Average Number Of Eggs Research Articles

EFFECTS OF DIETARY TURMERIC AND HOT PEPPER POWDER SUPPLEMENTATION ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF LOCAL LAYING HENS

This experiment was performed to study the effect of adding turmeric(TU) or fenugreek seeds (FE) and both of them in laying hen diets on productive performance. A total number of 90 hens of Sinai local strains, at 59-wks-old were used, weighed individually and allotted randomly into six experimental groups, with three equal replicates, five hens each. Hens had almost similar of initial average live body weights. The 6 treatments were: control treatment (T1) fed on basal diet. The second treatment (T2) was fed on basal diet with 0.1 % turmeric powder. While third and fourth treatments (T3 and T4) supplemented with fenugreek seeds powder levels 0.1 or 0.2 % , respectively. Then, the fifth and sixth treatments (T5 and T6) were given turmeric at level 0.1 % plus 0.1 % or 0.2 % fenugreek seeds, respectively. The results showed that hen group fed on a diet supplemented with 0.1 % TU + 0.2 % FE (T6) achieved the best records of average egg numbers produced per hen and total egg number (60.3). Also, the same treatment attained higher laying rate and egg mass among experimental periods for overall period. Fenugreek seeds alone or with turmeric (T3, T4 and, T5) had positive effects on average egg weight, the heavier egg weight (53.7 g) for T4 during 71-74 wks of age compared with 50.6 g for the control treatment. Feed intake during the overall period was not significantly affected by studied feed additives. Meanwhile, T6 obtained the best FCR as compared with other treatments. Shell index, yolk index and albumin % did not significantly affect by feed supplements. There was improvement in yolk %, shell %, shell thickness and Haugh units due to evaluated additives in hen layer diets. Hens fed on diet with 0.1 % TU + 0.2 % FE (T6) recorded the highest net return and economic efficiency compared to other treatments. In conclusion, the results elucidate that adding turmeric, fenugreek or combination of them enhanced egg production, FCR and egg quality. Also, economic efficiency was improved by adding the mixture of the additives to elderly Sinai local hen diets at the late stage of productive age, 59 – 74 weeks of age.

Keragaman dan Intensitas Infeksi Endoparasit Gastrointestinal pada Sapi Bali dengan Sistem Ekstensif di Kabupaten Kupang

Tanah Putih Village has the potential for the development of Bali cattle because it has extensive grazing land and the majority of farmers raise Bali cattle. The aim of the study was to obtain data on the diversity and intensity of gastrointestinal endoparasitic infection in Balinese cattle with an extensive breeding system in Tanah Putih Village, Kupang Timur District, Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. Gastrointestinal endoparasitic diversity was identify using sedimentation and flotation methods while the intensity of endoparasitic infection was carried out using McMaster method, while data on the diversity and rates of gastrointestinal endoparasitic infection were analyzed descriptively. The results of the study on the diversity of gastrointestinal endoparasites found there are five types of nematode worm eggs namely Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum phlebotomum, and Trichostrongylus axei. Factors that support the diversity of endoparasites are feed sources, livestock populations, and grazing rotation. The average number of worm eggs found based on the total eggs per gram of faeces for Haemonchus contortus as many as 100 eggs and the other four types of worm eggs amounted to 50 eggs. The average number of eggs indicates that endoparasitic infections in these animals fall into the mild intensity category, is influenced by season, feed source, and age of livestock. The five types of gastrointestinal endoparasites found namely Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum phlebotomum, and Trichostrongylus axei.

