Average Number Of Words Research Articles

Utilization of Artificial Intelligence to Improve Equitable Healthcare Access for Breast Implant Patients

Abstract The recently mandated US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) patient decision checklists were developed with the goal of improving the informed decision-making process for patients considering breast implants. Yet, prior research has demonstrated that these checklists are written at reading levels far in excess of that recommended by the National Institutes of Health and the American Medical Association. Patients considering breast implants are required to sign these forms prior to surgery, even if they have little to no comprehension of their contents. This study aims to improve the accessibility, and therefore the utility, of the mandated FDA patient literature using the assistance of artificial intelligence (AI). Patient decision checklists were obtained from the three most utilized breast implant manufacturers in the United States– Allergan, Mentor, and Sientra. AI was then asked to synthesize a novel patient decision checklist, written at the 6th grade reading level, using these checklists as source material. The AI-assisted checklist was edited by plastic surgeons for both formatting and content. Readability analysis of all documents was performed using the Flesch Reading-Ease Score, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Gunning-Fog Index, Coleman-Liau Index, Simplified Measure of Gobbledygook, and Automated Readability Index. Textual analysis included sentence count, word count, number and percentage of complex words, average number of words per sentence, and average number of syllables per word. The overall readability of Allergan, Mentor, and Sientra patient checklists correlated with the college reading level. These documents were of a statistically significantly higher reading level the AI-assisted checklist, which was written at the recommended 6th grade level. Text composition analysis similarly demonstrated substantial differences between the AI-assisted and FDA mandated literature. The currently mandated breast implant patient checklists are written at a college reading level and are inaccessible to the average patient. We propose a new patient decision checklist, generated with the assistance of artificial intelligence, in order to improve healthcare access within plastic surgery. This simplified material can be used as an adjunct to the current checklists in order to improve shared decision making.

“I take hot showers so I can practice burning in hell” A corpus analytical study of Tinder female profiles in the UK

The focus of this article is the linguistic choices made by women-seeking-men (WSM) and women-seeking-women (WSW) on Tinder profiles in the UK, which builds on prior corpus-analytical research on dating profiles (Baker 2018; Collins 2019). Data was collected through TinderBotz, a scraping tool which gathered the information publicly displayed on Tinder profiles. Then, to ensure an ethical research praxis, it assigned each profile random identification numbers that guaranteed the anonymity of the users. The corpus consists of two subcorpora (WSM.C and WSW.C) each containing 405 profiles (average number of words=20.15) from women (18-24 y.o.) based in the UK. Given that profile creation on Tinder consists of two parts (the first being semi-guided and the second part, aka the ‘about me’ section, being fully creative), each sub-corpora (WSM.C and WSW.C) was in turn divided into two parts. UK.WSM.T.P.C.1 and UK.WSW.T.P.C.1 include the semi-guided part of the profile while UK.WSM.T.P.C.2 and UK.WSW.T.P.C.2 include the ‘about me’ section). Sketch Engine was used to search for significant n-grams and keywords in both sub-corpora and chi-square tests were conducted to determine the significance of our findings. Our results showed that WSM had less elaborate profiles, mentioned physical attributes (e.g., height) and often redirected potential matches to other platforms (i.e., Instagram). Meanwhile, WSW had more creative ‘about me’ sections in which they described their identity in greater detail (e.g., leatherdyke). Overall, both groups showed similar profiles in terms of work and relationship status.

What makes a good scientific presentation on artificial intelligence in medical imaging?

