Point Averages Research Articles

YouTube as an information source in paediatric dentistry education: Reliability and quality analysis.

In the era of Covid 19 pandemic, the audio-visual contents of YouTube™ could be an information source for dental students, practitioners, and patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality, content, and demographics of YouTube™ videos about pediatric dentistry for the education of dentistry students. A search on YouTube™ was performed using the keywords "pediatric dentistry", "pediatric dental treatments", "primary teeth treatments" in Turkish. The first 50 videos selected for each keyword were evaluated. Parameters of the videos such as the number of views, the days since the upload, the duration of the video, and the number of likes and dislikes were recorded. Videos are categorized by upload source and content categories as an academic, dentist, physician, patient, reporter, and other, and average points are obtained for the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark. The normality of the data was evaluated with the Shapiro-Wilk test. The data were not distributed normally, compared with the Kruskal Wallis test between source and content groups. The Dunn's Post Hoc was used to determine to find out which group caused the difference. The Spearman Correlation coefficient was calculated to assess a possible correlation between JAMA, GQS, and VPI scores. All significance levels were set at 0.05. The duplicates and non-related ones were removed from 150 videos and remaining 119 videos were evaluated. Most of the videos were uploaded by the dentists and other categories, and mainly the videos were uploaded for patient education. JAMA score was 1 out of 4 for 55 videos, 2 for 63 videos, and 3 for only 1 video. When the video source groups were compared, the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.01). The difference between academic and patient groups (p = 0.007); the dentist and patient groups were statistically significant (p = 0.02). YouTube platform does not contain videos of appropriate quality to support the education of dentistry students in pediatric dentistry in Turkish.

Evaluation of the Smart Indonesia Program as a Policy to Improve Equality in Education

Inequality of access to education is still a major challenge faced by the Indonesian government and is caused by cost-related issues. Therefore, the government implements the Smart Indonesia Program (SIP) to overcome problems related to costs and increase equitable access to education. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation of the SIP in the Central Java province, Indonesia by examining samples obtained from 20 vocational schools consisting of 1413 students as respondents and 50 informants. The key informant was the school superintendent of the Regional Education Office VII of the Central Java province, which was analyzed with a context, input, process, and product (CIPP) evaluation. The results of this study found that in the sampling area, the implementation of the Smart Indonesia Card (SIC) program was considered to be very good, with an average context point of 82.3% (very good), an input point of 83.4% (very good), a process point of 87.7% (very good), and a product point of 90% (very good). However, two main obstacles that were identified have the potential to affect the effectiveness of (SIC) distribution, including (1) data synchronization between relevant stakeholders and (2) evaluation and reporting systems that did not refer to the principle of accountability. It is concluded that the current scheme does not refer to the principle of accountability.

An interactive and realistic phantom for cricothyroidotomy simulation of a patient with obesity through a reusable design using 3D-printing and Arduino

Background and objectivesProper airway management during emergencies can prevent serious complications. However, cricothyroidotomy is challenging in patients with obesity. Since this technique is not performed frequently but at a critical time, the opportunity for trainees is rare. Simulators for these procedures are also lacking. Therefore, we proposed a realistic and interactive cricothyroidotomy simulator. MethodsAll anatomical structures were modeled based on computed tomography images of a patient with obesity. To mimic the feeling of incision during cricothyroidotomy, the incision site was modeled to distinguish between the skin and fat. To reinforce the educational purpose, capacitive touch sensors were attached to the artery, vein, and thyroid to generate audio feedback. The tensile strength of the silicone-cast skin was measured to verify the similarity of the mechanical properties between humans and our model. The fabrication and assembly accuracies of the phantom between the Standard Tessellation Language and the fabricated model were evaluated. Audio feedback through sensing the anatomy parts and utilization was evaluated. ResultsThe body, skull, clavicle, artery, vein, and thyroid were fabricated using fused deposition modeling (FDM) with polylactic acid. A skin mold was fabricated using FDM with thermoplastic polyurethane. A fat mold was fabricated using stereolithography apparatus (SLA) with a clear resin. The airway and tongue were fabricated using SLA with an elastic resin. The tensile strength of the skin using silicone with and without polyester mesh was 2.63 ± 0.68 and 2.46 ± 0.21 MPa. The measurement errors for fabricating and assembling parts of the phantom between the STL and the fabricated models were −0.08 ± 0.19 mm and 0.13 ± 0.64 mm. The measurement errors internal anatomy embodied surfaces in fat part were 0.41 ± 0.89 mm. Audio feedback was generated 100% in all the areas tested. The realism, understanding of clinical skills, and intention to retrain were 7.1, 8.8, and 8.3 average points. ConclusionsOur simulator can provide a realistic simulation experience for trainees through a realistic feeling of incision and audio feedback, which can be used for actual clinical education.

