Average Operating Cost Research Articles

Study Produktivitas dan Perbandingan Produktivitas dan Efisiensi Kegiatan Penebangan Mekanis Tanaman Eucalyptus sp. Di Hutan Tanaman Industri

The use of wood harvesting equipment greatly helps the company to achieve the goals, namely: (1) speed up the process of carrying out work; (2) carrying out the kind of work that cannot be done by human labor; and (3) it is done for reasons of efficiency, limited labor, security and economic factors. Therefore, in order for the goal to be achieved, it is necessary to choose tools that are appropriate, economical and in accordance with working conditions. The selection of inappropriate tools can result in not achieving the expected goals and can cause damage to the tool itself. In the process of logging carried out at PT. RAPP on fully mechanical and semi-mechanical systems uses different logging tools. Each tool in logging activities has its own disadvantages and advantages. So it is necessary to conduct research on comparing the productivity and efficiency of logging using chainsaws and excavator attachment tree shear on Eucalyptus sp plants. Based on the results of the test analysis conducted, the average chainsaw productivity of STIHL MS 382 was 11.32 m³ / hour smaller than the productivity of excavator KOBELCO SK-130 HD with attachman tree shear Dymax 14 In " of 27.34 m³ / hour. As for the average operational cost of the STIHL MS 382 chainsaw of Rp. 7,043/m³ smaller than excavator KOBELCO SK-130 HD with attachman tree shear Dymax 14 In" of Rp. 11.541/ m³.

Data-driven multi-period modeling and optimization for the industrial steam system of large-scale refineries

Steam system modeling and optimization contributes toward low energy consumption for large-scale industrial refineries. However, formidable challenges have been generated by steam demand variation, the optimization of CO2 emissions and outsourced steam, the uncertainty of sudden equipment failures, and the introduction of new equipment. To address this issue, this work presents a novel steam system model with periodic process steam demand. The multiple cost factors of CO2 emission treatment and outsourced steam are considered and formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming optimization problem. A strategy to discretize the uncertainty of equipment failure into three main scenarios is proposed. The proposed model, strategy, and introduction of new equipment are demonstrated on three cases of industrial refinery steam systems. In case 1, the optimized operating costs have reduced by 1.5%. In case 2, the optimized average operating cost is 1,135,402 CNY/h. In case 3, with the introduction of the aromatics turbocharged turbine (ATT) and the letdown valve, the optimized operating costs are 1,292,182 CNY/h and 1,316,227 CNY/h respectively, confirming the feasibility of introducing ATTs.

Cost-Efficacy Analysis of Use of Frozen Section Histology for Margin Assessment During Breast Conservation Surgery in Breast Cancer Patients.

Margin assessment is an essential component of breast conservation surgery (BCS). Re-excision of infiltrated margin(s) detected on paraffin section histology (PSH) needs reoperation, adding time, inconvenience and cost. Intra-operative assessment of margins using frozen section histology (IFSH) can potentially obviate need for re-operation, thus facilitating one-step oncologically complete BCS. IFSH and PSH reports of consecutive patients undergoing BCS (2010-2020) were reviewed. Accuracy and cost-efficacy of IFSH were assessed, considering PSH as gold standard. Cost of achieving oncologically complete BCS in whole cohort with IFSH (Scenario-A) was calculated and compared using appropriate statistical tests, with hospital costs for the cohort ina hypothetical Scenario-B, where IFSH was presumed not to have been used and all patients with infiltrated margin(s) on PSH would have been re-operated. Of the 367 patients screened, 39 were excluded due to incomplete IFSH data. Of 328 patients analyzed, 59 (18%) had one or more margins were reported infiltrated on IFSH, managed by re-excision or mastectomy in the same sitting, thus avoiding a reoperation. Additional 8 (2.4%) had involved margins on PSH (False negative IFSH). Significantly higher number of reoperations (p < 0.001) would have been needed in scenario-B. Average cost of the first operation with use of IFSH was Indian Rupees (INR)25791 which included INR660 as IFSH cost. The average cost of reoperation was INR23724 which could be avoided in59 (18%) by use of IFSH. The average cost per patient to achieve oncologically complete surgery in scenario Autilizing IFSH was significantly lower (p = 0.001)by INR3101 (11.7%), c.w. that in scenario B. Significant cost-saving with IFSH was maintained in cost-efficacy analysis undertaken with various higher and lower costs assumptions. Use of IFSH facilitates one-step oncologically complete BCS in majority of patients and results in considerable cost saving, resulting in avoidance of reoperations, besides preventing patient anxiety and delay in adjuvant treatment. Clinical Trials Registry-India (CTRI/2021/08/035896).