PurposeAdequate communication of scientific findings is crucial to enhance knowledge transfer. This study aimed to determine the key features of a good scientific oral presentation on artificial intelligence (AI) in medical imaging. MethodsA total of 26 oral presentations dealing with original research on AI studies in medical imaging at the 2023 RSNA annual meeting were included and systematically assessed by three observers. The presentation quality of the research question, inclusion criteria, reference standard, method, results, clinical impact, presentation clarity, presenter engagement, and the presentation's quality of knowledge transfer were assessed using five-point Likert scales. The number of slides, the average number of words per slide, the number of interactive slides, the number of figures, and the number of tables were also determined for each presentation. Mixed-effects ordinal regression was used to assess the association between the above-mentioned variables and the quality of knowledge transfer of the presentation. ResultsA significant positive association was found between the quality of the presentation of the research question and the presentation's quality of knowledge transfer (odds ratio [OR]: 2.5, P = 0.005). The average number of words per slide was significantly negatively associated with the presentation's quality of knowledge transfer (OR: 0.9, P < 0.001). No other significant associations were found. ConclusionResearchers who orally present their scientific findings in the field of AI and medical imaging should pay attention to clearly communicating their research question and minimizing the number of words per slide to maximize the value of their presentation.

Параметрическая таксономия учебных текстов

The article is aimed at considering the issue of the discursive text typology and developing a parametric model of the elementary school texts for the ontological domain by employing a corpus-based approach and methods of linguistic statistics. The research corpus of over 90,000 tokens comprises texts of 13 textbooks acknowledged in the 2 nd grade of Russian schools. The applied multifactor discriminant analysis enabled identification and validation of typological characteristics of the texts under study, offering the formula for referring educational texts to a subject domain on Philology, Mathematics, and Natural Sciences. The discriminant analysis results confirmed the hypothesis that each type of text corresponds to a parametric model, which includes six constants: the average number of words in a sentence, the average number of nouns, the average number of verbs and the average number of adjectives per sentence, local noun overlap, global argument overlap. The assessment of linguistic parameters was performed by an automatic Russian text analyzer RuLingva. The classification accuracy of the parametric model was identified as 80%, which ensures its high reliability and allows for the data obtained to be employed in linguistic expertise, as well as for in automated linguistic profiling of texts. The prospect of the research implies installation of the model in RuLingva and development of similar models for texts of other subject domains.

A Comparison Study of Linguistic Features in English Ads for Men and Women: A Case Study

This article is aims to shed light on providing a better understanding of linguistic features in English advertisements (hereinafter shortened to ads) for men and women using the descriptive, analytic, comparative and statistical methods to process the 92-sample database collected from four well-known magazines for men and three well-known magazines for women. The research shows interesting empirical results in terms of the lexical and syntactic features in ads for men and women for further study on gender language in advertising. In terms of the lexis, the authors point out the similarities and diferences in the use of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs in advertisements for men and women, the contents of each type of ads are different depending on the specific characteristics of each gender. Almost all the numbers of adjectives and adverbs of all kinds for women’s is much higher than those in men’s ads as shown in the table 2 below ( 236 vs. 178). The results also reveal that men’s advertisements use verbs to create more direct requests than women’s (56% vs 35%). This is consistent with previous studies that suggested that women often use interrogative sentences (indirect) to request while men use imperative sentences(direct) to do so. In term of syntax, in women’s ads, the numbers of sentences and phrases are more than those in men’s ones. According to the survey data, there are 129 phrases and 177 sentences used in women’s ads and those numbers in men’s ads are 108 and 100. This is also true with the average number of words in women’s advertisement compared to men’s advertisement ( 64 vs. 43). And the numbers of the short texts of ads (less than 50 words) in the women’s and men’s ads groups are19 and 28 . These figures are likely to show the fact that: the advertiser often talks to women with more words than to men. The findings of this research may yield good suggestions professionally for advertisers/ copywriters and linguistic researchers. Advertisers should pay attention to the similarities as well as differences in gender language when building the content for men and women’s advertisements. Ads should be designed depending on the gender of the target audience to bring the best effect. Also, other linguistic researchers may use the findings of this research for their studies on the relationship beween linguistics and psychology.