Perbedaan Indeks Prestasi Komulatif (IPK) Mahasiswa FKIP UM Parepare Berdasarkan Tempat Tinggal

This study aims to determine the difference in the Cumulative Achievement Index (GPA) of FKIP UM Parepare students based on where they live, while this type of research is a quantitative study using the Ex Post Facto approach. The population of this study were all students of FKIP UM Parepare. The sample in this study amounted to 46 respondents by using a sampling technique is purposive sampling. The research data was obtained using research instruments in the form of a student residence questionnaire to determine the student's residence and documentation to find out the data on the GPA of FKIP UM Parepare Students. The data analysis technique used is descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistical analysis. The results of the descriptive analysis of the GPA of FKIP UM Parepare students based on where they live are 46 respondents, namely for students who live at their parents' house as many as 12 respondents with an average GPA of 3.68, for students who live In boarding houses there were 23 respondents with an average GPA of 3.62 and for students living in family homes there were 11 respondents with an average Grade Point Average GPA of 3.64. The results of the inferential analysis based on the ANOVA test showed that there was no difference in the GPA of FKIP UM Parepare students based on place of residence. The results of the analysis show that the significant value in the ANOVA test is 0.656 > (

A Deterministic Kaczmarz Algorithm for Solving Linear Systems

We propose a new deterministic Kaczmarz algorithm for solving consistent linear systems . Basically, the algorithm replaces orthogonal projections with reflections in the original scheme of Stefan Kaczmarz. Building on this, we give a geometric description of solutions of linear systems. Suppose is , we show that the algorithm generates a series of points distributed with patterns on an -sphere centered on a solution. These points lie evenly on lower-dimensional spheres , with the property that for any , the midpoint of the centers of is exactly a solution of . With this discovery, we prove that taking the average of points on any effectively approximates a solution up to relative error , where characterizes the eigengap of the orthogonal matrix produced by the product of reflections generated by the rows of . We also analyze the connection between and , the condition number of . In the worst case , while for random matrices on average. Finally, we prove that the algorithm indeed solves the linear system , where is the lower-triangular matrix such that . The connection between this linear system and the original one is studied. The numerical tests indicate that this new Kaczmarz algorithm has comparable performance to randomized (block) Kaczmarz algorithms.

In-store assortment training to the distribution manpower of dairy companies using gamification

The aim of this study is to design and implement an e-learning course for distributors of fast-moving consumer goods using gamification. In the first step, the components of the in-store assortment are extracted using a systematic literature review, and customer preferences in each of these factors were determined as users’ opinions of 387 customers. In the next step, the game is designed based on the persuasive game design (PGD) model, and the mechanics, dynamics, and aesthetics (MDA) of the game were determined by an experts’ panel, and a mobile app is designed as a learning tool. In the following step, the designed game was carried out by the distributors and the game prizes are awarded to the winners. Finally, the effects of the gamified e-learning are evaluated using the IMI questionnaire and analyzing the players’ points. Findings show that enjoyment, perceived competence, effort importance, pressure tension, perceived choice, and usefulness of this course are significantly higher than average. Besides, the average of points gets higher during repetition rounds while the dispersion of the points gets lower. As a result, it seems that gamification could be a valuable alternative to learning operational tricks for marketing staff, especially distributors.

