activity and vitamin C were retained and optimized. The microbiological analyses also showed that a high RH may not promote the growth of microorganisms as quickly as may have been thought. Finally, the findings of this study indicate that breaker-stage peppers stored at a high RH may be less susceptible to chilling injury than red-ripe peppers stored at a low RH.

The climate and its implications for milk production in the Brazilian cerrado

Objective. To analyze the climate in the last thirty years in the Northwest of Minas and its impacts on dairy production. Materials and Methods. The database of the National Institute of Meteorology was used during the period from 1985 to 2017 in the cities of Unaí, Paracatu, Arinos and Formoso/MG. For each month and year, the average minimum temperature (Tmin), maximum temperature (Tmax), relative humidity (RH), Temperature and Humidity Index (THI), Wet-bulbe Globe Temperature Index (WBGT), estimate of the decrease in milk production (DMP) and DMP on critical days (DMPc) were calculated. Results. The results were evaluated using the lm function of R, and the t test to test the null hypothesis that the regression coefficient was equal to zero with a significance level of 5%. An increase in Tmax and Tmim values by 0.6-0.9°C respectively was observed. The THI and WBGT values in the municipalities show states of danger and emergency. The DMP obtained were 2.8 kg cow-1 day-1 (Paracatu and Formoso), 3.2 kg cow-1 day-1 in Unaí and between 3.7 and 4.6 kg cow-1 day-1 in Arinos. Conclusions. It is verified that the thermal condition in the studied cities is outside the considered thermoneutral zone, being necessary primary and secondary environmental modifications to guarantee the welfare of the animals and satisfactory livestock indexes.

The Effect of Atmospheric Parameters and Climate Changes on the NDYI Index in the Hyrcanian Forests

The increase in the production and entry of greenhouse gases into the earth’s atmosphere has disturbed the balance of the environment. The signs of climate change (caused by global warming) are clearly visible and its effects are tangible. According to the United Nations, if the current trend continues, the global average temperature will increase by 3.2°C by the end of the century, which will have terrible consequences if it happens. This research aimed to investigate the effects of greenhouse gases and climate changes resulting from them on Hyrcanian forests. The Hyrcanian forests, as one of the oldest forest areas (remaining from the Paleogene era), were studied by telemetry from 2013 to 2021. The analysis of the images taken from the Landsat 8 satellite showed that during 9 years, the NDVI index decreased by 0.6 units and the average air temperature increased by 0.5°C. Although the average relative humidity has only increased by 2%, the average annual rainfall has recorded an increase of 25mm. The analysis of the statistics showed that the rains occur irregularly and are often torrential. Therefore, it is predicted that as the average temperature continues to increase, the NDVI index will further decrease, and as a result, the forest cover will become weaker and the soil will lose more water absorption power, and due to the increase in average rainfall. Successive floods will occur. Therefore, soil erosion increases and the extinction and migration of plant and animal species increase significantly.

Influences of temperature and humidity on cardiovascular disease among adults 65 years and older in China.

The burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) on the current aging society in China is substantial. Climate change, including extreme temperatures and humidity, has a detrimental influence on health. However, epidemiological studies have been unable to fully identify the association between climate change and CVD among older adults. Therefore, we investigated the associations between temperature and relative humidity and CVD among older adults in China. We used cohort data from the China Longitudinal Health and Longevity Survey (CLHLS) conducted in 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014, and 2018. A total of 39,278 Chinese adults 65 years and older participated in the analyses. The average annual temperatures and relative humidity during 2001 and 2017 (before the survey year) at the city level in China were used as the exposure measures. We selected patients with hypertension, heart disease, and stroke to create a sample of CVD patients. The associations between temperature and relative humidity and CVD were analyzed using the generalized estimation equation (GEE) model. Covariates included sociodemographic factors, health status, lifestyle, and cognitive function. The average annual temperature was negatively correlated with the prevalence of CVD. Every 1°C increase in the average annual temperature reduced the rates of hypertension by 3% [odds ratio (OR): 0.97; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.96-0.97], heart disease by 6% (OR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.92-0.95), and stroke by 5% (OR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.94-0.97). The results of the analyses stratified by sex, urban/rural residence, and educational level were robust. The average annual relative humidity was inversely associated with the likelihood of CVD among older adults. Every 1% increase in the average annual relative humidity reduced the rates of hypertension by 0.4% (OR: 0.996; 95% CI: 0.99-1.00), heart disease by 0.6% (OR: 0.994; 95% CI: 0.99-1.00), and stroke by 0.08% (OR: 0.992; 95% CI: 0.98-1.00). However, the effects were more obvious with higher humidity levels (>70). Our findings suggest that higher temperatures and relative humidity may reduce the risk of CVD among older adults.

