Average Bit Error Probability Research Articles

The analysis of economic feasibility from Bubu Dasar fishing gear (Bottom fish pots) in Tepian Muara Sembakung, Nunukan (Indonesia)

The society of Tepian Muara Sembakung village, Nunukan Regency (Indonesia) render Sembakung waters as a potential resource that can be used as one of their income. The fisherman used Bubu Dasar fishing gear (Bottom fish pots). This research aims to analyze the economic feasibility business model of Bubu Dasar fishing gear (Bottom fish pots) in Tepian Muara Sembakung, Nunukan Regency, Indonesia. The sampling was conducted for 3 months, from November 2019 to January 2020. The research used a quantitative descriptive method with a case study approach. The Data was collected using survey with interview, observation based on catches from bottom fish pots as many as 14 times, and laboratory-scale method by doing identification of main catch, such as giant prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and by-catch composition like mangrove crab (Scylla serrata); catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus); crossbreed fish (Plotosus canius); cand hopstick fish (Toxotes jaculatrix). The results obtained an average daily income of fishermen was IDR 379,286 with an average gross income in each month was IDR. 3,792,857 with total expenses in the form of maintenance costs, depreciation costs and operational costs of IDR. 444,868, so the average profit of fishermen in each month was IDR. 3,347,990. The business analysis can be seen from the average ROI index value as 33.4; the average BEP index value was 12.4 and the average benefit cost ratio (B/C ratio) index was 8.5, so the results of the three indices explain that the bottom fish pots business analysis results are profitable and worthy of profit catching giant prawns (M.rosenbergii) using bottom fish pots in Tepian village, Sembakung subdistrict, Nunukan district.

ABC Algorithm-Based Subblocks Set Design for OFDM With All Index Modulation

In this letter, we propose a low complexity artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm based subblocks set design to maximize the diversity gain of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with all index modulation (OFDM-AIM), which is inspired by OFDM with index modulation (OFDM-IM). Unlike the conventional OFDM-IM, where constellation points of the M-ary signals are fixed, ABC aided OFDM-AIM (ABC-OFDM-AIM) scheme has flexible subcarrier constellation points to enhance the diversity gain, which ensures better BER performance. Also, a parallel ABC (PABC) algorithm, which has a more powerful search strategy than the ABC algorithm, is proposed (PABC-OFDM-AIM) to further enhance the diversity gain of the OFDM-AIM. Performances of the proposed schemes have been tested according to the average bit error probability (ABEP), search complexity, and BER performance criteria. Simulation results show that the proposed schemes outperform other OFDM-IM based schemes, especially in the improvement of BER.

Generalized Space Time Block Coded Spatial Modulation for Open-Loop Massive MIMO Downlink Communication Systems

In this paper, we propose a generalized space-time block coded spatial modulation (GSTBC-SM) scheme for open-loop massive multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) downlink communication systems. Specifically, we firstly partition the information bits into multiple groups with each group modulated by the spatial modulation (SM), where the SM symbols are invoked for orthogonal STBC (OSTBC) and quasi-orthogonal STBC (Q-OSTBC) structures. Then, message passing (MP) and block minimum mean square equalization (B-MMSE) detectors are designed for our GSTBC-SM systems, to achieve near-optimal performance with significantly reduced complexity in massive MIMO configurations. Finally, we derive the theoretical average bit error probability (ABEP) of the proposed scheme. The main contribution is that the propose scheme achieves high transmission rate and diversity gain even with small number of radio frequency (RF) chains at the transmitter. Simulation results verify the theoretical derivations and show that the proposed GSTBC-SM scheme provides near 20 dB gain over the conventional GSTBC scheme under massive MIMO configurations.