Coh-Metrix 시스템을 활용한 고등학교 영어 모의고사 읽기 지문의 학년 간 연계성 분석

The main objective of this study was to analyze the continuity of reading passages in high school English mock College Scholastic Ability Test (CAST) exams using Coh-Metrix, a multi-level text analysis tool. To achieve this, the study constructed a corpus of reading passages from the 2022 high school English mock exams and subjected them to a broad range of Coh-Metrix measures. These measures included basic measures (the number of words, the number of sentences, average word length, average sentence length), word frequencies (word frequencies for content words), word features (imageability, concreteness, age of acquisition, familiarity), lexical diversity measures (type-token ratios for content words), personal pronouns (first person pronouns, second person pronouns, third person pronouns), connectives, readability indices (Flesch Reading Ease, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level), syntactic complexity (noun density scores, the number of words before main verbs), coreference cohesion measures, and semantic cohesion measures. The main results revealed that the continuity of high school English mock tests was well established for average word and sentence length measures, the average number of words, word frequencies, word familiarity, second person pronouns, standard readability indices, and syntactic complexity measures. These findings have implications for the development of reading passages in high school English mock exams.

Two-Year Longitudinal Evaluation of Community Aphasia Center Participation on Linguistic, Functional Communication, and Quality of Life Measures Across People With a Range of Aphasia Presentations.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate potential changes on a hierarchy of language tasks and measures of functional communication and quality of life in a group of people with aphasia (PWA) who attended a community aphasia center for 2 years. A secondary purpose was to determine whether there were any predictors of change. Twenty-seven PWA who attended Brooks Rehabilitation Aphasia Center (BRAC) were evaluated on an aphasia battery, confrontation naming, and structured discourse in addition to completing self-reported measures of functional communication and quality of life at three time points: before attending BRAC and after 1 (N = 27) and 2 (N = 20) years of BRAC participation. Twenty-six communication partners who communicated regularly with the PWA completed a questionnaire about their functional communication at the same time points. A mixed linear model was conducted for all dependent variables to determine change over time. Tau-b correlations were conducted between demographic and aphasia-related variables and difference scores for outcome measures that exhibited significant improvements. At 1-year testing, significant improvements were observed on the aphasia battery, object and action naming, and all self- and communication partner-reported measures. At 2-year testing, all improvements were maintained except for the self-reported measure of functional communication. Structured discourse showed increases in average number of words, percentage of meaningful words and utterances, and efficiency of meaningful word production after 2 years. No significant correlations were observed between predictor variables and difference scores. Participation in aphasia centers can result in significant changes in language, functional communication, and quality of life in people with chronic aphasia. These findings support the importance of aphasia centers in the continuum of care for PWA. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.21313689.

Customer Sentiment Analysis and Prediction of Insurance Products’ Reviews Using Machine Learning Approaches

The study’s goal is to analyse and predict customer reviews of insurance products using various machine learning techniques. We gathered consumer rating data from the Yelp website and filtered the initial data set to only include insurance reviews. Following cleaning, the filtered summary texts were graded as positive, neutral or negative sentiments, and the AFINN and Valence Aware Dictionary for Sentiment Reasoning (VADER) sentiment algorithms were used to rate those sentiments. Furthermore, the current investigation employs five supervised machine learning approaches to divide customer ratings of insurance companies into three sentiment groups. The results of the current study revealed that the majority of customer reviews for the insurance products were negative, with the average number of words with negative sentiment being higher. In addition, current research discovered that while all of the approaches (decision tree, K Neighbours classifier, support vector machine (SVM), logistic regression and random forest classifier) can correctly classify review text into sentiment class, logistic regression outperforms in high accuracy. We analysed and predicted customer review messages using a variety of machine learning methods, which could help companies better understand how customers respond to their products and services. As a result, companies can learn how to use machine learning methods to better understand the behaviour of their customers.

Evaluation of English Texts' Readability in National Examination in Indonesia

The National Examination is still considered one of the main national-scale tests. As one of the subjects tested, English has used many texts in National Examination. This study evaluates the quality of reading texts' readability in the English National Examination for Junior High School from 2014/2015-2018/2019. 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 are not tested due to their cancellation under the health protocol implemented by the government. The study follows the quantitative descriptive evaluation approach. The SMOG formula is used to measure the texts' readability. From the last five English National Examination tests, 31 texts were tested. There are three aspects evaluated: the number of texts per test, words per text, and readability. The study results showed that there are 87 texts used in total from 2014-2015 to 2018/2019. Among them, only 31 texts exceed 150 words. The average texts quantity is 6,2, and the annual growth is 13,6%. The average number of words per text is 224,1, and the yearly growth is 4,6%. The main aspect, the average score of texts readability is 9,71 or at the level "Easy to Read" suitable to 6th Grader, and the annual growth of texts' readability is 3,9%. The study results show an improvement in quantity and quality, specifically for the readability, of the texts used in the English National Examination.