Biotic potential of an exotic date palm pest specie: Oryctes agamemnon (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

In Tunisia, particularly in southern regions, the culture of date palms plays an important role, both at socioeconomic and ecological levels. In spite of its importance, this agro-system is still threatened by many species of insects and diseases. Among these phytosanitary problems figure the exotic pest Oryctes agamemnon. This insect causes severe damage on palm tree mainly on the collar and the root system. The aim of this work is to study some parameters of the biotic potential of the insect. A number of ten couples were used in this survey. Follow-up of the experiment under the following conditions (Relative humidity = 40 +/- 6%, Temperature = 28 ° C +/- 2 ° C and a photoperiod: 16/8) allowed to study the reproductive potential, the larval survival rate and the adult lifetime. The follow-up of the experiment shows that the average pre-oviposition period and the average post-oviposition period are 25.3 ± 9.85 and 7.3 ± 5.39 days, respectively. The developmental cycle comprises, the egg, 3 larval stages L1, L2 and L3, prenymph and nymph respectively lasted 13,742 ± 2,011 days, 26,591 ± 3,142 days, 43,361 ± 3,237 days, 137,047 ± 6,132 days, 7,487 ± 0,909 days and 21,390 ± 2,655 days. Survival rates for the various stages ranged from 83.631 to 93.886%. Adults lived on average 55.18 days for males and 60 days for females. The average number of eggs laid per female was 28.7 ± 17.13 with an average fertility rate of 81.184%.

Biology of Diadiplosis multifila (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Planococcus citri under constant temperatures

Diadiplosis multifila was recently discovered feeding on Planococcus citri eggs in vineyards in the semi-arid northeast region of Brazil. The objective of the present paper was to study the biology of D. multifila in P. citri under constant temperatures of 22, 25, 28, and 31 °C. We evaluated its embryonic stage, egg viability, development period, survival of larva and pupa, longevity, average number of eggs, and sex ratio. D. multifila completed its life cycle in all temperatures except for 31 °C. The length of the embryonic period ranged from 4 to 7 days. The larval stage was longer at a temperature of 22 °C (8.6 days) and shorter at 28 °C (6.4). The pupal stage exhibited durations of 12.9, 10.4, and 8.2 days for temperatures of 22, 25, and 28 °C, respectively. The average viability in the larval stage was 97% and 83% in the pupal stage. The total life cycle took 16.7 (28 °C), 20 (25 °C), and 27 (22 °C) days to complete. The adults lived for approximately 2 days and the females produced on average 34, 25, and 19 eggs at temperatures of 22, 25, and 28 °C, respectively. The sex ratio varied from 0.46 to 0.54.

Quantifying the effectiveness of agri-environment schemes for a grassland butterfly using individual-based models

The intensification of agricultural practices throughout the twentieth century has had large detrimental effects on biodiversity and these are likely to increase as the human population rises, with consequent pressure on land. To offset these negative impacts, agri-environment schemes have been widely implemented, offering financial incentives for land-owners to create or maintain favourable habitats that enhance or maintain biodiversity. While some evidence is available on the resulting species richness and abundance for groups such as natural predators, pollinating insects including butterflies and moths, this is costly to obtain and it is difficult to predict the effects of specific habitat designs. To alleviate this problem we here develop an individual-based model (IBM), modelling the detailed movement behaviour, foraging, and energy budget of a grassland butterfly Maniola jurtina Linn. in patches of varying dimensions and quality. The IBM is successfully validated against data on M. jurtina densities, movement behaviour, resource use, fecundity and lifespan in habitats of varying quality. We use the IBM to quantify the benefits for life-history outcomes of M. jurtina of increasing the quantity and the quality of field margins within agricultural landscapes. We find that increasing the quantity of field margin habitat from 1 to 3 ha per 100 ha, as recommended in agri-environment schemes, increases the average number of eggs laid across a two-week period by 60% and adds an extra day to the average lifespan. Similar effects are reported for variation in the quality of field margins. We discuss the implications of the result for modelling butterfly responses to management scenarios.

Effect of temperature on reproduction and parasitism of the egg parasitoid, Anastatus orientalis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae)

