Average Picture Research Articles

Algorithm for solving one of the tasks of the closed-loop economies – how to return municipal solid waste made of plastic to production

The article deals with the analysis of data published by the Federal Service for State Statistics (Rosstat) regarding the whole Russia and regarding Moscow and presented in the form of the federal statistical observation No. 2-TP (waste) “Information on the formation, processing, utilization, neutralization, disposal of waste production and consumption”. The results of the analysis of the data adduced in the Rosstat report show that the situation with the separate waste collection, its processing and sorting for further utilization including recycling cannot be called satisfactory in Russia and its capital city. The author chooses Moscow to study the reasons and improve the situation. This is caused by the fact that the Rosstat data depict the average picture for the country as the nature conditions, the specificities of the people’s habitation and, consequently, the state of management of solid municipal waste in different regions of the country vary greatly and depend on the peculiar feature of each region. The author of the article studies the ways of solving the existing in the capital city problems connected with the need for improving the situation in the management of municipal solid waste. The most difficult segment from the viewpoint of growing volumes of waste disposal is non-rotting solid municipal waste, plastics, which are classified into two categories: recyclable and non-recyclable plastic waste. This segment has been chosen for the author’s study. Within the recyclable category the polyethylene packaging (PET containers) is identified as the most voluminous when collecting waste and as quite suitable for recycling among plastic solid municipal waste. The author calculates the proportion of PET containers in the generated municipal solid waste, indicates economic and environmental efficiency of packaging recycling and its return to production, and suggests optimal ways of collecting and delivering waste for recycling. The results obtained during the study has become the basis for developing the algorithm for the return to the production of municipal solid waste in PET containers.

Interhemispheric Asymmetry Due To IMF By Within the Cusp Spherical Elementary Currents

AbstractObservations of interhemispheric asymmetry in the cusp region due to the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By component have been performed for years, but those observations typically are not simultaneous in both hemispheres and represent an average picture. Simultaneous instantaneous observations in both hemispheres are rare. We have combined four sets of magnetometers in Antarctica to produce equivalent ionospheric currents and current amplitudes at 10 s resolution using the spherical elementary current systems technique. These Antarctica spherical elementary currents are roughly conjugate to the northern hemisphere spherical elementary currents derived over Greenland and North America. We examined five intervals with large interplanetary magnetic field By positive and negative and demonstrate that the equivalent current pattern in opposite hemispheres are asymmetric with respect to one another during IMF By positive with the cusp throat opening towards the dusk in the northern hemisphere and towards the dawn in the southern hemisphere. This configuration reverses for interplanetary magnetic field By negative. In one of these events we examine the rotation of the equivalent currents in real time in the northern hemisphere. We also compare these results with virtual magnetometer predictions from the Space Weather Modeling Framework. Simultaneous spherical elementary currents observations in both hemispheres are important because they allow us to observe the evolution of the cusp throat during changing solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field conditions.

Exploring the Predictability of the High‐Energy Tail of MEE Precipitation Based on Solar Wind Properties

AbstractMedium Energy Electron (MEE) precipitation (≳30 keV) ionizes the mesosphere and initiates chemical reactions, which ultimately can reduce mesospheric and stratospheric ozone. Currently, there are considerable differences in how existing parameterizations represent flux response, timing, and duration of MEE precipitation, especially considering its high‐energy tail (≳300 keV). This study compares the nature of ≳300 to ≳30 keV electron fluxes to better understand differences within MEE precipitation. The MEE fluxes are estimated from measurements by the Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detector (MEPED) onboard the Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite (POES) from 2004 to 2014. The fluxes are explored in the context of solar wind drivers: corotating high‐speed solar wind streams (HSSs) and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) alongside their associated solar wind properties. Three key aspects of ≳300 keV electron fluxes are investigated: maximum response, peak timing, and duration. The results reveal a structure‐dependent correlation (0.89) between the peak fluxes of ≳30 and ≳300 keV electrons. The epsilon coupling function correlates well (0.84) with the ≳300 keV peak flux, independent of solar wind structure. The ≳300 keV flux peaks 0–3 days after the ≳30 keV flux peaks. The highest probability (∼42%) occurs for a 1‐day delay, while predictive capabilities increase when accounting for solar wind speed. The ≳300 keV flux response has the highest probability of lasting 4 days for both CMEs and HSSs. The results form a base for a stochastic MEE parameterization that goes beyond the average picture, enabling realistic flux variability on both daily and decadal scales.