Matching Protocol and Practice: The Challenge of Meeting Lung and Kidney Total Body Irradiation Constraints for Scleroderma

TBI, a form of immunomodulation, improves treatment outcomes for rapidly progressive scleroderma. The landmark Scleroderma: Cyclophosphamide or Transplantation (SCOT) trial used strict 200 cGy lung and kidney dose restrictions to limit the likelihood of normal tissue toxicity. The protocol, as written, did not specify how or where the 200 cGy limit was to be measured, opening the door to variable techniques and outcomes. Following the SCOT protocol, a validated 18 MV TBI beam model was used to evaluate lung and kidney doses with varying Cerrobend half-value layers (HVLs). Block margins were constructed per the SCOT protocol. Using the 2 HVL SCOT block guidelines, the average central point dose under the lung block center was 353(±27) cGy, almost double the mandated 200 cGy. The mean lung dose was to 629(±30) cGy, triple the mandated 200 cGy. No block thickness could achieve the mandated 2 Gy, due to contribution from unblocked peripheral lung tissue. With 2 HVLs, the average kidney dose was 267(±7) cGy. Three HVLs were needed to reduce it below 200 cGy, meeting the mandated SCOT limit. There is considerable ambiguity (and inaccuracy) in lung and kidney dose modulation for TBI. It is not possible to achieve the mandated lung doses using the protocol-specified block parameters. Future investigators are encouraged to take these findings into account to develop more explicit, achievable, reproducible and accurate TBI methodology.

Dynamic early recognition of abnormal lithium-ion batteries before capacity drops using self-adaptive quantum clustering

Lithium-ion batteries may exhibit an abnormal degradation due to causes such as lithium plating, characterized by a rapid capacity drop after a period of normal capacity degradation, posing a major threat to the system reliability and safety. To ensure continuously safe use of the system, this paper proposes a dynamic early recognition framework to distinguish the abnormal batteries from normally degrading batteries before their capacity drops. An unsupervised machine learning method called quantum clustering is introduced to identify normal and abnormal batteries, and it is further improved by using a form of Weibull wave function, which is more sensitive to the abnormal battery features. To eliminate the subjective effects on clustering performance, a self-adaptive parameter estimation method for the quantum clustering is also developed. Through applying to two types of lithium-ion batteries, the proposed dynamic early recognition framework is proven to be highly effective, where all abnormal batteries are recognized before capacity drops, and quantitatively, the average recognition points are 45.78% and 34.75% earlier than the average of knee-points where capacity begins to drop, showing great advantages compared with existing methods.

Social media sites users' choice between utilitarian and informational reinforcers assessed using temporal discounting.

This study provides a first approach to the use of the Multiple-Choice Procedure in social media networks use, as well as empirical evidence for the application of the Behavioral Perspective Model to digital consumption behavior in young users in conjunction with a methodology based on behavioral economics. The participants were part of a large university in Bogotá, Colombia, and they received an academic credit once they completed the online questionnaire. A total of 311 participants completed the experiment. Of the participants, 49% were men with a mean age of 20.6 years (SD = 3.10, Range = 15-30); 51% were women with a mean age of 20.2 years (SD = 2.84, Range = 15-29). Among the total participants, 40% reported that they used social networks between 1 and 2 h a day, 38% between 2 and 3 h, 16% for 4 h or more, and the remaining 9% used them for 1 h or less per day. The factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) allowed us to identify a statistically significant effect of the delay of the alternative reinforcer, that is, the average crossover points were higher when the monetary reinforcer was delayed 1 week, compared to the immediate delivery of the monetary reinforcer. There was no statistically significant effect of the interaction between the magnitude of the reinforcer and the delay time of the alternative reinforcer. This study supports the relative reinforcing value of an informational reinforcement consequence such as social media use, which is sensitive to both the magnitude of reinforcement and the delay in delivery as individual factors. The findings on reinforcer magnitude and delay effects are consistent with previous research that have applied behavioral economics to the study of non-substance-related addictions.