Abstract Anastatus orientalis is a solitary endoparasitoid of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) eggs. We investigated the development, longevity, fecundity, and sex ratio of A. orientalis on different temperatures to establish the optimal temperature condition for laboratory mass rearing. There were significant differences in its development and longevity between 15 °C and the rest of temperature conditions (20, 25, and 30 °C), among which were no significant differences. The average number of eggs laid by A. orientalis was higher at 20 and 25 °C, but there was no statistically significant difference in its fecundity between the two temperatures. More females emerged at 15 and 20 °C than higher temperatures. Parasitisms of A. orientalis varied with host egg ages and densities. Even in 14 day old eggs of L. delicatula, parasitoids successfully emerged from 92.3% of the parasitized eggs. On the other hand, parasitism was lowest (13.8%) on just before hatching eggs. Parasitism was negatively dependent on host density. Oviposition behavior for A. orientalis primarily occurred at 1400–1600 h, not at 2400–0800 h. The majority of this parasitoid's emergence occurred at 0800–1000 h, largely before noon. These results may be useful for controlling the adequate time for supplying host eggs and release density of this parasitoid as well as for potentially predicting the accurate time for securing parasitoid adults in laboratory mass rearing of A. orientalis.

Metamasius callizona (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Fertility and Larval Survival to the Third Instar in the Laboratory

Metamasius callizona (Chevrolat) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an invasive bromeliad-eating weevil destroying native bromeliad populations in Florida. We measured the weevil's fecundity and fertility with pineapple leaf pieces as food. Eighty percent of females that paired with males laid eggs. Average adult longevity for egg-layers was 210.6 ± 7.5 d (SE). Average adult longevity for non-egg-layers was 23.8 ± 3.8 d. Average pre-oviposition period was 26.6 ± 1.3 d. The average number of eggs per female per d laid inside the leaf was 0.4 ± 0.03 eggs, and laid outside the leaf was 0.1 ± 0.01 eggs. The number of eggs laid inside the leaf declined with age, whereas the number of eggs laid outside the leaf increased with age. Egg-laying females began dying on d 80, and continued to die regularly until 305 d after adult emergence. The hatch rate of eggs laid inside leaves was 79%. Daily hatch rate was consistently around 80%. Ninety-seven percent of the larvae that emerged from eggs laid inside leaves survived to the third instar. The hatch rate of eggs laid outside leaves was 3.9%, and no larvae survived beyond second instar.

Effect of Some Legumes on the Biological Parameters of the Acanthoscelides obtectus Say

Acanthoscelides Schilsky is the large genus of Neotropical bruchid beetles, in which most species show host plant specialization. The species of A. obtectus Say specialized on Phaseolus beans and therefore considered pests. Six legume grain species (Dried common bean, green common bean, lentil, cowpea, broad bean, and soybean) were selected to study the biology of this insect pest on these different legumes under the prevailing environmental conditions of 25 ± 2°C and 60 ± 10% RH. The results showed that an average number of eggs per mated female (fecundity) was recorded in common bean dried and green (26.33 and 22.66 eggs). While the fecundity decreased significantly to 10.00, 9.66 and 4.00 eggs/ female at Soybean, Broad bean and Lentil, respectively. The results also showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the percentage of emerged adults among the different legume hosts, namely dried common bean and Cowpea the highest value (88.00 and 76.65%) and lowest percentage (17.97%) of emerged adults in green common bean respectively, while no adults emerged in Soybean, Broad bean and Lentil hosts and the developmental periods of A. obtectus on different legume hosts and mean periods varies depending upon the different hosts.

Epidemiological Survey on Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Helminthiasis among Village Residents of the Rural River Basin Area in White Nile State, Sudan.

There have been some reports on schistosomiasis of school children in Sudan’s Nile River basin area; however, information about the infection status of Schistosoma species and intestinal helminths among village residents of this area is very limited. Urine and stool samples were collected from the 1,138 residents of the Al Hidaib and Khour Ajwal villages of White Nile State, Sudan in 2014. The prevalence of overall schistosomiasis and intestinal helminthiasis was 36.3% and 7.7%, respectively. Egg positive rates were 35.6% for Schistosoma haematobium, 2.6% for S. mansoni, and 1.4% were mixed. The prevalence of schistosomiasis was significantly higher in men (45.6%) than in women (32.0%), in Khou Ajwal villagers (39.4%) than in Al Hidaib villagers (19.2%), and for age groups ≤15 years old (51.5%) than for age groups >15 years old (13.2%). The average number of eggs per 10 ml urine (EP10) of S. haematobium infections was 18.9, with 22.2 eggs in men vs 17.0 in women and 20.4 in Khou Ajwal villagers vs 8.1 in Al Hidaib villagers. In addition to S. mansoni eggs, 4 different species of intestinal helminths were found in the stool, including Hymenolepis nana (6.6%) and H. diminuta (1.0%). Collectively, urinary schistosomiasis is still prevalent among village residents in Sudan’s White Nile River basin and was especially high in men, children ≤15 years, and in the village without a clean water system. H. nana was the most frequently detected intestinal helminths in the 2 villages.