PS-P03-8: INFLUENCE OF AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE AND AIR RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON BLOOD PRESSURE

Objective: To investigate the influence of average air temperature, pressure and air relative humidity on blood pressure (BP) and blood pressure variability in population. Methods: A total of 97,784 participants were included from the May Month Measurement 2020 in China. BP was measured three times consecutively in the sitting position with a 1-minute interval, using a validated electronic BP monitor. Trained volunteer investigators administered a questionnaire to collect information on medical history, lifestyle, and use of medications. Average air temperature, pressure, and air relative humidity of the day were recorded. The mean BP was taken as the mean of the second and third BP, and the systolic blood pressure variability (SBPV) was the standard deviation/mean of three systolic blood pressures (SBP). Statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.4. Results: Linear regression analysis found that the average air temperature was negatively correlated with the mean SBP and SBPV in all participants and hypertensive subjects (P < 0.0001, P = 0.01). The average pressure was positively correlated with the mean SBP and SBPV in all participants and hypertensive subjects (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001). The average air relative humidity was negatively correlated with SBPV in hypertensive subjects (P = 0.03). The relationship between average air relative humidity and SBP in all participants and hypertensive subjects, between average air relative humidity and SBPV in all participants was not found. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, taking antihypertensive medicine, smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes, history of heart disease and previous stroke, the average air temperature and pressure remained associated with mean SBP in all participants and in hypertensive subjects. Logistic regression analysis showed that for every 1°C increase in air temperature, the risk of hypertension decreased by 1.8%, and for every 10hpa increase in pressure and 1% increase in air relative humidity, the risk of hypertension increased by 0.3% and 0.4%, respectively. When air temperature increased 1°C, the happen of hypertension control increased by 2.3%, and decreased by 0.2% for every 1% increase in air relative humidity. The relationship was not found between mean pressure and control of hypertension. Conclusion: The lower average air temperature and higher average pressure are possibly related with higher SBP, more likely to suffer hypertension, while the lower average air temperature and the higher average air relative humidity may resulted in more difficult hypertensive control.

Factors influencing the airborne sporangia concentration of Phytophthora infestans and its relationship with potato disease severity

Forecasting systems are widely used to predict the application of fungicides for managing late blight. However, airborne inoculum has rarely been included in these forecasting systems. Monitoring the sporangia in crop environments may offer an opportunity to improve late blight forecast systems by integrating pathogen pressure. Hence, this experiment aiming to analyze relationships between weather based risk systems and sporangia levels in the atmosphere of potato crops. The experiments were conducted during two growing seasons in a potato field. During the study, the concentration of Phytophthora infestans in the air, the weather conditions, the phenology of cultivars and r-AUPDC during the crop cycle were recorded. The weather-based risk of late blight was estimated using infection pressure (IP) and the daily risk value (DRV) based on hourly relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T). The effect of weather parameters on sporangia levels was analyzed. IP and DRV showed a strong positive correlation with sporangia concentration, standing out the pronounced effect of RH on the sporangia levels. Analysis of the hourly sporangia concentration within a day showed an increase in the sporangia concentration from 9 h to 18 h. This increase in sporangia was linked to an increase in T, spore release, and a decrease in RH. Our results identified a T of 10 °C and RH of 80% as the minimum threshold for significant sporangia concentration in the air. However, maximum sporangia level was found in the air at 88% (average relative humidity) and 17 °C (average temperature). Finally, the effect of weekly P. infestans sporangia was observed on cultivars with different susceptibility to late blight.

The impact of meteorological factors on involuntary admission in Attica, Greece.