A DISTRIBUTED BUNDLE ADJUSTMENT METHOD USING ITERATIVE MOTION AVERAGING

Abstract. With the wide use of UAVs in urban scenes making image acquisition easier, processing large-scale 3D reconstruction problems have become a basic need of the Structure from Motion (SfM) community. Because of high memory consumption and computation complexity, bundle adjustment (BA) is a significant bottleneck in large-scale 3D reconstruction problems. Distributed strategy is a current research direction. Recent research cut the view graph to optimize sub-scenes in small size and average common cameras and/or 3D points to align them into one in the end. Yet, those methods tried to simply average cameras and/or 3D points, which lack mathematical rigor and tend to get a sub-optimal result. This paper first cuts the view graph and expands it. Then we use the strategy of motion averaging instead of simply averaging points to obtain a robust result. Finally, refined results are achieved by optimizing reprojection errors in the overlapping area. We conduct experiments on UAV data, check the validity of graph cut and expansion, and analyze whether graph size influences the precision computation time. Visualization results show that our method preserves scenes well; precision and visualization of un-expanded scenes prove the necessity of graph expansion; statistical results also indicate the negative infect of large sub-scene size.

Features of primary psychopathological disorders due to Coronavirus disease Covid-19

The purpose of the study was to study the features of primary mental disorders that arose as a result of coronavirus disease. In order to realize the goal of the study in the borderline psychiatry of the "INPN of NAMS of Ukraine" SI, 97 patients were examined for the first time psychic disorders suffered from Covid-19 and were exposed to the Sars-CV-2 pandemic stressors. The diagnosis was made taking into account the criteria of ICD-10 (F32.0 — F32.2 — 34 patients, F40 — F45—32 patients, F06.3 — F06.6 — 31 patients). It is established that the surveyed patients with neurotic, stress, and somatoform disorders indicators of objective and subjective assessment of the severity of anxiety indicate the importance for patients with this group of personal assessment of what is happening to them. The indicators of depression in these patients corresponded to “light” and “moderate level” — the average score in the group was 20.16 points. The overall level of depression in patients with depressive episodes (F32.0 — F32.2) and in patients with mental disorders of organic genesis (F06.3 — F06.6), on avera- ge, in groups corresponded to “moderate” depression level — average points on the MADRS scale. and 23.04 points respectively. For patients with Covid-19, anxiety disorders of varying intensity are characteristic. The highest alarm rates were observed in the group of neurotic patients, related to stress and somatoform disorders, which on average in the group correspond to a moderate level ((27.92 ± 3.42) points). The intensity of anxiety in patients with depressive episodes and mental disorders of organic genesis was in the range from mild to moderate ((23.09 ± 2.86) points and (24.58 ± 3.19) points, respectively). In the structure of anxiety disorders in patients with neu- rotic, stress, and somatoform disorders, somatic and vege tative symptoms prevail, significant differences are established between groups of patients with neurotic, stress, and somatoform disorders and patients with depressive episodes. ((1.56 ± 0.31) points and (0.39 ± 0.22) respectively, p ≤ 0.05), vegetative symptoms ((2.24 ± 0.34) points and (1,12 ± 0.27), respectively, p ≤ 0.01).

A Three-Phase Dual-Output T-Type Three-Level Converter

A novel three-phase dual-output T-type three-level converter (DO-T-TLC) topology is proposed in this article. The proposed topology has the dc-link and two sets of three-phase ac voltage output terminals. The topology of DO-T-TLC is introduced. Then, the operating principle of multiplexing switches and the available switching states of converter are analyzed, including current path, output phase voltage level, and blocking voltage of different switching states. The phase disposition pulsewidth modulation scheme with dc offsets is discussed in detail, and the key problems of the modulation scheme under both the common frequency and different frequency operation modes, such as voltage level selection, displacement angle constraint, and modulation index range, are studied. For the imbalance of two series capacitors in the dc-link, the mechanism is first revealed, and then a dc-link capacitor voltage balance method to control the average neutral point current is proposed. When DO-T-TLC is used in different operation modes, the ability and effect of this method to balance capacitor voltages are summarized. A low-power three-phase prototype is built, and the experimental results are given to verify the feasibility of the proposed topology and the effectiveness of the modulation scheme to control the voltage balance.