Large intelligent surfaces: Random waypoint mobility and two‐way relaying

SummaryIn this paper, we first investigate the effect of mobility via the random waypoint (RWP) mobility model on the performance of nonaccess point (non‐AP) or AP large intelligent surfaces (LISs). The theoretical average bit error probability (ABEP) for each of these LISs under mobility is formulated. The presented formulation is complicated to solve; hence, the trapezoidal approximation is employed. Simulation results serve to validate the ABEP. Second, we investigate a two‐way relaying (TWR) network assisted by non‐AP or AP LISs. A network with two source/destination nodes with a single relay node employing decode‐and‐forward placed between these nodes is considered. The transmission interval is broken into two transmission phases. In the first phase, the two source nodes transmit information blocks to the relay node assisted by LISs. On receiving these information blocks, the relay node decodes the two information blocks and encodes these into a single information block via the use of network coding. In the second phase, the relay node forwards the network‐coded information block to the destination nodes assisted by LISs, where the intended information block is decoded via network coding. The theoretical ABEP is formulated for the proposed non‐AP and AP LIS‐assisted TWR schemes and is validated by simulation results. RWP mobility is also demonstrated for the proposed TWR schemes.

Precoding-Aided Spatial Modulation With Dual-Polarized Antennas Over Correlated Channels

In this letter, we propose a dual-polarized precoding-aided spatial modulation (DPPSM) scheme, which introduces the polarization dimension into conventional precoding-aided spatial modulation (PSM) to transmit an additional information bit, avoiding the occupation of additional physical space while offering extra transmit diversity. We obtain an upper bound on the average bit error probability (ABEP) of the proposed DPPSM scheme over correlated fading channels. We also derive an approximate upper bound on the ABEP to show the diversity order. Simulation results show that the upper bound is tight for a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) range, and the bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed DPPSM scheme is better than that of the conventional PSM scheme at the same spectral efficiency when equipped with an equal amount of antennas. Furthermore, the proposed DPPSM scheme is more robust to Gaussian channel error when the channel estimation imperfection is considered.

A Compressive Sensing Assisted Massive SM-VBLAST System: Error Probability and Capacity Analysis

The concept of massive spatial modulation (SM) assisted vertical bell labs space-time (V-BLAST) (SM-VBLAST) system [1] is proposed, where SM symbols (instead of conventional constellation symbols) are mapped onto the VBLAST structure. We show that the proposed SM-VBLAST is a promising massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) candidate owing to its high throughput and low number of radio frequency (RF) chains used at the transmitter. For the generalized massive SM-VBLAST systems, we first derive both the upper bounds of the average bit error probability (ABEP) and the lower bounds of the ergodic capacity. Then, we develop an efficient error correction mechanism (ECM) assisted compressive sensing (CS) detector whose performance tends to achieve that of the maximum likelihood (ML) detector. Our simulations indicate that the proposed ECM-CS detector is suitable both for massive SM-MIMO based point-to-point and for uplink communications at the cost of a slightly higher complexity than that of the compressive sampling matching pursuit (CoSaMP) based detector in the high SNR region.

Generalized Spatial Modulation With Multi-Index Modulation

In this letter, we propose a novel scheme extending index dimension with two distinct signal constellations, named as generalized spatial modulation with multi-index modulation (GSM-MIM). Through this scheme, which exploits the spatial domain and index domain, more extra information bits are transmitted by the spatial indexes as compared with the traditional GSM system. More specifically, with the aid of a vector index bit, a transmitted spatial vector (TSV) is derived by combining two spatial vectors, one of which is obtained by mapping $M$ -ary pulse amplitude modulation ( $M$ -PAM) symbol on an antenna index (AI) vector with the aid of both a key index bit and a group of AI bits, and the other one of which is obtained by mapping $L$ -quadrature amplitude modulation ( $L$ -QAM) symbol on another AI vector with another group of AI bits. Furthermore, the modified $M$ -PAM ( $M$ -MoPAM) is designed for increasing the squared minimum Euclidean distance (SMED) between the TSVs, the average bit error probability (ABEP) and the SMED are provided and analyzed. Finally, simulation results using Monte Carlo demonstrate that the GSM-MIM scheme has a significantly lower bit error ratio (BER) than other MIMO schemes.