Analysis of Backyard Chicken Farmers Socio-Economic and Management Practices in District Quetta, Balochistan

Socio-economic profile of backyard poultry farmers beside the prevailing management practices and flock profile was studied in nine union councils of District Quetta Balochistan; from November, 2016 to March, 2017. Primary data was collected from 99 households randomly selected from study area by using semi-structured questionnaire, while descriptive statistics were used to conclude the data. Study revealed that women were the only prevailing gender (100%) involved in rearing of backyard chicken in the area. Maximum (53%) number of respondents were in the age group of &gt; 40 years, while more than half (58%) of poultry keepers were illiterate. Backyard poultry farming was much popular (79%) in house wives, whereas 75% of them were responsible for primary support of their household. Pashtoon ethnicity was the major (40%) group of respondents. 58% of the respondents reported a family with 10–20 members. 90% of the farmers provided shelter to their birds, made from mud and thatch (kacha). 80% of these birds were fed on kitchen waste and bread remnants. Average flock size was 27 birds, having 48% Desi (Indigenous chicken), 27% Fayoumi, 12 % Rhode Island Red (RIR) and 13% cross bred birds. Flocks were comprised of adult hen (71%), cock (15%) and chicks (14%). Annual egg production was 4190±171 eggs with 217±2.4 eggs produced per bird, whereas the average number of eggs consumed per family was 1314±48 eggs. Backyard poultry rearing offers a real opportunity to alleviate poverty and gender empowerment. The farmers should be further trained to improve the current feeding and management practices of these birds.

Optimization of irradiation dose to Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus in a sterile insect technique program.

The sterile insect technique (SIT) may offer a means to control the transmission of mosquito borne diseases. SIT involves the release of male insects that have been sterilized by exposure to ionizing radiation. We determined the effects of different doses of radiation on the survival and reproductive capacity of local strains of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus in southern Mexico. The survival of irradiated pupae was invariably greater than 90% and did not differ significantly in either sex for either species. Irradiation had no significant adverse effects on the flight ability (capacity to fly out of a test device) of male mosquitoes, which consistently exceeded 91% in Ae. aegypti and 96% in Ae. albopictus. The average number of eggs laid per female was significantly reduced in Ae. aegypti at doses of 15 and 30 Gy and no eggs were laid by females that had been exposed to 50 Gy. Similarly, in Ae. albopictus, egg production was reduced at doses of 15 and 25 Gy and was eliminated at 35 Gy. In Ae. aegypti, fertility in males was eliminated at 70 Gy and was eliminated at 30 Gy in females, whereas in Ae. albopictus, the fertility of males that mated with untreated females was almost zero (0.1%) in the 50 Gy treatment and female fertility was eliminated at 35 Gy. Irradiation treatments resulted in reduced ovary length and fewer follicles in both species. The adult median survival time of both species was reduced by irradiation in a dose-dependent manner. However, sterilizing doses of 35 Gy and 50 Gy resulted in little reduction in survival times of males of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti, respectively, indicating that these doses should be suitable for future evaluations of SIT-based control of these species. The results of the present study will be applied to studies of male sexual competitiveness and to stepwise evaluations of the sterile insect technique for population suppression of these vectors in Mexico.