Few studies in the literature have examined the effect of meteorological factors, especially temperature, on psychiatric hospitalization and even less on their association with involuntary admission. This study aimed to investigate the potential association of meteorological factors with the involuntary psychiatric hospitalization in the region of Attica, Greece. The research was conducted at the Psychiatric Hospital of Attica "Dafni". This was a retrospective time series study of 8 consecutive years of data (2010 to 2017) and included 6887 involuntarily hospitalized patients. Data on daily meteorological parameters were provided from the National Observatory of Athens. Statistical analysis was based on Poisson or negative binomial regression models with adjusted standard errors. Analyses were initially based on univariable models for each meteorological factor separately. All meteorological factors were taken into account through factor analysis and then, through cluster analysis, an objective grouping of days with similar weather type was performed. The resulting types of days were examined for their effect on the daily number of involuntary hospitalizations. Increases in maximum temperature, in average wind speed and in minimum atmospheric pressure values were associated with an increase in the average number of involuntary hospitalizations per day. Increase of the maximum temperature above 23 °C at lag 6 days before admission did not affect significantly the frequency of involuntary hospitalizations. Low temperature and average relative humidity above 60% levels had a protective effect. The predominant day type at lag 1 to 5 days before admission showed the strongest correlation with the daily number of involuntary hospitalizations. The cold season day type, with lower temperatures and a small diurnal temperature range, northerly winds of moderate speed, high atmospheric pressure and almost no precipitation, was associated with the lowest frequency of involuntary hospitalizations, whereas the warm season day type, with low daily temperature and small daily temperature range during the warm season, high values of relative humidity and daily precipitation, moderate wind speed/gust and atmospheric pressure, was associated with the highest. As climate change increases the frequency of extreme weather events, it is necessary to develop a different organizational and administrative culture of mental health services.

GREENBOX Technology I - Technical Feasibility and Performance in Warehouse Environment

Highlights There are pressures on food security due to increasing population, demand, and urbanization. GREENBOX uses controlled environment agriculture for urban crop production in warehouse settings. GREENBOX provided the required environmental conditions and comparable biomass output year-round. GREENBOX is technically feasible for urban crop production. Abstract. The surging worldwide population and urbanization have increased food security and safety pressures. Therefore, there is a need to increase food production capacity in urban areas to feed this growing population. We have developed the GREENBOX technology to grow vegetables in individual climate-controlled boxes in urban warehouse environments. A GREENBOX is a thermally insulated modular structure of standard size with an artificial lighting source, a hydroponic nutrient supply system, and environmental controls. GREENBOX units can be used together in various numbers to form different configurations and production capacities. This study was conducted to evaluate the technical feasibility and performance of the GREENBOX technology for urban crop production in warehouse settings commonly found in urban areas. Two model GREENBOX units, constructed with commercially available parts, were located in a high-ceiling headhouse of a laboratory greenhouse complex at Storrs, Connecticut, USA, for the study. Forty-eight (48) heads of Butterhead Rex lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were grown in the model GREENBOX units (24 in each) over a 30-day growing cycle for four seasons. Environmental data, including light, temperature, relative humidity, and carbon dioxide, were collected using iPonic sensors at a frequency of every minute and processed to 15-minute averages. Crop growth was quantified with biomass data, which were wet weight, dry weight, total leaf area, and lettuce head area, using destructive and non-destructive methods every three days. A lysimeter was used to determine the water consumption rate by plants every fifteen minutes. We derived the Daily Light Integral (DLI), Leaf Area Index (LAI), Specific Leaf Area (SLA), productivity, and water consumed per lettuce head, per unit wet weight, and per unit dry weight. Descriptive statistics were used to describe and analyze the results. The DLI in the GREENBOX ranged between 32.48-37.23 mol/m2.d at the lettuce heads' height, higher than the recommended minimum DLI of 6.5-9.7 mol/m2.d. GREENBOX does not rely on external light but solely on the artificial lighting source, regulated at the grower's discretion. The mean temperatures inside were 24.5-26.9°C, falling within the optimal range of 17-29°C for lettuce. The artificial lighting source was a heat source to sustain cultivation. All year, the average relative humidity was 35.53%-58.54%, mostly within the ideal range of 40%-60%. The CO2 concentration inside the boxes fell slightly below the ambient concentration of 350 ppm, between 301.39 and 311.34 ppm over different seasons. Measured growth parameters, including LAI (5.3-6.5 cm2/cm2), SLA (344.3-569.3 cm2/g), and productivity (6.33-7.38 kg/m2), all followed similar patterns, slightly different amongst seasons and higher in warmer seasons. GREENBOX used 1.83-2.69 liters of water per head of lettuce consistently year-round, 95% lower than soil-based irrigation. Lettuce plants were healthy and grew to full size in the 30-day cycle, regardless of the season. Our study showed that the GREENBOX technology was capable of providing desired environmental conditions for growing lettuce crops all year around in the experimental warehouse structure and consequently having a high potential to be applied in food production in mid-latitude urban settings. Keywords: Agricultural facility, Environmental control, GREENBOX, Lettuce, Urban agriculture.