Exploring Bohdan Lepky’s Translation Ethics Using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count

The present empirical study aims to outline ethical landmarks of Bohdan Lepky, the renowned Ukrainian writer and translator, in his Ukrainian translation of Salomé by Oscar Wilde. We assess the ethics of translation data defined by Kalina (2015) in terms of accuracy, impartiality, and confidentiality. In order to address these ethical issues, the study envisaged the following steps. First, source and target texts were analyzed using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) computerized program based on its built-in French 2007 and Ukrainian 2015 dictionaries. Second, all 'style words' (Tausczik &amp; Pennebaker, 2010) represented by functional words, e.g., conjunctions, prepositions, and pronouns that bear procedural meaning, were compared in both texts. Findings showed that the translator followed the ethical "tradition of sameness" (Wyke, 2011), being less "visible" (Venuti, 1995) in his target language version. Despite a greater number of impersonal pronouns causing slight implicitation, we observed no traces of simplification or explicitation deforming tendencies in Lepky's translated text. Similar indices of conjunctions and prepositions, and the average number of words per sentence in both texts, confirmed the accuracy of meaning and style. Although markers of oral speech (fillers) prevailed in translation, this strategy manifests his agency and attempt to be ethically "accountable" for his product in the sense of Schlesinger’s (1989) "equalizing." This shift moves along the oral-literate continuum towards more natural, i.e., rich in pragmatic discourse markers (Schiffrin, 1989) oral communication. The LIWC psychological category of "affect" filled with emotionally charged words was less dense in the Ukrainian version, contributing both to the translator's "ethics of difference" (Venuti, 1999) and his impartiality. Thus, results of the LIWC-processed data demonstrated high ethical standards of translating Bohdan Lepky met in his Ukrainian rendition of Salomé by Oscar Wilde.&#x0D; Acknowledgements&#x0D; This research was made possible through funds from The Remeza Family Research and Publications Grant 2021-2022, Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Alberta, Canada.&#x0D;

Examination of Paragraph Questions in Turkish Tests of University Entrance Exams from Various Aspects

Bu çalışmanın amacı 2011-2020 yılları arasında yapılan üniversiteye giriş sınavlarında yer alan Türkçe testlerindeki paragraf sorularının sayısını, madde köklerini, paragrafı oluşturan sözcük sayısını ve söz konusu soruların Yenilenmiş Bloom Taksonomisi’ne göre hangi bilgi alanı ve bilişsel süreç boyutunda olduğunu belirlemektir. Nitel araştırma yaklaşımlarından temel nitel araştırma deseninde tasarlanan bu araştırmada verilerin toplanmasında doküman analizi kullanılmıştır. 2011-2020 yılları arasında üniversiteye giriş sınavlarının Türkçe testlerinde yer alan 240 paragraf sorusu incelenmiştir. Araştırmada ulaşılan temel sonuçlar şunlardır: Paragraf sorularının sayısı yıllara göre değişmekle beraber Türkçe testlerindeki soruların en az yüzde 50’sinin paragraf sorusu olduğu belirlenmiştir. 2018 ve sonrasına ait Türkçe testlerindeki paragraf sorularında paragraf başına düşen ortalama sözcük sayısının önceki yıllara göre artış gösterdiği bulgulanmıştır. Taksonominin bilişsel süreç boyutuna dair, incelenen paragraf sorularının büyük bölümünün anlama basamağında olduğu, çözümleme basamağındaki sorulara ise az da olsa yer verildiği, ayrıca söz konusu taksonominin bilgi alanı boyutuna dair de ele alınan paragraf sorularının tamamının kavramsal bilgi düzeyinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada ele alınan paragraf sorularında en çok görülen madde köklerinin “parçada anlatılan kişi ya da yapıta, parçadaki sözleri söyleyene ilişkin yorum ve çıkarımlar” ve “paragrafın ana düşüncesi” olduğu; en az görülenlerin ise “anlatım biçimleri” ve “paragrafın ana duygusu” olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

A Realist Synthesis of Community-Based Interventions in Vector-Borne Diseases.