Research on the Average Daily Operating Cost of Oceanographic Research Vessels of Both China and the United States and Its Application Analysis

Based on the study of the relative assessment reports and statistical data of University and National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) fleet of the United States, coupled with the statistical data of 1,500-ton oceanographic research vessels of China, this paper constructs a linear relationship model between the average daily operating cost of oceanographic research vessels and the number of days of use of such vessels, and proposes concrete methods of applying the research results of the average daily operating cost of oceanographic research vessels to technical and economic validation and fleet management.

Implementing the Countrywide Mortality Surveillance in Action in Mozambique: How Much Did It Cost?

Complete sample registration systems are almost inexistent in sub-Saharan Africa. The Countrywide Mortality Surveillance in Action (COMSA) project in Mozambique, a national mortality and cause of death surveillance system, was launched in January 2017, began data collection in March 2018, and covers over 800,000 population. The objectives of this analysis are to quantify the costs of establishing and maintaining the project between 2017 and 2020 and to assess the cost per output of the surveillance system using data from financial reports produced by the National Institutes of Health in Mozambique. The program cost analysis consists of start-up (fixed) costs and average annual operating costs covering the period of maximum implementation in 700 clusters. The cost per output analysis quantifies the annual operating cost of surveillance outputs during the same period. Approximately two million dollars were spent on setting up the system, with infrastructure, technological investments, and training making up over 80% of these start-up costs. The average annual operating costs of maintaining COMSA was $984,771 per year, of which 66% were spent on wages and data collection incentives. The cost per output analysis indicates costs of $37-$42 per vital event captured in the surveillance system (deaths, pregnancies, pregnancy outcomes), $303-$340 per verbal and social autopsy conducted on a reported death, and a per capita cost of $1-$1.3. In conclusion, establishing COMSA required large costs associated with infrastructure and technological investments. However, the system offers long-term benefits for real-time data generation and informing government decision-making for health.

Probabilistic Transition-Based Optimal Energy Transaction of a Non-Convex CHP-Microgrid during Generation and Load Uncertainty

Combined heat power dispatch with improved operation remains a popular preference in microgrid having uncertain and non-convex nature of the system. This research work deploys an efficient energy management system driven by a novel stochastic transitions tuned unscented Gaussian distribution (ST-UnGD) for optimal energy transaction. The proposed scheme has been introduced with uncertainty modeling of available generations and load using probabilistic transition-based timed petri net. Echo algorithm has been used to influence prioritized transition for appropriate number of token distribution. The control over the process during transition has been supervised with UnGD. A uniform probability density function has been created using Gaussian distribution to characterize random variables for effective time series scenario generation. The mean and variance which helps in sorting ten competent scenarios from one thousand scenarios, has been computed with the proposed strategy and compared with other methods. The improvement has been noticed with standard deviation of 0.0162% after 40 trials run with average operational cost of 254.211€ when token distribution was updated by 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 firings. A statistical analysis by parametric and non-parametric test confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm showing appropriate confidence level in the mentioned case study.

Cost dynamics of helicopter emergency services: A Hungarian example

ObjectivesHelicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) have been integral to healthcare systems in developed countries and are becoming more relevant in developing countries. There is extremely scarce information available regarding the typical cost structure and dynamics of HEMS operation; thus, the limitation of knowledge may limit the shapers of national healthcare policy and potential private operators in starting such a service. This study aims to present the cost dynamics of HEMS operation. MethodsA systematic literature review was performed on open-source studies to obtain appropriate data. International benchmarks were found; nevertheless, as Hungarian data did not emerge, a recent investment into HEMS service was analyzed based on publicly available data from the Hungarian Air Ambulance and affiliated companies. The resulting cost base was allocated per flight hour, and a scenario was established with Western European (German) wages and salaries to challenge the aforementioned international examples. ResultsThe average cost of operation is calculated at EUR 2488 per hour or EUR 41.5 per airborne minute based on average mission duration. This result is quite below the German example of ca. EUR 55.4 per airborne minute and even less than the US and Australian examples, but once the costing model was recalculated with German salaries, the result was extremely similar to the literature review. Nevertheless, comparable international figures need further research, as ownership structure, cost allocation method, and accounting regimes may dramatically impact the cost per airborne minute. ConclusionThe cost of EUR 2488 per flight hour is a good indicator for an hourly rate of operations; however, when deciding on establishing such a service, the model needs to be adjusted for comparable salaries and foreign exchange rates. Nevertheless, if the number of flight hours can be well estimated, the yearly funding needs can be accurately determined using it.