Índices de oxigenación en relación con el grado de compromiso infeccioso pulmonar en tomografía computarizada

The reserch was based on describing oxygenation indices in relation to the compromise of lung parenchyma evaluated by diagnostic images of the thorax in patients with a diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection. Retrospective cohort study in subjects who underwent oxygenation indices measurements and at least one chest CT scan with evidence of opacities, consolidation, pleural effusion, or no abnormal findings. A descriptive analysis was performed summarizing the qualitative variables in frequencies and percentages, and the quantitative variables in mean and standard deviation if their distribution was normal, median, and interquartile range if their distribution was not normal. A total of 3,150 patients were admitted to the final analysis, of whom 71.37% (2,248/3,150) had abnormal tomographic findings. The average age of the patients with opacity was 62.64 (SD: 18.15) compared to 60.69 (SD: 17.97) of the patients without opacity (p=0.014). SpO2/FiO2 was 8.72 average points lower (353.14 vs. 361.82; p=0.026) and PaO2/FiO2 was 12.61 average points lower (231.90 vs. 244.53; p=0.001) in patients with interstitial opacities versus patients without abnormal findings. SpO2/FiO2, SaO2, PaO2, and PaO2/FiO2 showed greater deterioration in patients with bilateral consolidation compared to patients without opacities (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, and p<0.001, respectively). Interstitial and/or alveolar opacities, consolidation, and pleural effusion present greater deterioration in oxygenation indices compared to patients without pulmonary involvement described in chest tomography.

Investigation of Point Refractivity Gradient and Geoclimatic Factor at 70 m Altitude in Yenagoa, Nigeria

The quality of services provided via Inter-Terrestrial radio communication links such as GSM networks, Wide Area Network (WAN), Radio and TV broadcasts is largely influenced by some meteorological parameters such as temperature, pressure and humidity. Proper knowledge of these parameters, specifically at microwave antenna heights (about 70m) is important in order to maintain an effective line-of-sight (LOS) link even during the worst weather conditions. The geoclimatic factor is an important quantity that must be considered in the design of terrestrial links for effective wireless communication. This work utilized satellite data from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) to compute the point refractivity gradient and geoclimatic factor for Yenagoa and its environs. The research was necessitated by the paucity of research on this subject matter for Yenegoa. The results of the research show that point refractivity gradient and geoclimatic factor in the study area vary with season. The average point refractivity gradient and geoclimatic factor at 70 m above the ground level are:136.433 N-unit/Km and 6.638633E-05 respectively. This implies that radiowaves propagating in this region at the said altitude is most likely to be super refractive in both rain and clear air atmospheric conditions. Rain or worst condition refers to the period when atmospheric components such as hydrometeor, lithometeor, aerosol have significant effects on propagated radio signals. Clear-air conditions means when maximum possible signal is received such that the most threatening atmospheric components (rain drops) have negligible effects on propagated signal. The results will be useful for radio engineers in the design and configuration of inter-terrestrial microwave links in Yenagoa and Its environs for optimum quality of service.

Effect of menstrual irregularity on academic performance of undergraduate students of Debre Berhan University: A comparative cross sectional study.