Geographic variation of temperature effects on initial colony development of Lasius japonicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

For Lasius japonicus Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a common ant species in Japan, diapause induction is temperature dependent. To elucidate the geographic variation of its temperature dependence, new L. japonicus queens were collected immediately after nuptial flight from four sites at different latitudes: Kitami (44.1°N), Hakodate (41.8°N), Shizuku-ishi (39.7°N), and Okayama (34.7°N). The collected queens were reared for 100 days at four constant-temperature conditions (25 °C, 20 °C, 17.5 °C, and 15 °C) under a 12L:12D photoperiod. The queens began founding colonies immediately in all conditions. For all temperature conditions, daily change patterns of the average numbers of eggs, larvae, and pupae were similar among the Hakodate, Shizuku-ishi, and Okayama populations, but the development patterns of the Kitami colonies differed from those of the other three sites. Low temperatures strongly suppressed colony development of the Kitami population; development was weak even at moderate temperatures. For new queens of L. japonicus, solitary overwintering without rearing larvae is regarded as serving an important role in successful colony foundation under cool climate conditions. Results reported herein suggest that local temperatures exert important selective pressure on the timing of diapause induction and on colony development in northern populations.

Potential predation and fecundity of Amblyseius aerialis fed two-spotted spider mite

The mites of the Phytoseiidae family stand out for the biological control of pest mites. The species Amblyseius aerialis (Muma, 1955) is a generalist mite, which can contribute to the natural regulation of pest mites. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for predation and fecundity of A. aerialis on the different phases of Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836) (Acari: Tetranychidae). A female of A. aerialis was confined on dish (3.0 cm in diameter) of jack bean leaves, Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. The discs were left in petri dish with water. Each T. urticae phase was offered individually to A. aerialis at densities: 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 mites / arena. The number of prey consumed and eggs laid by A. aerialis were evaluated every 24 hours for seven days, with removal of laid eggs by phytoseiid and dead prey and replacement of prey in the initial amount. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey test, applying the factorial (4x6). It was observed that with the increase of the density of T. urticae offered there was an increase in the predation of A. aerialis. When offered the nymph and adult the average number of eggs per day was higher, differing from egg and larva. Thus, A. aerialis can be a biological control agent of the T. urticae, reducing the population of the pest and maintaining its fecundity in all phases and densities offered.

Autogeny, Fecundity, and Other Life History Traits of Culex pipiens molestus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Shanghai, China.

Culex pipiens molestus Forskål is common in subterranean and aboveground environments in Shanghai, China. However, little is known about its autogeny, fecundity, and other life history traits. In this study, Cx. p. molestus larvae were collected from four different types of underground parking lots and artificially maintained, without blood feeding, in a laboratory. Life history traits parameters were recorded from the F0 to F9 generation. Culex pipiens molestus from Shanghai can autogenously persist for at least 10 generations, and some females can develop more than one egg batch without blood feeding (oviposition rate in Lot C was >100% in some generations). The average number of eggs per raft produced autogenously ranged from 36.94 to 42.19. The average generation time (GT) ranged from 20.06 to 21.30 d, and the pre-oviposition time (POT) ranged from 2.17 to 12.68 d among the generations. Culex pipiens molestus from the four groups had different autogeny, fecundity, and longevity patterns. This variability may result from genetic polymorphism caused by co-occurrence with other Culex pipiens subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae).

Effects of Garlic Oils on the Fecundity and Hatchability of Callosobruchus maculatus L. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the three types of garlic oils; Sudanese, Chinese and Egyptian on the eggs of cowpea beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. Volatile oils from Sudanese and Chinese garlic were obtained by steam distillation and Soxhlet extraction using ethanol correspondingly, whereas Egyptian garlic oil was bought as a ready-made product. The oils were tested at concentrations of 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 5% and 10%, at exposure periods ranging from 24-72 hrs. Respective average number of eggs laid after exposure to the lowest concentration of Sudanese, Chinese and Egyptian oils were; 5.4, 4.0, 4.1 after 24 hrs; 0.7, 0.1, 0.1 after 48 hrs 0.2, 0.5, 0.5 after 72 hrs. The oils from the three garlic cultivars significantly reduced number of eggs laid with the highest dose (10%) caused complete inhibition of egg laying. Average number of eggs hatched when exposed to the lowest concentration (0.01%) were; 0.25 after one day and 1.00 after 7 days of exposure to Sudanese oil vapours, 0.00 after one day and 0.75 after 7 days of exposure to Chinese oil vapour and 0.00 after one day and 0.75 after 7 days of exposure to Egyptian oil vapour.