ABSTRACTRandomized control trials have provided evidence that some community-based interventions (CBIs) work in vector-borne diseases (VBDs). Conversely, there is limited evidence on how well those CBIs succeed in producing specific outcomes in different contexts. To conduct a realist synthesis for knowledge translation on this topic, we examined the extent to which realist concepts (context, mechanisms, and outcomes) and their relationships are present in the existing literature on CBIs for VBDs. Articles on CBIs were identified from prior scoping reviews of health interventions for VBDs. Content of the articles was extracted verbatim if it referred either to realist concepts or CBI features. The number of articles and the average number of words extracted per category per CBI were quantified. Content of the articles was scrutinized to inductively gather qualitative evidence on the interactions between realist concepts. We reviewed 41 articles on 17 CBIs from 12 countries. The average number of words used for mechanisms was much lower than those used for outcomes and context (309,474, and 836, respectively). The average number of words used for mechanisms increased when a CBI was described in three or more articles. There were more extensive accounts on CBI features than on mechanisms. It was difficult to gather evidence on the interactions among realist concepts from the content of the articles. Scarce reporting on mechanisms in published articles limits conducting a realist synthesis of CBIs in VBDs. More transdisciplinary research that goes beyond the biomedical paradigm is needed to boost the development of intervention mechanisms in this field.

Assessing the Readability of Medicine Information Materials: The Case of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital - Mixed Approach.

BackgroundPatients are frequently provided with medicine information materials (MIMs). Rendering medicine information through written material is a reliable method. Readability is an important attribute of written material that can affect the reader’s ability to comprehend. Patient’s perception can also affect the comprehensibility of written MIMs.ObjectiveThe objectives of the study were to assess the readability of medicine information in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH); and assessing patients’ perception and understanding of medicine information materials.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study conducted from September 21, 2019 to November 24, 2020, at TASH. Quantitative and qualitative data collection approaches were used in this research. The readability value of each material was determined in accordance with the Flesch Reading ease scores (FRE) and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL). The tools compute readability based on an average number of syllables per word and an average number of words per sentence. FRE provides scores from 0 to 100; higher scores mean easily comprehensible while FKGL sets grade levels for written texts. A structured interview was administered with questions about how MIMs had been used, and was analyzed qualitatively.ResultsThe results of this research showed low readability scores of MIMs found in TASH. Most patients do not get MIMs and are unaware of how to use them. They are interested to receive and read medicines information from pharmacists and physicians. Moreover, most of them preferred information through both verbal and written forms.ConclusionThe readability levels of selected MIMs obtained from TASH are found to be not compliant with the patients’ needs. This might be worsening their health outcomes and resulting in poorer use of healthcare services.

Thrust Into the Spotlight: COVID-19 Focuses Media Attention on Nursing Homes.

ObjectiveThis study sheds light on the agenda-setting role of the media during the COVID-19 crisis by examining trends in nursing home (NH) coverage in 4 leading national newspapers—The New York Times, Washington Post, USA Today, and Los Angeles Times.MethodKeyword searches of the Nexis Uni database identified 2,039 NH-related articles published from September 2018 to June 2020. Trends in the frequency of NH coverage and its tone (negative) and prominence (average words, daily article count, opinion piece) were examined.ResultsFindings indicate a dramatic rise in the number of NH articles published in the months following the first COVID-19 case, far exceeding previous levels. NH coverage became considerably more prominent, as the average number of words and daily articles on NHs increased. The proportion of negative articles largely remained consistent, though volume rose dramatically. Weekly analysis revealed acceleration in observed trends within the post-COVID-19 period itself. These trends, visible in all papers, were especially dramatic in The New York Times.DiscussionOverall, findings reveal marked growth in the frequency and number of prominent and negative NH articles during the COVID-19 crisis. The increased volume of coverage has implications for the relative saliency of NHs to other issues during the pandemic. The increased prominence of coverage has implications for the perceived importance of addressing pre-existing deficits and the devastating consequences of the pandemic for NHs.