An Analysis of Production, Economic and Social Performance of Capsicum Growers under Protected Cultivation

The study was conducted in Karnataka regarding constraints and suggestions of protected cultivation among horticulture crop growers in the agricultural year 2019-20. With respect to practice wise production performance, cent per cent of the capsicum growers have fully adopted soil testing practice, irrigation, drainage and supporting system. More than three-fourth of the growers and more than half of the capsicum growers fully adopted pinching and recommended spacing /specification of bed respectively. About economic performance of capsicum growers the average operating cost of cultivation was Rs. 3, 85, 000, gross returns were Rs. 10, 80, 000, net returns were Rs. 6, 95, 000 and B:C ratio was 2.80 were found. The realized crop yield of capsicum under protected cultivation was 36000 kg/ac, which is 47.22 per cent higher than the open field yield (19500 kg/ac). With respect to social performance of the capsicum growers, more than four-fifth of the growers were consulted by the others for information and guidance for cultivation of crops under protected cultivation, eighty per cent of the growers purchasing capacity was increased, two-third of them were recognized by villagers/neighbours because of performance in farming.

Economic Feasibility of Kemojo Cake Products Using Stevia Extract (Stevia rebaudiana B.)

This study aims to determine the feasibility of kemojo cake products using stevia as a sweetener produced on an industrial scale. The research method used a descriptive method with mathematical analysis. The research begins with making assumptions and analysing parameters, components and cost structure, investment funding requirements and working capital. These parameters calculate production, revenue, and cash flow projections. Determination of the economic feasibility of kemojo cake products with Net Present Value (NPV), Incremental Rate of Return (IRR), Net B/C and Pay Back Period (PBP). The assumption of a year's production of kemojo cakes is 31,680 boxes for at IDR 35,000.00/box. The proportion of capital comes from 60% own capital and 40% credit. The average operational costs per year are IDR 675,083,359.00, variable costs IDR 549,813,919.00 and fixed costs IDR 125,269,440.00. The average income per year is IDR 1,108,800,000.00 while expenses are IDR 770,378,416.00. The profit earned was IDR 287,658,346. Profit on sales of 20.40% with 15% tax per year. This business BEP occurs in sales of an average value of Rp 338,421,584 or 25.94% of production capacity per year. The results showed that the NPV was Rp 279,583,647, the IRR was 79%, and the Net B/C was 2.22 times. Based on existing criteria or assumptions, this business is feasible to carry out with PBP for two years, or the capital invested in this business can be returned before the project ends (3 years).&#x0D; &#x0D;

PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD HEAT PUMP-BASED HEATING SYSTEM WITH PHOTOVOLTAIC PLANT

Heat supply is the most energy-consuming industry in Ukraine. The reason for this is a large number of buildings built with a low level of thermal insulation, outdated thermal energy equipment and infrastructure, as well as a low level of implementation of heating systems based on renewable energy sources. Heat pumps are one of the alternatives to fossil fuel boilers for use in household heating systems. The problem of optimizing the operation of heating systems based on heat pumps is of practical importance, since its solution will potentially allow achieving several energy effects, including: reducing operating costs, as well as increasing the level of autonomy of the heating system in the case of providing electricity from an autonomous photovoltaic plant. The article presents the results of mathematical modeling of the heating system of a private house based on a heat pump, a thermal energy accumulator and a photovoltaic plant in the MATLAB/SIMULINK software environment. The model was created for the research purpose of the heating system of a private house with renewable energy sources through structural simulation modeling and conducting a comparative analysis of its management methods for three options (methods): "reactive", "economic" and "autonomous". It was found that the average annual operating costs with the "economic" method of management decreased by 22 % compared to the "reactive" method of management. When using the "autonomous" method of control, the annual maintenance cost of the system due to photogeneration increased by 48 %.

