Average Number Of Branches Research Articles

Effect of foliar sprays with Copper and Zinc in the vegetative characters of citrus rootstocks

This experiment was carried out in the lath house, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad during growing season of 2004. Sour orange, mandarin and grapefruit seedling with 6 months old were foliar sprayed with CuSO4. H2O at a rate of 1 gm/ l. water and ZnSO4. H2O at a rate of 2 gm/ l water while the control treatment was sprayed with distilled water. After two weeks half the number of the seedlings were inoculated with Phytophthora citrophthora to investigate the influence of these chemicals in controlling the gummosis in these different rootstocks through their vegetative growth. The experimental results shows that the type of rootstock influenced the vegetative growth parameters.i.e. Soure orange seedlings significantly characterized by the highest number of root branches 41.64 branch/ seedling. Mandarin rootstocks shows the highest plant height of 28.95 cm and root length of 15.01 cm. Grapefruit rootstocks gave the highest dry weight of vegetative and root growth from the other types (2.02 gm, 1.12 gm/ plant). The treatments were significantly influenced the all rootstocks by increasing or decreasing average growth rates. Spraying plants without inoculation (T3) causes 16.14% an increases in leaf area and the average of plant height by 11.07% and the average number of root branches by 21.64% and average of root length by 13.18%. The interaction between the types of the rootstocks and the chemicals indicated that grapefruit seedling sprayed with Zn was superior in the height of plant, dry weight of vegetative and roots growth, leaf area, while the interaction between foliar sprays with Zn and inoculation and the mandarin gave the highest root length. The same treatment with sour orange seedling gave the highest number of root branches.

A structural characteristic of hyperbranched polymers

The structural characterization of hyperbranched polymers is discussed. Current approaches describing the structure of these polymers in terms of such parameters as the degree of branching and the average number of branches are shown to be inadequate. We propose characterizing the structure of polymers using the distribution over the degree of branching and the $$ \bar D_w /\bar D_n $$ ratio as the quantitative measure of distribution width. Using the example of AB2 type monomer polycondensation, it is shown how this value varies in the course of the process along with other structural parameters.

THE SUPERFICIAL BRANCH OF THE RADIAL NERVE: A MORPHOLOGIC STUDY

Study the morphology of the superficial branch of the radial nerve (SBRN) of the forearms and wrists of fresh adult human cadavers. Methods: Twenty three dissections were performed under 3.5x loupe magnification, histological sections of the nerve were obtained in 20 dissections for fascicle identification. Results: The SBRN emerged, in average, at 8.65cm proximal to the radial styloid apophysis (RSA) between the Brachioradialis (BR) and Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL) tendons. In 6/23 cases the SBRN emerged between an accessory BR tendon and the main BR tendon. The first branch of the SBRN arose at an average of 4.58 cm proximal to the RSA. A branch running across the RSA was found in 7/23 cases. At that level, the average number of branches crossing the wrist was 3.4. A fascicle count of the nerve and its first branch showed an average of 6.6 and 4.0 fascicles, respectively. Conclusion: Our anatomical findings are similar to those in the revised literature and contribute towards a better knowledge of the SBRN. Great caution is required in surgical procedures such as percutaneous bone fixation of the distal 1/3 of the forearm and wrist and particularly, in those susceptible to SBRN injury, as in seven of the 23 cases the SRBN ran directly accross the RSA. The authors recommend performing small longitudinal incisions down to the subcutaneous tissue, separating the nerve branches by blunt soft tissue dissection, with a delicate haemostat, before introducing the Kirschner wires (minimally invasive procedures).

Effect of the operating conditions of synthesizing diene rubber with a neodymium-based catalytic system on its branching characteristics

A mathematical model taking into account the branching of a polymer is developed for the synthesis of diene rubber with a neodymium-based catalytic system (NBCS) in a cascade of continuous reactors. The model is used to study the main branching characteristics of NBCS diene rubber. Relations for calculating the average number of branches per macromolecule, average length of a main chain, average length of side chains, weight fraction of a polymer in side chains and G-factor are derived.

Growth and Yield Performance of Five Guar Cultivars in a Mediterranean Environment

In order to evaluate growth and yield performance of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) in Mediterranean area, main morphological parameters (plant height, dry weight of single plant parts, branch and leaf number), dry biomass accumulation and seed yield response of five varieties of guar (Esser, Malosan, Kinman, Lewis and Santa Cruz) were studied. Seed crude protein and fibre content were also determined. Irrigation was applied to ensure that water availability did not limit production. The growing season of guar lasted for 120 days for all the varieties. Average plant height at harvest was about 63 cm (ranging from 56.0 to 70.6 cm). The highest dry weight increment was recorded during 55-70 days after sowing. Malosan, Santa Cruz and Kinman showed the highest individual seed weight (> 30 mg). Above average leaf and branch number were observed in Kinman, Esser and Santa Cruz. The greatest seed protein content was observed in Lewis and Esser (35.6% and 34.7%). High yield and seed quality were obtained in these environments with limited water supply, indicating that guar may represent a valid alternative multipurpose crop for semiarid regions.