Environmental proteomics: a potential tool in wastewater-based epidemiology

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a new complementary alternative to traditional epidemiological surveillance approaches for community health surveys. It provides objective, flexible, and comprehensive data on diseases, exposure to toxicants and pathogens, social habits, and lifestyle. Wastewater is regarded as an integrated pooled sample of the entire population served by a certain wastewater system, thus providing an average picture of its health status. WBE relies on the extraction, analysis, and subsequent interpretation of appropriate health status indicators, including both chemical and biological components, either exogenous or endogenous, altogether constituting the exposome. Instrumental development, especially mass spectrometry (MS) for the chemical analysis of small and large molecules, has been critical to the success achieved through WBE. Whereas all previous studies have been restricted to small molecules, the use of proteomics in WBE is an obvious extension of the intensive ongoing pursuit of biomarkers for community surveillance of diseases and health status. The relevance of human proteins present in wastewater as potential WBE indicators of population-prevalent diseases has been previously postulated, although no real examples to demonstrate their feasibility have been available until recently. These findings provide new insights into the characterization of wastewater proteomics useful for practical purposes related not only to WBE applications but also to environmental monitoring and wastewater treatment plant management.

Analisis Kualitas Udara Berdasarkan Volume Lalu Lintas di Jalan Kedung Cowek Surabaya

The increasing number of people in the world has caused the air to be increasingly polluted. In everyday time of day the exhaust gases from transportation are mostly inhaled from the combustion output using fuel whichhas relatively high levels. Carbon monoxide has a negative influence on the body because CO is able to bind through blood cells or hemoglobin which transports oxygen to all the body and interferes with the distribution of oxygen to the blood. This study aims to find out the average picture of the level of CO concentration and the influence of the number of motorized vehicles on the level of CO concentration on Jalan Kedung Cowek Surabaya.In this study, the CO measurement used aeroaqual tools. The results of research conducted for 1 week on Tuesday (representing weekdays), Saturdays (representing half-working days) and Sundays (representing holidays) showed differences in CO concentration and vehicle volume at each time”. In the morning and evening, the average CO concentration tends to be higher than during the day. From the results of the Multivariate Anova analysis, it can be concluded that the existing time difference greatly affects the concentration of CO and the volume of the vehicle produced. In addition, CO concentration is also influenced by meteorological factors such as temperature, direction and wind speed.

Local charge-displacement analysis: Targeting local charge-flows in complex intermolecular interactions

Charge-displacement (CD) analysis has recently proven to be a simple and powerful scheme for quantitatively analyzing the profile the charge redistribution occurring upon intermolecular interactions along a given interaction axis. However, when two molecular fragments bind through complex interactions involving multiple concurrent charge flows, ordinary CD analysis is capable of providing only an averaged picture of the related charge-flow profiles and no detailed information on each of them. In this article, we combine CD analysis with a Hirshfeld partitioning of the molecular charge redistribution for a local analysis on focused portions of the molecule, allowing for a detailed characterization of one charge flow at a time. The resulting scheme—the local charge-displacement (LCD) analysis—is tested on the intriguing case of the dimethyl sulfide–sulfur dioxide complex, characterized by concurrent charge flows relating to a sulfur–sulfur homochalcogen interaction and a pair of hydrogen bonds. The LCD scheme is then applied to the analysis of multiple hydrogen bonding in the acetic acid dimer, of base-pairing interactions in DNA, and of ambifunctional hydrogen bonding in the ammonia–pyridine complex.

Left ventricle structure and function relations with the levels of plasma markers of fibrosis in hypertensive patients with NonSTEMI