Estimating the relationship of sugarcane borer larvae and crop damage based on adult captures and climate variables

Sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (F.) is the primary sugarcane pest in Brazil. To estimate the relationship between larvae in sugarcane stalks and captures of male adults of D. saccharalis, we collected samples weekly: (1) adults with one delta trap with three virgin females and three female pupae and (2) larvae in 120 stalks per plot of 12.6 hectares (355 × 355 m). The study was conducted in two sites with five plots each, in the municipalities of Nova Ponte and Tupaciguara, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, from July 2016 to May 2017. Relationships between (1) males trapped per week and the number of larvae outside of stalks (LOS) were estimated and (2) we evaluated climate variables, namely average temperature, average relative air humidity, hours with relative air humidity below 30 %, rainfall and number of rainy days, and adults and larvae of D. saccharalis. We obtained generalized linear models for LOS in autumn and for larvae inside the stalks (LIS) in spring and autumn and trapped males in both sites. A significant and direct relationship between LIS and males trapped allows predicting larvae density based on captures of males. In addition, plant damage can be estimated based on accumulated captures of males. There was a negative relationship between hours of air humidity < 30 % and larvae outside of stalks. Densities of LIS can be estimated from male captures and by the humidity variables in the trapping week. Nevertheless, the models require validation in the field.

Exploring the impact of airtanker drops on in-stand temperature and relative humidity

Background There has been little quantification of the extent and duration of micrometeorological changes within a forest after airtanker drops of water-based suppressant. It has been speculated that a period of prolonged relative humidity – referred to as a ‘relative humidity (RH) bubble’ – temporarily exists in the canopy understorey post-drop. Aims We quantify the RH bubble from the drops of five airtankers commonly used by wildland fire management organisations in Canada. Methods We measured airtankers dropping water, foam concentrates, and gel enhancers in a mature jack pine stand. We examined the duration of change in RH and temperature using Generalised Additive Models, and the consequence of these changes on fine fuel moisture. Key results The average maximum RH increased and temperature decreased, indicating that the effects of the ‘RH bubble’ in-stand lasted from 25 to 76 min, depending upon the airtanker type and load configuration. Conclusion Airtanker drops cause an in-stand increase in RH and decrease in temperature, but this ambient change has a limited effect on potential fire behaviour. Implications The direct effect of water wetting the fuel is the most impactful effect of an airtanker drop. The ‘RH bubble’ created, though observable, does not change fine fuel moisture enough to impact fire behaviour.

Study on the Calculation Method of Green GDP to Measure the Economic Health

This paper discusses the replacement of conventional GDP with green GDP (GGDP) as the main measure of economic health. Based on data on annual average temperature, annual precipitation, annual sunshine hours and annual average relative humidity for country C over the past decade, a multiple regression model is used to demonstrate that the linear effect of GGDP is positive for green growth. Further considering the differences in economic power between developed, developing and lagging countries, an infinite iterative game model of green GDP and conventional GDP is constructed based on the mutual constraints of long-term and short-term interests. Finally, considering the resistance to replacing GDP with green GDP, and in order to fully reflect the tortuous and complex relationship between climate change and social costs, an integrated model that will be embedded in the economic system, the DICE-2013R model, is constructed in order to achieve a shift from a single energy model to an integrated climate model. Normalising the data based on the model calcglobal scale.

Preliminary Study of Predation Effectiveness of the Assassin Bug &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Rhynocoris rapax&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Stal (Heteroptra: Reduviidae) on Fall Armyworm &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Spodoptera frugiperda&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a Major Pest of Maize Crops

Maize is a staple food in many sub-Saharan African countries, grown on large surfaces and with high production. However, maize’s cultivation is often confronted with attacks by the fall armyworm, which considerably reduces production. Thus, the use of biological agents in the control of the fall armyworm would contribute effectively to the sustainability of agriculture. It is in this context that this study, conducted at the La Mé station of the National Centre for Agronomy Research, aims to test the effectiveness of Rhynocoris rapax, a powerful predator of various insect families, on the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda, for biological control of this maize pest in Côte d’Ivoire. Therefore, 3 batches of 1 adult individuals of Rhynocoris rapax were captured in trial plots set up at the La Mé station. These individuals were then put in contact with 3 batches of 5, 20 and 40 larvae of the pest in rearing boxes at an average temperature of 26.4°C and an average relative humidity of 60%, in order to evaluate the efficiency of the predation. The results showed that Rhynocoris rapax kills more larvae when these are in large numbers. The mortality of the high number of larvae was observed during the first three days, probably due to the voracity and aggressiveness of Rhynocoris rapax that period. So R. rapax is a potential predator of fall armyworm and should be protected.