Synthesis, characterization, and UV curing kinetics of hyperbranched polycarbosilane

AbstractHyperbranched polycarbosilane with allyl end groups was synthesized via hydrosilylation of methyldiallyldilane, and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H, 13C, 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance, and size exclusion chromatography/multiangle laser light scattering. The degree of branching and average number of branches of the resulted polymer determined by 29Si NMR spectroscopy is 0.58 and 0.42, and the exponent α in Mark–Houwink equation is 0.33 based on the relationship between viscosity and molecular weight. UV curing behaviors of the hyperbranched polycarbosilane were investigated using differential scanning photocalorimeter, and the effects of diluent's concentration, light intensity, reaction atmosphere, and temperature on the curing behaviors and kinetics were studied in detail. It was found that curing reaction can be accomplished rapidly under UV irradiation within 40 s both in air and in nitrogen atmosphere if acrylic reactive diluent was employed. The result suggests that it is an effective way to increase the curing reactivity by incorporating acrylic reactive diluents with high UV sensitivity into the polycarbosilane system. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008

The thermal polymerization of amino acids revisited; Synthesis and structural characterization of hyperbranched polymers from L‐lysine

AbstractThis contribution reports on the synthesis of hyperbranched polylysines via thermal polymerization of L‐lysine hydrochloride. Polymerization of L‐lysine hydrochloride in the presence of one equivalent KOH at 150 °C resulted in polymers with a number‐average molecular weight of 4600 g/mol and a polydispersity of 2.6 after 48 h. The rate of polymerization could be significantly enhanced and the polymer molecular weight improved by carrying out the polymerization with 3 mol % of an amidation catalyst. Among the different catalysts that were investigated Zr(OnBu)4 was found to be the most effective. Unequivocal support for the branched architecture of the polymers was obtained from 1H NMR spectroscopy, which allowed the identification and quantification of the four different structural units that constitute the polymer, viz. Nα and Nε linked linear units, dendritic units and terminal units. The structure of the polymers was found to be relatively independent of the reaction conditions. The degree of branching and the average number of branches varied between 0.35–0.45 and 0.15–0.25, respectively. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5494–5508, 2007

Controlling Polymer Architecture in the Thermal Hyperbranched Polymerization of l-Lysine

Because of the unequal reactivity of the two amine groups of L-lysine hydrochloride, thermal polymerization of this asymmetrical AB2 monomer results in hyperbranched polymers, which contain ?2.5 times more N?-linked linear compared to N?-linked linear structural units. This report discusses the feasibility of three approaches to control polymer architecture during the thermal hyperbranched polymerization of L-lysine hydrochloride. The reactivity of the more reactive ?-NH 2 group was modulated by introducing temporary protective groups that preferentially block the ?-NH2 position. This was achieved by (i) addition of o-vanillin to the polymerization, (ii) copolymerization of N?-benzylidene-L-lysine, and (iii) copolymerization of ?-amino-?-caprolactam. Analysis of the degree of branching (DB) and the average number of branches (ANB) of the obtained polymers did not provide evidence for any significant structural changes. Analysis of the distribution of structural units, in contrast, revealed major structural changes and indicated a rearrangement from N?-linked linear structural units to N ?-linked linear structural units upon addition of o-vanillin and N?-benzylidene-L-lysine. Unlike o-vanillin and N ?-benzylidene-L-lysine, ?-amino-?-caprolactam was found to be rather ineffective in modulating polymer architecture. © 2007 American Chemical Society.

The inheritance of a basal branching type in guar

Conflicting theories of inheritance of branching in guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] have been reported. In this study, two lines differing in leaf surface and growth habit were used to make reciprocal crosses and form progeny populations in order to study how basal branching is inherited. Parents in the reciprocal crosses were PI 217923, which is an erect type with pubescent leaves that exhibits predominantly zero, but as many as four basal branches; and ‘Lewis’, which is a branching type with glabrous leaves that exhibits from two to ten branches at the base. Parental and progeny populations were evaluated for branching under field-grown conditions. Effect of plant spacing (seeding rate at 1 seed/cm vs. 1 seed/30 cm) on basal branching of PI 217923 and Lewis was studied. Hybrids were identified by erect branching and pubescent leaf surface. F1 plants had erect branching type and pubescent leaves, indicating that erect branching is dominant to basal branching and there is no maternal effect. Chi-square goodness-of-fit analysis revealed that F2 populations segregated in the expected 3:1 ratio (P<0.10–0.70), indicating that basal branching was controlled by one gene. We propose gene symbol Brh-1 for the gene that controls lack of branching as in segregating populations, Brh-1 is dominant to brh-1. Thus, the genotype of PI 217923 would be Brh-1/Brh-1 or Brh-1/brh-1 as it exhibits erect growth habit with little branching, while that of Lewis would be brh-1/brh-1. When grown at wider plant spacing (1 seed/30 cm), all branching increased, but 3 or 4 basal branches appeared in PI 217923, while the average number of basal branches in Lewis increased from 4.0 to 8.4.