Ajustamento psicológico e desenvolvimento da linguagem de crianças em acolhimento residencial

Em Portugal, 98% das crianças com menos de três anos de idade retiradas das suas famílias de nascimento vivem em casas de Acolhimento Residencial (AR). A colocação precoce de crianças em AR pode afetar drasticamente seu desenvolvimento. Este estudo tem como objetivo: identificar a frequência de Problemas de Internalização, Externalização e Total, bem como o número médio de palavras utilizadas por crianças em AR; comparar a frequência dos problemas e o vocabulário destas crianças com a amostra normativa da população portuguesa que permitiu a validação e a aferição da Bateria ASEBA em Portugal; analisar as diferenças entre as crianças em AR de acordo com o sexo, integração pré-escolar, presença de irmãos na mesma casa de AR e o tamanho da própria casa de AR e explorar as correlações entre as medidas de ajustamento psicológico e o desenvolvimento da linguagem e as variáveis sociodemográficas. Participaram neste estudo cento e dezasseis crianças portuguesas (56,9% do sexo feminino) com idades compreendidas entre os 0 e os 71 meses (menores de 6 anos). Os dados foram recolhidos através da bateria ASEBA. Os resultados mostraram que estas crianças apresentaram um maior nível de vulnerabilidade em relação ao ajustamento psicológico e ao desenvolvimento da linguagem, quando comparadas com as crianças que vivem com as suas famílias, principalmente aquelas separadas dos seus irmãos e que vivem num contexto fechado que não proporcione experiências de contacto com outras crianças externas ao AR. Estes resultados reforçam a importância de se privilegiar a medida do acolhimento familiar (ao invés do AR), particularmente nesta faixa etária, para que as crianças tenham oportunidade de se desenvolver num contexto familiar normativo.

A Secondary Data Analysis Examining Personal Narratives of Filipino Language Dominant 4:0-4:11Year Old Children in ECCD Monitored Day Care Centers in Metro Manila

This study describes the parts of a narrative, structural pattern, narrative productivity (total number of words, total number of clauses, number of C-units), and mean length of C-units present on nineteen typically developing Filipino-Dominant 4 :0-4:11 year old children in ECCD-monitored day care centers in Metro Manila. Narrative samples were transcribed and then analyzed to identify narrative productivity, parts of narrative present and structural patterns presented by story theme and by all participants. The structural patterns have shown that children may already be in the transition phase from two-event to chronological narrative patterns, which is similar to the study of the personal narratives of 6-10-year-old African American children. Literature on Japanese and American children’s narratives showed similar results for the parts shown by the participants in this study, with an orientation-complicating action-resolution pattern. Among the participants, the average number of C-units produced was 8.13, the average number of words 34.11, the average number of clauses 7.73 and the average number of MLCUs 4.43. This study provided preliminary data on the personal narratives of Filipino children 4:0-4:11 years of age who may still be explored and further explored in future studies.

Characteristics of verbal fluency in patients with a primary episode of bipolar affective disorder