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction. The myocardial fibrosis lies in the basis of left ventricle remodelling in patients with hypertension. Cardiomyocites hypertrophy, fibroblasts proliferation, enlargement of interstitial collagen volume and their ratio disorders may increase severity of stroke and myocardial infarction. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to evaluate relations between the plasma levels of myocardium fibrosis markers and left ventricle remodelling, systolic and diastolic function in hypertensive patients with NonSTEMI. Methods. Were examined 138 hypertensive patients (both men and women) with NonSTEMI. The mean age of patients was 51.2 (11.2) years. Patients with arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities, diabetes mellitus and autoimmune diseases were excluded form the study. In all patients was performed ECG in 12 standard leads; EchoCG (according to ASE/EACVI 2015 recommendations); evaluation plasma levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). HF NYHA functional class was determined by performing 6MWT. Statistical significance was defined at the level of methods for p < 0,05. Results. The averaged levels for plasma markers of myocardium fibrosis were: TIMP-1 - 322.0 (250.0; 483.5) ng/mL; IGF-1 - 160.0 (141.0; 175.0) ng/mL. Results of correlative analysis revealed relations between IGF-1 and ILV mass (R=-0.59; p < 0.001), and weak correlation between IGF-1 and E/e" averaged (R=-0.19; p = 0.027) (Picture 1). These negative correlations may be explained by the growth in both fibroblasts and collagen production in myocardium. Also there were positive correlations between TIMP-1 and ILV mass (R = 0.63; p < 0.001) and TIMP-1 and E/e" average (R = 0.37; p < 0.001) (Picture 1) which may be due to an increase of myocardial stiffness as the result of fibrosis activity. The results of the comparison of TIMP-1 and ICF-1 plasma levels, structural and functional parameters of the LV in groups of patients with different types of LV geometry can be seen in Table 1. Conclusion. Thus, the results of the study show that plasma markers of fibrosis was significantly higher in patients with concentric and eccentric LV hypertrophy which may reflects the higher levels of myocardium stiffness. Abstract Table 1. Abstract Figure. Picture 1.

RESELIENSI MAHASISWA DALAM MENGHADAPI PEMBELAJARAN ONLINE DIMASA PANDEMI COVID-19

The Covid-19 pandemic has an impact on students studying from home online (online) during the quarantine period, which can reduce student motivation because learning satisfaction is disrupted. Psychological problems also arise, so that psychological resilience is needed to face unpleasant situations and the ability to adapt, namely academic resilience to be a factor in online learning satisfaction for students during the Covid-19 pandemic. Resilience is a personal quality that allows individuals to rise up when faced with adversity. This study uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological strategy which aims to describe the resilience of students in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic at the Islamic University of Darul Ulum Lamongan. The average picture of the resilience of Darul Ulum Lamongan Islamic University students is in the medium category, meaning that students are still nervous in dealing with problems during the learning process from home, students are still not able to properly analyze the problem. Students have a desire to optimize their abilities in order to get maximum results.

Overview of Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Royal Prima Hospital Medan Indonesia

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease characterized by blood glucose (blood sugar) levels exceeding normal. Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic microvascular complication that often occurs in diabetics. This study presents a picture of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 DM patients at the Royal Prima Hospital in Medan. This research is a type of descriptive research. The sample from this study was the total data of patients suffering from diabetic nephropathy who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria at Royal Prima Hospital from January 1, 2020 – to December 31, 2020. The inclusion criteria for the subjects of this study were complete patient medical records, type 2 diabetes patients, urinalysis tests. (proteinuria ≥ +2), renal function examination exceeds normal values, blood urea, and creatinine. The mean age of diabetic nephropathy patients was 57.52 years and the majority were 62 men (50.8%). The average picture of urea levels in diabetic nephropathy patients is 51.8 and the average creatinine level is 1.48. The majority of patients with diabetic nephropathy do not have proteinuria. And the average blood sugar level is 267 mg/dL. In conclusion, the incidence of diabetic nephropathy is highest in patients aged 57 years. The mean value of urea level is 51.80 mg/dl, creatinine value is 1.48 mg/dl, and the average blood sugar level is 267 mg/dl. Most proteinuria was in the negative category of as many as 107 people (87%).

Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Residential Water Use Behavior in Japan

To investigate the effect of the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic on residential water use behavior in Japan, we conducted a web-based survey of 1310 people throughout Japan in March 2021, one year after the initial spread of coronavirus. The survey was designed to provide an average picture of Japan. The survey revealed that the time respondents spent at home increased during the pandemic for both men and women in all age groups by an average of 1 h, an increase of 9%. Changes in water use behavior increased almost in proportion to the increase in time spent at home, except for the frequency of defecation, which was limited to once a day. The amount of time spent in the washroom increased by 13%, an increase of more than 1.4 times the increase in the amount of time spent at home. The additional 40% increase could be considered an effect of the awareness of disease prevention. The coronavirus pandemic is expected to end in the near future. In Japan, the pandemic has led to a strong push for the reform of work styles. Therefore, even in a post-coronavirus-pandemic society, changes in work styles may normalize the increased time spent at home and the proportional increase in water use. However, because the change in water use behavior caused by quarantine awareness is a result of the fear of coronavirus infection, it is possible that water use will gradually return to pre-pandemic levels once the source of the fear is removed. To reflect the changes in water use behavior in the design of facilities in the post-coronavirus-pandemic society, it is necessary to continue this survey even once the pandemic has ended.