Advantage of priority regulation of pumped storage for carbon-emission-oriented co-scheduling of hybrid energy system

Multi-energy co-scheduling is a crucial approach to promote variable renewable energy consumption and reduce carbon emission. In this paper, a co-scheduling model of Wind-Photovoltaic (PV)-Hydro-Thermal-Pumped storage hybrid energy system (HESWPHTP) is constructed considering economy and carbon emission. Then, an operation mode of priority regulation of pumped storage (S2) for HESWPHTP is proposed. Furthermore, a wind plant, a PV plant, a general hydropower plant (GHP), a thermal power plant (TPP) and a pumped storage plant (PSP) in China's Jilin Province are selected as the simulation objects of HESWPHTP. Finally, the advantage of S2 is quantitatively analyzed by combining technical and economic indicators of both HESWPHTP and its subsystems. The typical day results show that the advantage of S2 is superior to S1 (i.e., operation mode without PSP). The annual simulation results show that compared with S3 (i.e., operation mode of priority regulation of GHP), both the annual average operating cost and carbon emission of HESWPHTP are reduced by 0.84% and 0.70% (i.e., enhanced the low-carbon economic performance of HESWPHTP); the regulation mileage of GHP and the operation hours of TPP are respectively reduced by 30.33% and 4.07%, while the wear-and-tear of PSP is reduced by 5.44% when the startup and shutdown time of PSP remains the same as S3 (i.e., reduced the regulation intensity of the subsystems). Overall, this operation mode of S2 and its advantage assessment method may have potential value in the management of hybrid energy system.

Probabilistic indicators of imperfect inspections used in modeling condition-based and predictive maintenance

This study proposes mathematical models for assessing the probabilistic indicators of imperfect inspections conducted when performing condition-based and predictive maintenance. The inspections used in mentioned types of maintenance differ in decision rules regarding system operability at the time of checkup. Contrary to the previous studies, we present the decision rule for each type of inspection on the time axis, which allows the formulation of the set of mutually exclusive events at discrete times. The correct and incorrect decisions correspond to true-positive, false-positive, true-negative, and false-negative events. We propose general expressions for computing the probabilities of possible decisions for both types of inspection. The paper introduces the effectiveness indicators of condition-based and predictive maintenance such as average operating costs, total error probability, and a posteriori probability of failure-free operation. We illustrate the developed approach by calculating the probabilities of correct and incorrect decisions using a specific stochastic deterioration process. The results of the calculations verify that probabilities of correct and incorrect decisions for both types of inspection are very substantially time-dependent despite the large number of published studies where these probabilities are independent of time.

Hierarchical energy management strategy for fuel cell/ultracapacitor/battery hybrid vehicle with life balance control

Fuel cell (FC) is an ideal power source for electric vehicles with high efficiency and little pollution. However, with its weak dynamic reaction, it needs to be used in combination with other energy storage devices, and the coupling of multiple energy sources makes it difficult to fully utilize the system performance. Meanwhile, the cost and durability of FC hinder its commercialization. This paper takes the composite energy storage system composed of FC, battery (BAT) and ultracapacitor (UC) as the research object. In order to improve the system performance, a hierarchical energy management strategy is proposed based on the analysis of the relationship between UC output power and vehicle demand power under dynamic programming (DP) strategy, taking into account the vehicle energy consumption and energy source lifetime. A fuzzy control based on speed prediction and a dynamic state-of-charge (SOC) threshold control optimization algorithm of UC based on working condition recognition are designed to optimize the hierarchical control strategy. In the upper layer strategy, for realizing the online real-time distribution of UC output power, the generalized regression neural network is used to learn the relationship between UC output power and demand power under DP strategy; in the lower layer strategy, the power of the FC and BAT is distributed using an equivalent energy minimization strategy. Based on above strategy, this paper proposes a life balance control strategy for energy sources to maximize the lifetime of the composite energy storage system. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed strategy has a comparable life-cycle average operating cost to the DP strategy with better life mileage.