Enhanced redesigned spatial modulation: Design and performance evaluation under correlated fading channels

SummarySpatial modulation techniques (SMTs) have emerged as promising multiple‐input and multiple‐output (MIMO) technology for fifth generation (5G) networks, which can achieve an appealing trade‐off between conflicting design objectives such as reliability, hardware cost, complexity, spectral efficiency, and energy efficiency. Most of the SMTs suffer from significant performance deterioration under correlated fading channels. In this paper, a novel spectral efficient SMT referred as enhanced redesigned spatial modulation (EReSM) is proposed, which is robust against adverse channel correlation effects. At any time instant, EReSM activates either one or two transmit antennas and employs a robust bits to antenna index mapping that ensures the selection of antenna subsets with maximum spatial separation to mitigate the effect of spatial correlation. EReSM also exploits phase rotation of transmitted symbols as an additional dimension to convey an extra information bit. The rotation angles used for bit mapping are optimized for various modulation schemes to maximize the minimum euclidean distance between the symbols. To analyze the performance, analytical upper bound expression for average bit error probability (ABEP) is derived for both uncorrelated and spatially correlated channel conditions. Monte Carlo simulation results substantiate the accuracy of the analytical results and also demonstrate that the proposed EReSM outperform conventional redesigned spatial modulation (ReSM) by at least 4 dB.

Generalized Polarization-Space Modulation

A novel generalized polarization-space modulation (GPSM) is proposed for polarized multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with a limit number of radio frequency (RF) chains. In the spatial domain, multiple dual-polarized (DP) transmit antennas are activated, and then combinations of those indices are used to convey information. While in the polarization domain, depending on the random input bits, only one polarization state is selected for each active DP transmit antenna to transmit information following the rule of the polarized shift keying. At the receiver, the maximum likelihood detector is employed as a benchmark to detect information bits being used to select the polarization state and activated DP antennas. In the detector, imperfect channel state information (CSI) is taken into account. Two less computationally complex detectors, i.e., a linear detector and a sphere decoding (SD) detector are proposed to relieve the computational burden. Sacrificing the average bit error probability (ABEP) performance, the proposed linear detector can reduce the computational complexity significantly. The proposed SD detector can achieve the optimum ABEP performance, while reducing computational complexity by reducing the search space. A closed-form union upper bound (UUB) on the ABEP of the GPSM system with imperfect CSI at the receiver is analytically derived and validated through simulations. From the UUB, a loose asymptotic bound on the ABEP, which sheds light on deriving the diversity gain and the coding gain, is derived. Numerical results show that the signal-to-noise ratio loss caused by increasing the number of transmit antennas is less than 3 dB while the spectral efficiency is increased by 7 b/z/Hz. Therefore, the GPSM can be a promising candidate of down link massive MIMO systems to achieve a high spectral efficiency with a limit number of RF chains.

Low-complexity Detectors for Cyclic Structured Space-time Block Coded Spatial Modulation over a Slow Rayleigh Fading Channel

This paper presents low-complexity detectors for space-time block coded spatial modulation with cyclic structured (STBC-CSM) codeword over a quasi-static frequency-flat Rayleigh fading channel. Two low-complexity detectors are proposed, which reduce the computational complexity of the STBC-CSM maximum-likelihood (ML) detector and demonstrate near-ML error performance of STBC-CSM. Furthermore, Monte-Carlo simulation results for the proposed schemes are presented to validate the theoretical Average Bit Error Probability (ABEP) of STBC-CSM. The proposed low-complexity detectors can achieve a 99% reduction in computational complexity, when high order M-ary (M > 64) amplitude and/or phase modulation symbols are employed for STBC-CSM.

Multiple Complex Symbol Golden Code

The Golden code is a full-rate full-diversity (FRFD) space-time block code (STBC). The conventional Golden code takes four complex symbols and generates two pairs of Golden codewords. Each pair of Golden codewords contains two complex symbols. In this paper, a new type of Golden code is proposed, where we extend the two complex symbols in each pair of Golden codewords into multiple complex symbols. The scheme hereinafter referred to as the multiple complex symbol Golden code (MCS-Golden code) preserves the FRFD property but achieves a diversity order of 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</sub> compared to the conventional Golden code, where N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</sub> is the number of receive antennas, n, n ≥ 1, is an integer, and 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> is the number of multiple complex symbols in the MCS-Golden code system. An equivalent model of the MCS-Golden code is constructed, then used to derive a closed-form bound on the average bit error probability (ABEP) for the MCS-Golden code system. We further propose a low complexity detection scheme, sphere decoding with sorted detection subset (SD-SDS) for the MCS-Golden code. Finally, we discuss the detection complexity for the proposed SD-SDS. Both simulation and theoretical results show that the MCS-Golden code significantly improves error performance compared to the conventional Golden code. For example, at an average bit error rate of 3 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-6</sup> , a four complex symbol Golden code system with three receive antennas achieves approximately 2.5 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain compared to the conventional Golden code.