Distribution and fertility of the spider Latrodectus tredecimguttatus (Rossi, 1790) (Aranei: Theridiidae) in the Odessa region (Ukraine)

Population dynamics of the black widow spider depends primarily on climatic conditions (short warm winter, wet spring, and hot summer cause an increase in individuals numbers) and secondary – depends on forage base and the number of enemies (parasitoid wasps). Therefore, constant monitoring of black widow spiders in the Odessa region is really important. This article provides data on distribution of the spider Latrodectus tredecimguttatus (Rossi, 1790) obtained in 2014‒2018 in the Odessa Region (Ukraine). Preliminary surveys were conducted in all districts of the region, and black widow spiders were registered in ten out of 26 districts (Artsyzsky, Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky, Bilyaevsky, Bolgradsky, Izmailsky, Kiliysky, Limansky, Ovidiopolsky, Reniysky, Tatarbunarsky). Mainly, the black widow spiders occurred in the southern districts of the region. Black widow spiders were found to be more common in ruderal habitats (54% of the total individuals collected) and rarer in agrocenoses (12%), saline marshes and steppe areas (17% each). The number of eggs and number of cocoons made by one female were counted. The number of eggs in one cocoon ranged from 276 to 458, and the number of cocoons woven by one female – from one to seven. In the study area, intensive cocoon making and egg laying by the black widow spiders was observed in early July; then the intensity decreased gradually in August. The largest number of the black widows’ cocoons was found in three southern districts of the Odessa Region (Bolgradsky, Izmailsky, and Reniysky). The largest number of eggs in one cocoon was registered in the Reniysky district while the smallest number of eggs was recorded in the Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky (613) and Bilyaivsky (903) districts. The largest average number of eggs laid by one female was fixed in Reniysky (2710) and Bolgradsky (2571) districts. Moreover, in these two districts located in the south of the Odessa Region, the largest number of the black widows’ nests was found. The smallest number of nests was recorded from three districts: Artsyzsky, Bilyayevsky and Limansky.

Development of an artificial breeding and hatchery technique for exotic ornamental fish &lt;i&gt;Sahyadria denisonii&lt;/i&gt; (Day, 1865)

Sahyadria denisonii is one of the highly demanded exotic ornamental fish species. Development of artificial breeding technique for Sahyadria denisonii is important under local conditions. The captive breeding of this species did not occur under the environmental manipulation method used in the present study. However, breeding was successful, when Ovaprim hormone was injected at 0.5 ml per kg of body weight of the female at 9 h latency period. Average number of eggs laid was 216±33 and average egg size at maturity was 1.6±0.2 mm. Duration of development of eggs to hatchling was 36 h from time of fertilization. Feeding Artemia nauplii as an initial feed resulted a significantly higher growth (P<0.05) while micro-worm fed hatchlings exhibited significantly high survival rate. Therefore, results of this study revealed that a single dose of Ovaprim at 0.5 mL/kg of BW of females and half of that dose for males can be used for breeding of S. denisonii. Artemia nauplii, and micro-worm larval feeds can be used as the starter feeds for S .denisonii post-larvae.

Fertility Life Table, Population Parameters and Biotic Potential of Helicoverpa gelotopoeon (Dyar) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Helicoverpa gelotopoeon is an endemic pest of South America that affects soybean and other important crops. Life tables are a fundamental tool used to study insect populations, resulting in crucial information for integrated pest management programs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the biotic potential and the construction of a life table of this species under laboratory conditions. The biological parameters that showed significant differences between male and female were pupal duration, longevity and life span, which were all longer in duration for males. The net reproductive rate (R0) was 95.49, the mean generation time (T) 37.53, and the instantaneous rate of population increase "r" 0.12. The population doubling time (DT) was 5.70 days, and the daily finite rate of increase (λ) 1.13. The maximum rate of population growth occurred in the day 33. Fecundity had two peaks: at days 35 and 37. Gross and net fecundity rate, and the average number of eggs laid per female per day were 565.87, 496.07, and 18.76 respectively. The biotic potential was 2.026 x 1018 individuals/female/year. The survivorship curve showed that mortality was high during incubation period and first larval instars, then it declined until the death of last adult. These results provide important information to develop management strategies of H. gelotopoeon in South America.