Menstrual period is a critical time in the life of females. For the first few years after menarche, irregular cycle is common due to premature hypothalamic-pituitary ovarian (HPO) axis physiologically. If persistent, it becomes a major problem in student's life. But few studies conducted on effect of menstrual cycle irregularity on academic performance among university students were descriptive. However assessing the effect of menstrual irregularity on academic performance by using average grade point approach is critically important to magnify its effect. To compare effects of menstrual irregularity on academic performance among undergraduate students of Debre Berhan University, Ethiopia 2020. A comparative cross sectional study was conducted among 404 students in Debre Berhan University, Ethiopia, 2020. A standard tool of menstrual cycle regularity which is prepared by international federation of gynecologist and obstetrics (IFGO) was used to screen students who have menstrual irregularity. Independent sample t- test was done to compare the mean difference of academic performance between the two groups of students. The age of study participants ranges between 18 and 26 years with a mean age of 20.69 ± 1.43 years. The mean age at menarche was 14.9 ± 1.67 ranging from 9 to 18 years. Students who had menstrual irregularity had mean average grade point (AGP) of (2.78 ± 0.57) and students who had regular menstruation had mean AGP of (2.97 ± 0.53). Students who had menstrual irregularity had lower mean average grade point by a mean difference of 0.19 (95%CI: 0.09-0.30). This study found that students who had menstrual irregularity had significantly lower mean AGP as compared with students who had regular menstruation.

Spatial Distribution and Temporal Trends of Dietary Niacin Intake in Chinese Residents ≥ 5 Years of Age between 1991 and 2018.

Limited knowledge exists on trends in niacin consumption and the prevalence of inadequate intakes in China. Understanding trends and the spatial distribution of the prevalence of inadequate niacin intake is crucial to identifying high-risk areas and sub-populations. The dietary intakes of niacin between 1991 and 2018 were analyzed using the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) data. The estimated average requirement cut point was applied to estimate inadequacy. The geographic information system's ordinary kriging method was used to estimate the spatial distribution of the prevalence of inadequate niacin intakes. However, between 1991 and 2018, the prevalence of inadequate niacin intake increased from 13.00% to 28.40% in females and from 17.75% to 29.46% in males. Additionally, the geographically significant clusters of high and low prevalence were identified and remained stable over almost three decades. The high prevalence of insufficient niacin intake was more pronounced in Henan and Shandong over 27 years. Further, effective and tailored nutrition interventions are required to address inadequate niacin intake in China.

Climate and Surface Mass Balance at Glaciar Perito Moreno, Southern Patagonia

Abstract The mass budget of southern Patagonian glaciers is characterized by an extreme amount of surface ablation. To understand the processes controlling surface mass balance, we analyzed in situ data including meteorological variables and ablation stakes for the 25 years between 1996 and 2020 near the terminus of Glaciar Perito Moreno in southern Patagonia in South America. The mean annual temperature has increased over the study period at a rate of 0.2°C decade−1. An energy-balance model was applied to calculate a point surface mass balance, based on meteorological records. The average point surface mass balance is estimated to be −16.3 m water equivalent (w.e.) yr−1 between 1996 and 2020, decreasing at a rate in the range from −0.4 to −0.9 m w.e. yr−1 decade−1. The greatest contribution to the surface energy balance was due to the sensible heat flux, and its variation drove the surface mass balance variation. The meteorological and surface mass balance records were compared with the Southern Annular Mode and El Niño–Southern Oscillation, which change the atmospheric circulation over southern Patagonia and influence surface mass balance near the terminus of the glacier. Our long-term dataset investigates the detailed meteorological conditions and surface mass balance and their connection with the large-scale climate variability over the last 25 years, reported for the first time in Patagonia.