A study was conducted using the verbal fluency test of 153 patients with a primary episode of bipolar affective disorder: with prevalence of depressive symptoms (44 men and 75 women), with prevalence of manic symptoms (15 men and 8 women), and with simultaneous presence of depressive symptoms and manic symptoms phase change (6 men and 5 women). Significant impairment of test performance in patients with depression with respect to phonetic and semantic verbal fluency was revealed: the average number of words per letter "K" per 60 sec. in all patients 14,1±2,7 words, in men – 13,8±3,1 words, in women - 14,3±2,4 words, on the letter "P" – 12,5±2,8 respectively words, 12.3±3.2 words, 12.6±2.6 words, "Male Names" – 13.1±2.6 words respectively, 12.8±3.0 words, 13.3±2,4 words; "Fruits / furniture" – 12.0±2.4 words, 11.9±2.8 words, 12.1±2.1 words. Deterioration in the performance of semantic and phonemic verbal fluency test reflects the state of bradypsychism inherent in patients with depressive variant, which manifests a slow thinking rate, difficulty concentrating attention, motor inhibition, deterioration of operational capacity, rapid exhaustion. In patients with a maniacal variant, the high speed of the test is offset by a large number of errors due to the chaotic mental activity, instability and scattering of attention, the difficulty of maintaining focus of attention: the indicators were respectively 21.7±5.7 words, 22.5±5.7 words, 20,3±6.0 words; 20.3±5.6 words, 21.1±5.5 words, 19.0±5.9 words; 20.5±5.4 words, 21.2±5.2 words, 19.1±5.7 words; 19.5±5.4 words, 20.2±5.2 words, 18.1±5.7 words. In patients with mixed variants, the indicators of verbal fluency are reduced due to the influence of complex polymorphic symptoms with rapid change of state: respectively 16.5±5.6 words, 18.2±6.1 words, 14.4±4.8 words; 14.5±5.4 words, 16.2±5.7 words, 12.4±4.8 words; 15.4±5.4 words, 17.0±5.8 words, 13.4±4.8 words; 13.9±5.0 words, 15.5±5.3 words, 12.0±4.3 words. The differences in scores across all subtests in all groups between men and women are statistically insignificant (p&gt;0.05).

Kolorektal Kanser Hakkında Bilgi İçeren İnternet Sitelerinin Okunabilirliği

Amaç: Kolorektal kanser (KRK), dünya çapında görülen üçüncü en yaygın kanserdir. Biz bu çalışmamızda, KRK konusunda çevrimiçi sitelerin okunabilirlik değerlerini Türkçe için dizayn edilmiş Ateşman ve Bezirci-Yılmaz okunabilirlik formüllerine göre incelemeyi ve bu sitelerin içeriklerini değerlendirmeyi amaçladık.Materyal ve Metod: Bu araştırma tanımlayıcı tipte bir araştırma olup, araştırmanın verilerine ülkemizde en sık kullanılan arama motoru olan Google (www.google.com.tr) aracılığı ile ulaşılmıştır. Haziran 2019 tarihinde “kolon kanseri”, “rektum kanseri” ve “kalın bağırsak kanseri” anahtar kelimeleri arama motorunda tek tek yazılarak arama yapılmış ve karşımıza çıkan toplam 1250 internet sitesi incelenmiştir. Bu sitelerden reklam, sadece video ve resim içeren, 10 cümleden daha az bilgi içeren siteler, sohbet ve forum siteleri, ticari satış siteleri ile hastalık hakkında bilgi içermeyen haber siteleri araştırma dışı bırakılmıştır. Çalışmaya alınan sitelerdeki bilgiler kopyalanarak bilgisayar programına aktarılmıştır. Bu program ile Ateşman ile Bezirci-Yılmaz okunabilirlik değerleri, cümle sayısı, kelime sayısı, dört ve üzeri heceli kelime sayısı, bir cümledeki ortalama 4 hece ve üstü kelime sayısı ve kelimelerin ortalama hece sayısı hesaplanmıştır. Çalışmaya alınan internet siteleri hazırlayan kişilere göre 4 gruba ayrılmıştır. Hastane ve sağlık profesyonellerinin hazırladıkları siteler birinci grup, haber siteleri ikinci grup, Sağlık Bakanlığı ve derneklerin hazırladıkları siteler üçüncü grup ve bu üç gruba girmeyen siteler dördüncü grup olarak sınıflandırılmıştır.Bulgular: Çalışmaya 59 (%38,1)’u 1. grup, 63(%40,6)’ü 2. grup, 15 (%9,7)’i 3. grup ve 18 (%11,6)’i ise 4. grupta olmak üzere toplam 155 tane internet sitesi alınmıştır. Çalışmaya alınan tüm sitelerin Ateşman okunabilirlik değerlerinin medyan değeri 50,81 [46,65-55,75] idi. Çalışmaya alınan grupların Ateşman okunabilirlik değerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark saptanmadı (p=0,082). Çalışmaya alınan tüm sitelerin Bezirci-Yılmaz okunabilirlik değerlerinin medyan değeri 12,32 [10,83-14,29] idi. Çalışmaya alınan grupların Bezirci-Yılmaz okunabilirlik değerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark saptanmadı (p=0,166). Sitelerin Ateşman’a göre aldıkları okunabilirlik puanları yine Ateşman’a göre okunabilirlik aralıklarına göre ayrıldı. Çalışma gruplarının Ateşman’a göre okunabilirlik aralıklarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark olduğu tespit edildi (p=0,035). Sonuç: KRK hakkında hazırlanmış Türkçe internet sitelerindeki metinlerin okunabilirlik seviyeleri, ülkemiz sağlık okuryazarlığı ve önerilen akademik seviyenin üzerindedir. Bu sonuç bize KRK hakkında hazırlanmış Türkçe internet sitelerindeki metinlerin anlaşılmasının güç olduğunu göstermektedir.