438. Finding Toxocara Eggs in Park Soil From Montgomery County, Pennsylvania

Background Toxocara canis (dogs) and Toxocara cati (cats) is a parasitic worm commonly called roundworm. Toxocara eggs are spherical to oblong in shape, have a rough/pitted edge, appear brownish in color, and measures 75–90 µm (T. canis) and 65–70 µm (T. cati). This environmental surveillance study was designed to examine Toxocara contamination levels of selected parks in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania for the first time.MethodsSix soil samples (2 cups each) were obtained from six different parks, for a total of 36 samples. Two table spoons of dried/sifted soil were added to a glass, covered with 1/4 cup of a sugar floatation solution, stirred for 30 seconds, and let sit for 1 hour. The supernatant was transferred to a 20 mL plastic tube, capped, and let sit overnight. Three drops of surface fluid were placed on a glass slide and examined at ×400 total magnification. The number of Toxocara eggs from a full grid search of the cover slip area was recorded.ResultsOverall, 35 of 36 samples tested positive for Toxocara eggs. The parks and samples varied in their levels of contamination of Toxocara eggs; smallest samples (0 and 2 eggs) from Sanatoga Park and largest samples from Pottstown Memorial Park [52 eggs – picnic pavilion] and Heather Place Park [56 eggs – tree grove]. The average number of eggs from Sanatoga Park (2.5 eggs [95% CI: 1.0, 4.0]), Gerald Richards Park (4.0 eggs [95% CI: 3.8, 6.2]), and Althouse Arboretum (4.7 eggs [95% CI: 3.3, 6.1]) were significantly lower than Manderach Park (11.7 eggs [95% CI: 9.6, 13.8]). Sanatoga, Gerald Richards, and Heather Place had similar average number of eggs (χ2 = 3.97 < 5.99). Pottstown Memorial Park (18.2 eggs [95% CI: 4.1, 32.1]) and Heather Place Park (18.5 eggs [95% CI: 3.5, 23.5]) had the highest averages; both parks had very similar average number of eggs (χ2 = 0.02 < 3.84).ConclusionThis study demonstrated that Toxocara eggs could be found in every park that was tested. The number of eggs per sampled varied greatly; highest amounts in areas that could contain food droppings (e.g., picnic area) or potential bathrooms for dogs (e.g., tree grove). Some parks were significantly less infected with an average number of Toxocara eggs than other parks.Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Evaluación de un bi-epítopo de gliceraldehídmo 3-fosfato deshidrogenasa y de Desorganización Muscular en la protección de ovinos contra Haemonchus contortus

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la capacidad de protección en ovinos contra Haemonchus contortus de un péptido que mimifica epítopos de gliceraldehído 3-fosfato deshidrogenasa (GAPDH) y Desorganización Muscular (DIM-1) de H. contortus. Se hizo una búsqueda en una biblioteca de fagos (7 aa-GGG) con el empleo de un anticuerpo policlonal (IgG) anti-H. contortus. Después de tres rondas de selección se secuenciaron 120 clones y se hizo el análisis de secuencia de cada clon. Se seleccionaron clones cuya secuencia de péptidos fue similar a la proteína de DIM-1 y a la GAPDH, y se sintetizó un péptido con estos dos epítopos. Los animales se inmunizaron los días 0, 7, 14 y 28. Una semana después de la última vacunación todos los animales se desafiaron con 1250 L3 de H. contortus. La media de huevos por gramo de heces (hpg) y la carga parasitaria en el abomaso del grupo vacunado a los 70 días de la infestación se redujeron en 57.9 y 52.7%, respectivamente. Los niveles de IgG en suero fueron significativamente más altos en el grupo vacunado; además aumentó el número de eosinófilos y subió el valor de la hemoglobina.