Dynamic Response of Shrubbery Fire to Meteorological Changes in Yunnan Province

This paper takes shrubland fires as the research object and selects typical shrubland forest fire cases that occurred throughout Yunnan Province from 1954 to 2018 as the research samples, and the shrubland fire loss elements and meteorological data are studied by SPSS correlation analysis and MATLAB gray prediction model to analyze shrubland fires and meteorological elements. The results showed that there were significant correlations between shrubland fires and meteorological data; the shrubland fire over fire area, forest damage area, and economic loss composite data index showed positive correlations with annual maximum temperature, annual average minimum temperature, annual average temperature, and annual sunshine hours; the annual average relative humidity, precipitation days, and the composite index of the same day meteorological data showed significant negative correlations, etc. In exploring the main meteorological factors affecting the distribution of forest fires, we establish a meteorological fire model to provide a real and credible scientific basis and theoretical foundation for future forest fire prevention and prediction.

Indoor temperature, humidity, and microorganisms in traditional and modern houses in Japan

Microorganisms in our living environment may affect human health. Microbial suppression by air cleaners and disinfecting agents may provide protection from pathogenic materials. However, excessive microbial suppression can negatively affect human health; thus, an appropriate level of microbiome control is beneficial. It is not well understood how physical environmental conditions, such as temperature and relative humidity, and human lifestyles and behaviors affect indoor microorganisms. To understand the relationship between physical environmental conditions and microbial communities in the human living environment, we measured temperature and relative humidity and collected microbial samples in modern and traditional Japanese houses. In this study, bacteria and fungi were the target microorganisms. In both houses, the DNA concentration of microorganisms on floor surfaces was high when the average relative humidity of the room was high. The same tendency was observed for the beam and pillar surfaces in the traditional house. Although more careful consideration is needed for some indoor surfaces, such as storage ceilings and air conditioner outlets, seasonal changes in relative humidity and DNA concentrations of microorganisms on indoor surfaces exhibit some correlation.

Understanding Meteorological Changes Following Severe Defoliation during a Strong Hurricane Landfall: Insights from Hurricane Michael (2018)

Abstract Despite prompting persistent meteorological changes, severe defoliation following a tropical cyclone (TC) landfall has received relatively little attention and is largely overlooked within hurricane preparedness and recovery planning. Changes to near-track vegetation can modify evapotranspiration for months after tropical cyclone passage, thereby altering boundary layer moisture and energy fluxes that drive the local water cycle. This study seeks to understand potential spatial and temporal changes in defoliation-driven meteorological conditions using Hurricane Michael (2018) as a testbed. In this sensitivity study, two Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model simulations, a normal-landscape and a post-TC scenario, are compared to determine how a defoliation scar placed along Michael’s path alters surface heat fluxes, temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation near the storm’s track. In the month following the foliage reduction, WRF resolves a 0.7°C 2-m temperature increase, with the greatest changes occurring at night. Meanwhile, the simulations produce changes to the sensible and latent heat fluxes of +8.3 and −13.9 W m−2, respectively, while average relative humidity decreases from 73% to 70.1%. Although the accumulated precipitation in the defoliated simulation was larger along a narrow corridor paralleling and downwind of the hurricane track, neither simulation satisfactorily replicated post-Michael precipitation patterns as recorded by NCEP Stage IV QPE, casting doubt as to whether the downwind enhancement was exclusively due to the defoliation scar. This sensitivity analysis provides insight into the types of changes that may be possible following rapid and widespread defoliation during a TC landfall.

Population Dynamics of Fruit Fly, B. dorsalis (Hendle) on Mango and Correlation with Weather Parameters

Investigation on the population dynamics of fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendle) (Diptera: Tephritidae) was carried out by installing "Nauroji-Stonehouse Fruit Fly Trap" in the mango orchard of organic farm, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India during 2021-22. The population of B. dorsalis prevailed throughout the year in mango orchard with its peak activity from 14th SMW to 31st SMW which coincided with the fruiting and harvesting period of fruits. The population of B. dorsalis decreased from August to February. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation of population of B. dorsalis with maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average temperature, evening relative humidity, average relative humidity, rainy days, rainfall and wind velocity but a significant negative correlation with duration of bright sunshine hours. However, there was a nonsignificant correlation of population of B. dorsalis with morning relative humidity.