Development of Cartoon Concept Based Student Worksheet with Structured Inquiry Approach to Train Science Process Skills

The aims of this study are (1) to produce cartoon concept based student worksheet is valid, practical, and effective to train science process skills, (2) describe the validity, practicality, and effectiveness of cartoon concept based student worksheet to train process skills science. This research used development research with three stages, namely defining, designing, and developing. The results of expert validation state that the student worksheet is ready for use. Furthermore, it was tested on the fifth-grade students in Kedungdoro elementary school Surabaya with One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The result of this research shows that (1) the cartoon concept based student worksheet is valid, because the readability assessment shows that the average number of words that can be completed by students is 73.13 from 81 words or 90.29%, it indicates that the level of readability of student worksheet is high and easy to understand by students in learning. besides that the activities of students showed positive results, namely observing 13.37%; make a hypothesis 14.17%; experiment 13.06%; measure 14.36%; classify 12.20%; interfere with 13.85%, communicate 13.52%; and conclude 13.75%. (2) The cartoon concept based student worksheet can make the student’s science process skills increase with the gain score is 0.80

Deep Language Statistics of Italian throughout Seven Centuries of Literature and Empirical Connections with Miller’s 7 &amp;amp;#8723; 2 Law and Short-Term Memory

Statistics of languages are usually calculated by counting characters, words, sentences, word rankings. Some of these random variables are also the main “ingredients” of classical readability formulae. Revisiting the readability formula of Italian, known as GULPEASE, shows that of the two terms that determine the readability index G—the semantic index , proportional to the number of characters per word, and the syntactic index GF, proportional to the reciprocal of the number of words per sentence—GF is dominant because GC is, in practice, constant for any author throughout seven centuries of Italian Literature. Each author can modulate the length of sentences more freely than he can do with the length of words, and in different ways from author to author. For any author, any couple of text variables can be modelled by a linear relationship y = mx, but with different slope m from author to author, except for the relationship between characters and words, which is unique for all. The most important relationship found in the paper is that between the short-term memory capacity, described by Miller’s “7 ∓ 2 law” (i.e., the number of “chunks” that an average person can hold in the short-term memory ranges from 5 to 9), and the word interval, a new random variable defined as the average number of words between two successive punctuation marks. The word interval can be converted into a time interval through the average reading speed. The word interval spreads in the same range as Miller’s law, and the time interval is spread in the same range of short-term memory response times. The connection between the word interval (and time interval) and short-term memory appears, at least empirically, justified and natural, however, to be further investigated. Technical and scientific writings (papers, essays, etc.) ask more to their readers because words are on the average longer, the readability index G is lower, word and time intervals are longer. Future work done on ancient languages, such as the classical Greek and Latin Literatures (or modern languages Literatures), could bring us an insight into the short-term memory required to their well-educated ancient readers.