Financial Feasibility Analysis of Residential Rainwater Harvesting in Maringá, Brazil

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems are key solutions to improve water resource management in cities, and financial feasibility is essential for their diffusion. Moreover, studies about rainwater often adopt diverse design approaches, leading to incompatible results for direct comparison. This study introduces a categorised item-by-item outlay procedure and evaluates indirect (gravity) and direct (pressuriser) rainwater distribution schemes. Computer simulations were used to design 54 generic RWH system scenarios in Maringá based on a range of design variables. For each scenario, a monthly cost–benefit balance was built, and discounted payback, net present value, and internal rate of return were obtained. Similar outlays were obtained for direct and indirect rainwater distribution schemes (∆ = BRL 21.81) with an average of BRL 13,484.87 among all scenarios. Average operational costs were estimated at BRL 1.31/month.m3 of rainwater demand. On average, paybacks of 14.7 years and internal rates of return of 0.99% per month were obtained among feasible scenarios. Like in other studies, financial feasibility indicators presented significant correlations (0.88 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.94) with rainwater demand. The initial outlay distribution proposed herein provides an objective reference for result comparison among similar studies. Similar results for both rainwater distribution schemes point towards investigating alternative technical solutions for RWH systems.

Ride-pooling services with differentiated pooling sizes under endogenous congestion effect

This paper analytically examines the ride-pooling market equilibrium under a single or multiple ride-pooling service(s) considering different pooling sizes (number of riders sharing the same vehicle) and endogenous congestion effect of the ride-pooling fleet, and investigates the optimal operation decisions of the service operator(s) regarding the pricing, fleet size, and pooling size in different administrative and market regimes. We firstly examine the scenario with a single ride-pooling service platform given a specific vehicle type for either profit-maximization or social welfare-maximization (different administrative regimes), and then extend the model to the scenario with two differentiated ride-pooling services (given different vehicle types), where the platforms may either compete or cooperate (different market regimes). We have the following major findings. First, the pooling size should be optimized to accommodate the congestion effect and thus simultaneously increase operator’s profit and social welfare. The optimal pooling size balances the marginal pickup time, crowding cost and waiting time cost, and the optimal value is different in different market regimes. Second, the ride-pooling service operator will internalize the congestion effect of providing more vehicles to serve customers, which yields a larger ratio of waiting customers to vacant vehicles (larger demand–supply ratio). Under two differentiated ride-pooling services, in addition to the direct congestion effect of providing more vehicles, its effect on the other operator’s decision will also be internalized by the service operator in concern. Our results also suggest that the competition between platforms tends to reduce the waiting customers-vacant vehicles ratio (demand–supply ratio), while the cooperation between or integration of two operators might yield a large ratio. Third, when the endogenous congestion effect of fleet size is zero, the operator’s profit at social optimum will always be negative when the matching function exhibits increasing return to scale and the marginal operation cost is less than the average operation cost, which means that the social welfare seeking operator has to be subsidized. When the endogenous congestion effect of the fleet size is positive, the ride-pooling service operator may earn a positive profit at social optimum under certain conditions. This study enhances the understanding in relation to users’ reactions to differentiated ride-pooling services, how such services interact with congestion, and how such services can be optimized in different market regimes.

Optimal online channel structure for multinational firms considering live streaming shopping

We build game theoretical models to investigate whether a multinational firm should open a live streaming shopping sales channel on an overseas e-commerce platform, where the multinational firm’s overseas online retail division and third-party e-retailer exist, and if so, how to adjust its online channel structure to maximize its post-tax profit. We assume the headquarter of the multinational firm and e-commerce platform are located in countries with different corporate income tax rates. The multinational firm could sell products through its overseas online retail division (channel D), the third-party e-retailer (channel R) and live streaming shopping sales channel (channel L). We consider four possible channel structures on the e-commerce platform based on the three sales channels: Scenarios DR, DRL, DL and RL. We incorporate channel substitutability and tax difference into our models, and analyze the impact of opening a live streaming shopping sales channel on the operating decisions of supply chain members and supply chain performance, and derive the optimal online channel structure for the multinational firm. We show that, opening a live streaming shopping sales channel could benefit the multinational firm in both post-tax profit and sum of order/sales quantity, but it will hurt the profit of the multinational firm’s overseas online retail division and third-party e-retailer. We further show that, the optimal online channel structure on the e-commerce platform for the multinational firm is Scenario DRL or Scenario DL, depending on the interaction of channel substitutability and tax difference. In addition, we analyze the impact of extra average operating cost of opening a new sales channel on the multinational firm’s online channel structure. These insights may help multinational firms configure their online channel structures on e-commerce platforms when engaging in live streaming shopping.