Population Dynamics of Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephretidae) on Mangifera indica (L.) (Anacardiaceae) and Correlation with Weather Parameters

The population dynamics of fruit fly Bactrocera zonata Saunders (Diptera: Tephritidae) was carried out by installing "Nauroji-Stonehouse Fruit Fly Trap" in the mango orchard of organic farm, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India during the period 2021-22. The population of B. zonata prevailed throughout the year in mango orchard with its peak activity from 14th SMW to 31st SMW which coincided with the fruiting and harvesting period of fruits. The population was maximum in 27th SMW and minimum during second SMW. The population decreased from August to January. There was a significant positive correlation of population of B. zonata with maximum temperature (r=0.33), minimum temperature (r=0.83), average temperature (r=0.77), evening relative humidity (r=0.50), average relative humidity (r=0.41), rainy days (r=0.38), rainfall (r=0.37) and wind velocity (0.66). However, there was a nonsignificant correlation of population of B. zonata with morning relative humidity and duration of bright sunshine hours.

Analysis of Bioclimatic Comfort Conditions with Tourism Comfort Index in Aydın Province

Geçtiğimiz birkaç on yılda turizm birçok ülkede en önemli ekonomik faaliyetlerden biri haline geldi. Son yıllarda Dünya genelinde hem salgın hem de savaş nedeniyle turizm faaliyetlerinde düşüş görülmektedir. Özellikle soğuk ülkelerden yaz aylarında Türkiye’ye turistler gelmektedir. Salgın ve savaşların yanı sıra küresel iklim değişikliğine bağlı olarak artan sıcaklık turizm aktivitelerini de etkilemektedir. İnsanlar bu artan sıcaklık karşısında kendilerini en rahat hissettiği ortamlarda turizm faaliyetlerini sürdürmek istemektedir. İnsan faaliyetlerine etki eden en önemli faktör biyoklimatik konfor koşullarıdır. Bu koşulların belirlenmesi önemlidir. Biyokonfor koşulları için çeşitli indeksler geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Aydın İli 2021 yılı haziran, temmuz ve ağustos aylarına ait sıcaklık, aylık ortalama ve maksimum bağıl nem (%), aylık ortalama rüzgâr şiddeti (km/saat), aylık ortalama yağış (mm) ve aylık ortalama güneşlenme süresi (saat) verileri temin edilmiştir. Veriler excel ortamında düzenlenmiştir. Veriler düzenlendikten sonra turizm iklim konforunun hesaplanmasında en yaygın olarak turizm konfor indeksi (TCI) formülü ile çalışma alanında yer alan meteorolojik gözlem istasyonlarına ait TCI değeri hesaplanmıştır. Açık kaynak koldu QGIS yazılımı içerisine meteorolojik gözlem istasyonları ve TCI değerleri atılmıştır. Ters mesafe ağırlıklı enterpolasyon yöntemi kullanılarak haziran, temmuz ve ağustos aylarına ait TCI haritası üretilmiştir. Bu haritalar üzerinde Aydın İli turizm iklim konforu değerlendirilmiştir.

Effect of climate change on the spatio-temporal distribution of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (1824) in Algeria

This study was carried out in order to determine the initial distribution of Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (1824) (Diptera, Tephrididae) in Algeria, the area now occupied and assess the role of climate change in determining its current distribution. The various surveys and trapping of adults indicate that in addition to the coastal, sub-coastal and Argan regions, this fly is also present in oases. It is reported in all the traditional oases where fruit trees are intercropped with date palm. From the 2000s, the area occupied by this fruit fly increased and spread into provinces where it was not previously reported. Gradually, it increased in abundance and became an important pest. The climate data recorded in the province of Batna (Aurès Mountains, Saharan Atlas) indicate there has been a change in climate. The annual and monthly average temperatures and relative humidity for the period 2000–2018, in this province became more favourable for this fruit fly than in the period 1913–1937, in particular, during the months of March, April, October and November. The results also indicate that in orchards where there are several types of fruit, the numbers of this fly are higher than where mainly apples are grown.