On the Performance of Dual-Hop Systems Over Mixed FSO/mmWave Fading Channels

Free-space optical (FSO) links are considered as a cost-efficient way to fill the backhaul/fronthaul connectivity gap between millimeter wave (mmWave) access networks and optical fiber based central networks. In this paper, we investigate the end-to-end performance of dual-hop mixed FSO/mmWave systems to address this combined use. The FSO link is modeled as a Gamma-Gamma fading channel using both heterodyne detection and indirect modulation/direct detection with pointing error impairments, while the mmWave link experiences the fluctuating two-ray fading. Under the assumption of both amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward relaying, we derive novel closed-form expressions for the outage probability, average bit error probability (BER), ergodic capacity, effective capacity in terms of bivariate Fox's $H$-functions. Additionally, we discuss the diversity gain and provide other important engineering insights based on the high signal-to-noise-ratio analysis of the outage probability and the average BER. Finally, all our analytical results are verified using Monte Carlo simulations.

Impact of Imperfect Angle Estimation on Spatial and Directional Modulation

In this paper, we investigate the impact of imperfect angle estimation (IAE) on spatial and directional modulation (SDM) systems, assuming that the signal experiences line of sight (LoS) propagation. In SDM systems with IAE, the variation is analyzed in detail, when there is a mismatch between the beamforming and precise channel matrices. Based on the union bound and statistics theory, the average bit error probabilities (ABEPs) for both the legitimate user and eavesdropper are derived. In addition, the ergodic rate is also quantified with IAE. Simulation results are presented to show that the achieved theoretical ABEPs are useful in quantifying the potential performance penalty. We also show that the mismatch between the beamforming and precise channel matrices will become greater with the increase in direction measurement error (DME), which affects the detection for both the legitimate user and eavesdropper. On the other hand, due to the effect of IAE, the SDM requires more signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain to achieve a stable ergodic secrecy rate.

BP neural network-based ABEP performance prediction for mobile Internet of Things communication systems

Wireless communications play an important role in the mobile Internet of Things (IoT). For practical mobile communication systems, N-Nakagami fading channels are a better characterization than N-Rayleigh and 2-Rayleigh fading channels. The average bit error probability (ABEP) is an important factor in the performance evaluation of mobile IoT systems. In this paper, cooperative communications is used to enhance the ABEP performance of mobile IoT systems using selection combining. To compute the ABEP, the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of the direct link and end-to-end link are considered. The probability density function (PDF) of these SNRs is derived, and this is used to derive the cumulative distribution function, which is used to derive closed-form ABEP expressions. The theoretical results are confirmed by Monte-Carlo simulation. The impact of fading and other parameters on the ABEP performance is examined. These results can be used to evaluate the performance of complex environments such as mobile IoT and other communication systems. To support active complex event processing in mobile IoT, it is important to predict the ABEP performance. Thus, a back-propagation (BP) neural network-based ABEP performance prediction algorithm is proposed. We use the theoretical results to generate training data. We test the extreme learning machine (ELM), linear regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), and BP neural network methods. Compared to LR, SVM, and ELM methods, the simulation results verify that our method can consistently achieve higher ABEP performance prediction results.

Polarized Spatial Scattering Modulation

In this letter, a novel polarized spatial scattering modulation (PSSM), which exploits the available degree of freedom in the polarization domain in addition to the spatial scattering and signal domains to increase the spectral efficiency, is proposed. At the receiver, the maximum likelihood algorithm is applied to detect received signals. A tight union upper bound on the average bit error probability (ABEP) is derived in a closed-form. For the sake of fast system evaluation and comparison, an asymptotic bound on the ABEP is derived. Numerical results show that the proposed PSSM outperforms the conventional spatial scattering modulation and maximum beamforming systems in terms of the ABEP.

Genetic Algorithm Aided OFDM With All Index Modulation

Recently, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation (OFDM-IM) has been known by its potential diversity gain. In this letter, genetic algorithm aided OFDM with all index modulation (GA-OFDM-AIM) scheme is proposed, where the legitimate subblock realizations in look-up table are regarded as the chromosomes of genetic algorithm. Note that the average bit error probability (ABEP) based on pairwise error probability (PEP) gives an tight upper bound of the BER under medium and high SNR and thus the proposed scheme utilizes ABEP as the population fitness. Through the crossover, mutation and selection processes, the subblock realizations with low BER are obtained. Simulation results show that GA-OFDM-AIM can significantly enhance BER performance compared to other OFDM-IM schemes.