UK battery electric bus operation: Examining battery degradation, carbon emissions and cost

This paper examines the impact of geographical location on the energy consumption of double deck battery electric buses operating in four UK cities. By considering seasonal variation in ambient temperature and an assumed battery degradation process, the implications on operational cost and carbon emissions were investigated. Using a MATLAB/Simulink model the total energy demand of a vehicle operating on the UKBC was simulated. Energy consumption was combined with hourly seasonal averages of carbon intensity (gCO2/kWh) and wholesale electricity costs (£) to assess charging at different times of the day and year. At the beginning of life, the range could decrease by up to 17.3% due to heating load requirements. From beginning of life to end of life, range was predicted to decrease by up to 26%. Whilst the average operational costs are relatively consistent across the four regions, the average carbon emissions can be five times higher depending on location.

Circulating flow hybrid ultrasonic and electrochemical process for the treatment of mineral oil wastewaters

This paper examines the removal of mineral oil from oily wastewater by a hybrid ultrasonic and electrochemical circulating flow process. The Box-Behnken design was used to study the effects of number of cycles, current density, flow rate and the presence of ultrasound on the efficiency of mineral oil removal and process optimization. A reduced cubic regression model with estimated coefficients was developed to describe the mineral oil removal rate. The experimental results show that this novel hybrid system can effectively reduce mineral oil by 94.3 % under the optimal conditions of 14.130 cycles, current density of 53.07 A/m2 and a flow rate of 0.234 L/s. The experimental observations agreed well with the modelled values, and the model was verified experimentally. Under the optimal conditions, the electrical energy consumption was 10.04 kWh/m3 and the average operational costs were 2.04 EUR/m3.

Application of Box–Behnken design for circulating flow sono-electrocoagulation for oily wastewater treatment

The increasing production of oily wastewater as a by-product of industry has become a major environmental problem. Therefore, this article investigates the removal of mineral oil from oily wastewater by a circulating flow sono-electrocoagulation. The Box–Behnken design was used to study the effects of characteristic electrocoagulation and ultrasonic parameters on mineral oil removal efficiency. A total of 34 different experimental setups were performed at a laboratory scale. A reduced cubic regression model with derived coefficients was developed to describe the mineral oil removal rate. The experimental results show that circulating flow sono-electrocoagulation with iron electrodes can effectively reduce mineral oil by 93.3% under the optimum conditions of 10.948 cycles, a current density of 107.12 A m−2 and a flow rate of 0.468 L s−1. The experimental observations agreed well with the modeled values, and the model was verified experimentally. Under the optimal conditions, the average operating cost was 0.77 EUR/m3.

The roles of carbon capture, utilization and storage in the transition to a low-carbon energy system using a stochastic optimal scheduling approach

Decarbonizing energy sector through deploying the technology of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is required to keep global temperature rise below 1.5 °C by 2060. The true roles of CCUS have to be validated from the perspective of integrated energy system with features of high penetration of uncertain renewable power and strong interactions among multiple energy generation, conversion and storage technologies. To this end, this paper proposes a stochastic power-heat-gas-carbon scheduling approach for the wind-solar-thermal-battery energy mix integrated with CCUS (WSTB-CCUS) to manage the operation of energy conversion devices and CCUS in a coordinated manner. Coal/biomass co-fired and natural gas fired cogeneration units integrated with carbon capture system are built to reflect complex relationship between fuel, power, heat and carbon. A stochastic optimization model based on chance-constrained programming is presented to fully consider the uncertainties of renewable power and load demands. Case study shows that the stochastic scheduling can reduce 7.25% of average total operating costs compared with the deterministic scheduling by providing a more robust solution for the WSTB-CCUS. Discussions are then carried out to explore the roles of CCUS in carbon reduction, flexibility enhancement, negative emission and robustness improvement from the perspective of energy system operation through stochastic scheduling. The influences of other low carbon technologies on the operation of carbon capture are further discussed to provide more insight on the low carbon transformation of energy system.