NCI: looking at solute/solvent interactions

Understanding solvation interactions is a key problem for many industrial fields: from pharmaceutical to material sciences. From a quantum mechanical viewpoint, two main difficulties arise: firstly, solvation takes place through weak interactions (hydrogen bonds, van der Waals interactions), which are inherently difficult to describe. Secondly, solvation properties are dynamic in nature, which means a proper statistical averaging is required to reproduce experimental properties. In this contribution, we dwell on the analysis of solute–solvent interactions by means of the averaged-NCI index, derived from an MD averaged picture of the electron density in the system. Firstly, we show how the approach enables to distinguish static vs labile and strong vs weak hydrogen bonds. Then, by means of this approach we are able to characterize the fact that the strength of hydrogen bonds with water solvent remains similar upon branching for aliphatic alcohols. On the contrary large differences have been observed between aliphatic alcohols and phenol derivatives. This statistical analysis of interactions is expected to be useful in the derivation of microscopic parameters for solute/solvent interactions.

Haematological Traits of Induced Hypovolemic Large White Yorkshire Piglets as Affected by Feeding them Milk of Pantja Goats and Black Badri Cows

Background: Pig is recognized as an advantageous non-rodent animal model within a large number of biomedical research areas and of xenotransplantation of animal organs into humans. People prefer taking goat milk during dengue fever like conditions for recovery from low blood constituents, particularly the blood platelets, without any scientific proof. Methods: Haemoglobin, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and blood platelets count were studied in 2.5 months old 18 experimentally induced hypovolemic Large White Yorkshire (LWY) piglets at CVASc., GBPUAT, Pantnagar after feeding them milk of Pantja goats and black Badri cows over a period of 30 days during Oct.–Nov. 2019 and May-June 2020. Hypovolemia in piglets was achieved by withdrawing their 15% of total estimated blood volume (@ 7.5% in each time on day 1st and 3rd of experiment), followed by providing them with milk, which was double the amount of blood withdrawn, for 30 days. Control group (T1) piglets (6 no.) were maintained on basal diet, whereas group T2 and T3 piglets were given milk of Pantja goats and black Badri cows, respectively. Blood samples for testing were collected on 1st, 3rd, 7th, 15th and 30th day.Result: Average normal blood picture of weaned LWY piglets for haemoglobin (g/dl), ESR (mm/hr) and platelets count (105 cells/ mm3) was 11.36 ± 0.20, 10.00± 2.01, 3.1767 ± 0.2577, respectively. For haemoglobin and ESR, the values on testing days and the overall values for group T1, T2 and T3 piglets did not show any significant variation. However, the pooled values for haemoglobin were significantly different (P less than 0.01) on various testing days, being higher on day 1st and 30th than on 3rd, 7th and 15th day, implying that normal haemoglobin level was regained on 30th day of hypovolemia. The pooled values for ESR were significantly different (P less than 0.05) on various testing days, being higher on day 1st and 3rd only, which may be due to simultaneous increase in total erythrocyte counts. Overall mean platelets count (x105 cells/ mm3) for LWY piglets was 3.2570± 0.0890 and their values in group T1, T2 and T3 piglets were 3.0983±0.1675, 3.0820±0.1490 and 3.5907±0.1885, respectively, being significantly higher (P less than 0.05) for black Badri cow milk fed group piglets. This may imply usefulness of black Badri cow milk over Pantja goat milk in improving blood platelets count in human, considering pig a good animal model for human within a large number of biomedical researches.