Analysis of UAS-LiDAR Ground Points Classification in Agricultural Fields Using Traditional Algorithms and PointCNN

Classifying bare earth (ground) points from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) point clouds is well-established research in the forestry, topography, and urban domains using point clouds acquired by Airborne LiDAR System (ALS) at average point densities (≈2 points per meter-square (pts/m2)). The paradigm of point cloud collection has shifted with the advent of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) onboard affordable laser scanners with commercial utility (e.g., DJI Zenmuse L1 sensor) and unprecedented repeatability of UAS-LiDAR surveys. Therefore, there is an immediate need to investigate the existing methods, and to develop new ground classification methods, using UAS-LiDAR. In this paper, for the first time, traditional ground classification algorithms and modern machine learning methods were investigated to filter ground from point clouds of high-density UAS-LiDAR data (≈900 pts/m2) over five agricultural fields in North Dakota, USA. To this end, we tested frequently used ground classification algorithms: Cloth Simulation Function (CSF), Progressive Morphological Filter (PMF), Multiscale Curvature Classification (MCC), and ArcGIS ground classification algorithms along with the PointCNN deep learning model were trained. We investigated two aspects of ground classification algorithms and PointCNN: (a) Classification accuracy of optimized ground classification algorithms (i.e., fine adjustment is user-defined parameters) and PointCNN over training site, and (b) transferability potential over four yet diverse test agricultural fields. The well-established evaluation metrics of omission error, commission error, and total error, along with kappa coefficients showed that deep learning outperforms the traditional ground classification algorithms in both aspects: (a) overall classification accuracy, and (b) transferability over diverse agricultural fields.

Dietary iron intake over two post-fortification periods in Brazil: data from the National Dietary Surveys 2008-2009 and 2017-2018.

We aimed to assess the dietary Fe intake and the prevalence of inadequate Fe intake over two post-fortification periods in Brazil. The intake was analysed according to sex, life stage, geographic region and stratum of family income per capita. Excluding pregnant and lactating women, this population-based study included 32749 and 44744 participants aged ≥ 10 years from the National Dietary Survey-Brazilian Household Budget Surveys 2008-2009 and 2017-2018, respectively. The National Cancer Institute method was used to predict usual dietary Fe intakes. The prevalence of Fe intake inadequacy was estimated following a probabilistic approach for women of childbearing age or with the Estimated Average Requirement cut-off point method. Over an interval of 10 years, the mean Fe intake remained almost unchanged for most sex-age groups, except for women of childbearing age. In this specific group, the prevalence of Fe intake inadequacy was > 20 % in 2008-2009 and have increased to > 25 % in 2017-2018, with the highest reductions in mean Fe intake found in the highest income strata and richest Brazilian regions. Meanwhile, the highest prevalence of Fe intake inadequacy (> 40 %) occurred among the poorest women aged 31-50 years from the lowest family income stratum, irrespective of the study period. Beans were the main Fe source, while fortified breads, pastas, pizzas, cakes and cookies contributed approximately 40 % of the Fe intake. The results provide important insights into the long-standing dietary impacts of food fortification, which can guide future (re)formulation of effective public health strategies to combat Fe deficiency.

Командная работа по подготовке иноязычного описания художественного изображения как средство формирования связи между языковым и дискурсивным компонентами иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции

Definitions of linguistic and discursive components of foreign language communicative competence are given, and the problem of forming a connection between them is analyzed. The principle of relying on visibility and group work as means to help students to activate their knowledge in the process of speech communication are considered. The order of description of the image has been developed, as well as the criteria for evaluating the monologue description have been determined. An experiment was conducted during which students prepared a monologue description of an image based on reference vocabulary and grammar as a homework assignment. The control groups performed the task independently, while the experimental groups worked in teams of 3 people on a remote platform, conducting discussions in English. At the next classroom lesson, monologues were checked in the frontal mode. At the beginning of the experiment, a diagnostic monologue was conducted a description of the image. The average point scored by students was approximately the same in all groups. At the end of the experiment, the students delivered a final monologue-description in the same format. The average point in the experimental groups was higher, because in the process of working in teams, students conducted discussions in English, receiving additional conversational practice. Since each participant contributed to the compilation of the monologue, there was an interchange of knowledge and ideas. In the psychologically comfortable atmosphere of small groups, students felt more at ease and participated in the discussion without fear of making a mistake. The results of the study allow us to conclude that the compilation of a monologue description based on the reference vocabulary in the conditions of group work contributes to the formation of a connection between the linguistic and discursive components of foreign language communicative competence.