ABEP Evaluation of Spatial Modulation Communication Systems: Improved Analytical Framework

Average bit error probability (ABEP) performance evaluation of spatial modulation (SM) over wireless fading channels has attracted huge interest in the literature. In general, the core step to analytically evaluate such ABEP performance is to theoretically derive the associated average pairwise error probabilities (average-PEPs). However, these average-PEPs have been derived so far in exact and closed-form expressions only for two cases: 1) SM systems with real-valued modulation regardless of the fading channel type, 2) SM systems with complex-valued modulation but only for Rayleigh fading channel type. In case of complex-valued modulation with non Rayleigh fading, such average-PEPs were derived either in exact but integral-form expressions or in closed-form but non-simplified and non-tight approximate expressions. Thus, here, we introduce a new analytical framework to fill this literature gap by deriving new exact and closed-form formulas for the SM system's average-PEPs. We first apply the proposed framework on SM system with perfect channel-state-information (CSI) considering Rayleigh and Rician fading environments as two separate scenarios. Then, in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach, we reapply it for the imperfect CSI estimation scenario, where more generic exact average-PEPs are derived. Numerical and simulation results are provided, which show that, as compared to the widely adopted conventional literature approximate method, the proposed framework offers much better accuracy over the whole signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) region.

Analisis Tingkat Keuntungan Usaha Pembesaran Ikan Lele (Clarias Sp.) Dengan Teknik Bioflok Di Kabupaten Oku Timur

The objectives of this study were to: 1) determine the amount of income in the business of raising catfish using the biofloc technique in East OKU Regency, 2) to analyze the profit level of the catfish rearing business using the biofloc technique in East OKU Regency. The results showed that the average income of catfish rearing using biofloc technique was Rp. 3,702,121 / pp. Catfish enlargement business using biofloc technique provides a level of profit with an average R / C value of 1.85 and a B / C value of 0.85 and an average BEP of IDR 8,697 / kg and a product BEP of 20.31 kg. / pp.

A performance study on diversity receivers over κ-μ shadowed fading channels

In this study, N-branch selection combining (SC), dual-branch SC and dual-branch maximal ratio combining (MRC) receivers over κ-μ shadowed fading channels are investigated in terms of average bit error probability (BEP), outage probability (OP) and channel capacity (CC). Firstly, a cumulative distribution function (CDF) expression for instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the output of the N-branch SC system over a κ-μ shadowed fading channel is derived. Based on the proposed CDF expression of output SNR for N-branch SC receiver, OP and approximate average BEP expressions are obtained. Secondly, the probability density function (PDF) expression for a dual-branch SC system over κ-μ shadowed channels is derived. Then, two different CC expressions of a dual-branch SC receiver are obtained by using the proposed PDF expression. Thirdly, a PDF expression for a dual-branch MRC system under κ-μ shadowed conditions is proposed and its CC expression with channel inversion with fixed rate for is derived. Effects of the fading parameters and the total number of branches on the system performance are examined with different scenarios. Finally, the obtained results from OP, average BEP and CC expressions are verified with numerical simulations.

Outage and Bit Error Probability Analysis in Energy Harvesting Wireless Cooperative Networks

This study focuses on a wireless powered cooperative communication network (WPCCN), which includes a hybrid access point (HAP), a source and a relay. The considered source and relay are installed without embedded energy supply (EES), thus are dependent on energy harvested from signals from the HAP to power their cooperative information transmission (IT). Taking inspiration from this, the author group investigates into a harvest-then-cooperate (HTC) protocol, whereas the source and the relay first harvest the energy from the AP in a downlink (DL) and then collaboratively work in uplink (UL) for IT of the source. For careful evaluation of the system performance, derivations of the approximate closed-form expression of the outage probability (OP) and an average bit error probability (ABER) for the HTC protocol over Rayleigh fading channels are done. Lastly, the author group performs Monte-Carlo simulations to reassure the numerical results they obtained.