Stimulation of Preschool Motor Development Through Brain Gym and Puzzle

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of brain Gymnastics and playing puzzles on improving the motor skills in preschool children in the work area of the Basuki Rahmad Health Center in Bengkulu. The Quantitative research design used the quasy experiment design, one group pre-post test equivalent without control design. The results of the univariate analysis with brain gymnastics and playing puzzles intervention showed the 15 respondents before doing brain gymnastics and puzzle, there were nine children (60%) experiencing motor skills deviations and after giving therapy ten children (66.7%) experienced standard motor skills. The bivariate results of the Wilcoxon test have a significant effect between before and after brain gymnastics and puzzle intervention with p-value = 0.001 on motor development at the preschool children. It can conclude that an increase in the average motor picture before and after brain gymnastics and playing puzzles interventions in the Basuki Rahmad Community Health Center in Bengkulu. 
 
 Keywords: Brain gym, Puzzle, Motor, Preschool

A NEW APPROACH OF FRACTAL COMPRESSION USING COLOR IMAGE

Fractal image compression depends on self-similarity, where one segment of a image is like the other one segment of a similar picture. Fractal coding is constantly connected to grey level images. The simplest technique to encode a color image by gray- scale fractal image coding algorithm is to part the RGB color image into three Channels - red, green and blue, and compress them independently by regarding each color segment as a specific gray-scale image. The colorimetric association of RGB color pictures is examined through the calculation of the relationship essential of their three-dimensional histogram. For normal color images, as a typical conduct, the connection necessary is found to pursue a power law, with a non- integer exponent type of a given image. This conduct recognizes a fractal or multiscale self-comparable sharing of the colors contained, in average characteristic pictures. This finding of a conceivable fractal structure in the colorimetric association of regular images complement other fractal properties recently saw in their spatial association. Such fractal colorimetric properties might be useful to the characterization and demonstrating of natural images, and may add to advance in vision. The outcomes got demonstrate that the fractal-based compression for the color image fills in similarly with respect to the color image.

A Relationship between a Level of Carboxyhemoglobin and Hemoglobin in Bus Mechanics

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a highly toxic gas; the result of incomplete combustion emitted from motor vehicle fumes. Bus mechanics are workers who are at risk of CO exposure from motor vehicle fumes. This gas will enter the bloodstream and bind Hemoglobin (Hb) to Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb). This can reduce the capacity of the blood to send oxygen to body tissues. As compensation, the body will increase the process of erythropoiesis, which can increase Hb production. The purpose of this study was to determine the average picture of COHb, Hb levels, and the relationship of increased levelsCOHb with Hb levels in bus mechanics in Tasikmalaya. Design research uses a cross-sectional approach against 30 subjects. Examination of the level of COHb and Hb in laboratory STIKes Muhammadiyah Ciamis. Subjects exposed to CO with an average COHb level of 42.3 mg / L and an average level of Hb of 14.0 g/dL. Statistical test results show no relationship between COHb levels with an increase in Hb levels in bus mechanics in Tasikmalaya p >0.01 (p = 0.573; r = 0.107). Conclusion, the average COHb level in bus mechanics in T asikmalaya exceeds the allowable limit, while the Hb level is still in the reference value and an increase in COHb level not obtained with an increase in Hb.

A Novel Multicriteria Group Decision-Making Approach with Hesitant Picture Fuzzy Linguistic Information

In real-life group decision-making environment, different decision-makers (DMs) might be hesitant to provide their evaluation by more than two linguistic terms with positive, neutral, negative, and refusal information (e.g., attitude for support, neutral, oppose, and refusal) for criteria of alternative. In order to solve such kinds of decision-making problems, a novel definition of hesitant picture fuzzy linguistic sets (HPFLSs) is introduced, and the HPFLS-based methods are developed. Considering the operation laws appeared in previous papers are not well suitable for HPFLS operation, the novel operation laws of HPFLSs are developed. Then, two aggregation operators of HPFLSs are developed, including hesitant picture fuzzy linguistic weighted average operator (HPFLSWA) and hesitant picture fuzzy linguistic weighted geometric operator (HPFLSGA). Meanwhile, the related proofs are given in detail. Additionally, the comparison method of score and accuracy functions is provided to rank the alternative. Finally, a real-life case of teaching performance evaluation is used to verify the proposed methods. The same case-based comparisons are further conducted between the proposed method and previous methods. The results showed that the proposed method can well overcome the lack of operation rules appeared in previous multicriteria group decision-making (MCGDM) methods and demonstrate effectiveness.

Bridging the Physics and Chemistry of Graphene(s): From Hückel's Aromaticity to Dirac's Cones and Topological Insulators.

By bridging graphene and benzene through a well-defined sequence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their inherent shell structure, it is shown that graphene is actually a coherent arrangement of interwoven benzene molecules, coordinated by aromaticity, shell structure, and topology, all interrelated and microscopically realized through dynamical flipping of the atomic pz-orbitals, playing the role of pseudospins or "qubits". This renders graphene resonance structure, "resonating" between two complementary aromaticity patterns, involving 2k, k → ∞ Kekulé type of resonances, resulting in "robust electronic coherence", with a dual "molecular crystalline" nature, and two valence-conduction bands of opposite parity, driven by inversion symmetry competition, which is essentially a "molecule-versus-crystal" competition, in accordance with topological insulators and many-body theory. The "average picture" converges to the usual band structure with two aromatic π-electrons per ring, and with the fingerprints of inversion competition at the D3h-symmetric Dirac points, which for rectangular nanographene(s) appear as gapless topological edge states without real spin polarization, in contrast to opposite claims.

Phobos Surface Sputtering as Inferred From MAVEN Ion Observations

AbstractPhobos is bombarded by both protons and alpha particles from the solar wind and by Martian atomic and molecular oxygen ions. A numerical model of the distribution of planetary ions has previously proposed that these ions may dominate solar wind ions in sputtering the surface of Phobos when the moon is located downstream of Mars. This conclusion suggests a unique link between planetary atmospheric escape at Mars and the surface processing of its moon yet, remains to be confirmed with in situ ion measurements. In this article, a 4‐year‐long average of the ion environment that Phobos is exposed to is constructed from in situ ion observations conducted by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission. In turn, the flux of material sputtered from the surface of Phobos by this environment is computed. We confirm that planetary atomic oxygen ions dominate over solar wind ions in sputtering the surface of Phobos downstream of Mars during 20% of the moon's orbit. We also reveal that molecular oxygen ions sputter the surface of Phobos as much as or more than atomic oxygen ions in the Martian magnetotail. In addition to the long‐term average picture, the time variation of Phobos surface sputtered fluxes is investigated during the series of solar wind events that hit the Martian system in March 2015. We find that the flux of material liberated from Phobos' surface increased by a factor of 50 during this period.

Quantitative Evaluation and Attribute of Overall Brightness in a High Dynamic Range World

Brightness is an attribute of visual perception used to describe the intensity of the light entering the eye. Since human perception is not linearly related to light intensity, characterizing brightness is a challenging task. In standard dynamic range (SDR) imagery, brightness is often quantified using the average picture level (APL), which is the average of all pixels’ code values normalized by the maximum allowed signal code value. APL provides a simple and commonly used brightness metric for SDR; however, its validity for high dynamic range (HDR) content has never been assessed. Due to the higher luminance range that HDR supports, HDR content is encoded using a different transfer function than SDR. Thus, a different distribution of pixel code values is to be expected between HDR and SDR content. In this work, we evaluate the efficiency of the APL metric to quantify the brightness of HDR content. We describe, using patches and professionally graded images, pixel distributions where the APL fails to distinguish relative brightness between pairs of images. To overcome APL shortcomings, we propose a brightness metric based on the geometric mean (GM) and variance of an image’s luma code values. We then conduct two subjective experiments to compare the efficiency of APL and our metric. Results show that the proposed metric predicts more accurately the relative brightness between two frames. However, our results also suggest that a simple statistical model, although useful as a general guideline, cannot be considered accurate enough for HDR content. Therefore, we hypothesize that work on a spatial model might provide a still better fit in characterizing brightness in HDR.

Neutron Pair Distribution Function Study of FePO4 and LiFePO4

Neutron powder diffraction studies of the compounds FePO4 and LiFePO4 are reported. Rietveld refinement of the diffraction data provides averaged structures for both materials that are in good agreement with the published structures. In addition, detailed investigations of the short-range ion-ion correlations within each compound have been performed using the reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modeling of the total scattering (Bragg plus diffuse) data. Although the short-range structural information for LiFePO4 is consistent with the long-range (averaged) picture, a small, but statistically significant, proportion of the anions is displaced away from their ideal sites within the RMC configurations of FePO4. These anion displacements are discussed in terms of a small concentration of Li+/Fe2+ occupying the empty octahedral sites, probably arising from incomplete delithiation of the LiFePO4 and/or antisite (Li+-Fe2+) defects introduced during the delithiation process.