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and PACAP38 Control N-Methyl-D-aspartic Acid-induced Dendrite Motility by Modifying the Activities of Rho GTPases and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases

Dendrite morphogenesis is highly dynamic and characterized by the addition and elongation of processes and also by their selective maintenance, retraction, and elimination. Glutamate can influence these events via N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. The neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP38) affect neurogenesis and differentiation in the developing nervous system. We report here that the peptides and NMDA acted synergistically on dendrite and branch formation. In stage III hippocampal neurons, NMDA increased not only the addition but also the elimination of new dendrites and branches by activating Rac and Cdc42 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases, respectively. When applied alone, the neuropeptides did not influence dendrite or branch formation. However, they reduced the elimination of newly formed dendrites and branches caused by NMDA by preventing the NMDA-induced activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases. This led to the formation of persistent dendrites and branches. Additional timelapse studies on the dynamics of dendrite elongation showed alternating periods of elongation and retraction. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases increased the velocities of dendrite elongation and retraction, whereas the neuropeptides prolonged the periods of elongation. By modifying NMDA-induced activation of Rho GTPases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases, vasoactive intestinal peptide and PACAP38 could play an important role in the control of dendrite growth and branching during development and in response to neuronal activity.

Arteriography of three models of gastric oesophagoplasty: the whole stomach, a wide gastric tube and a narrow gastric tube

The esogastric anastomotic fistula,occurring after the replacement of esophagus by the stomach, is a post-operative complication always feared and awaited. Apart from other causes, there exist the anatomical dispositions notably the vascular and technical factors that stress this potential risk despite certain advantages of esophagogastroplasty. The goal of our study was to study the arterial distribution of the gastric transplants in order to identify the better modalities of their making. We used 39 stomachs taken from fresh cadavers of autochtone subjects. After a modeling treatment using three different techniques, they were subjected to a radiographic opacification of the right gastro-epiploic artery with sulphate of barium follow by an x-rays in incidence full-face (25 kv, 10 mAS). It was a matter of 15 entire stomachs (E.E.) with denudation of the small curvature, of 12 wide gastric tubes (W.T.) prepared according to the Akiyama technique modified and of 12 narrow tubes (N.T.) tubulized according to the Marmuse method. We studied the anastomotic type of the gastro-epiploic arterial circle according to the classification of Koskas, the collateral branches of the arterial circles of the gastric curvatures, the antral and corporeal anastomosis of these circles and the distribution anastomotic at the level of the summit of the anastomotic. Only 28 pieces (15 E.E., 8 W.T. and 5 N.T.) were able to be the object of a complete angiographic exploitation. The anastomosis of the arterial circle was type I in 64.1% of the cases, type II in 15.4% of the cases, type III in 15.4% of the cases and type IV in 5.1% of the cases. The average number of collateral branches originating from gastro-epiploic arterial circle was respectively 24, 17 and 22 for the E.E., the W.T. and the N.T. Only the two first ones presented collateral branches being borne of the small curvature circle. Fifty per cent of the N.T. did not possess any antral or corporeal anastomosis between the two arterial circles; some of them were even for a quarter of the W.T. In the case of gastric tubulization there existed an irrigation defect of the summit of the plasty for a third of the N.T. and a quarter of the W.T., despite a constant intramural bridge anastomosis between the two gastro-epiploic arteries. The usage of the entire stomach must be recommended for gastric oesophagoplasty; but when the operative indications require a resection of the small curvature it is preferable to use a wide gastric tube whose diameter respects the two left third of the initial width of the organ.

New results on ordered statistics and analysis of minimum-selection generalized selection combining (GSC)

Diversity combining techniques improve the performance of wireless communication systems at the cost of increased power consumption. Minimum-selection generalized selection combining (MS-GSC) scheme has been proposed as a power saving implementation of conventional generalized selection combining (GSC) scheme. In this paper, noting that previous analytical results on the error rate of MS-GSC are approximate, we carry out a thorough and exact analysis for MS-GSC. In particular, based on a new result on order statistics, we obtain the statistics of the combined SNR with MS-GSC and we then apply these results to analyze the performance of MS-GSC over fading channels. We derive the closed-form expressions of important performance measures, including outage probability and average error rate, for the Rayleigh fading scenario. In addition, we investigate the average number of active MRC branches with MS-GSC, as a quantification of the power saving

Synthesis and characterisation of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) combs

A series of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (NaPSS) combs has been synthesized. Architecturally and molecularly well-defined polystyrene combs were initially produced with the branch molecular mass fixed at 30,000g/mol, the average number of branches being the major variable. Conditions were established whereby linear polystyrene (PS) synthesized via anionic polymerization was chloromethylated using zinc (II) chloride, side-reactions such as Friedel–Crafts alkylation being suppressed. An excess of diphenylethylene-capped polystyryllithium (PSLi) was then reacted with the functionalized backbone to yield materials having long chain branches. The polystyrene combs were then reacted with sulfuric acid to yield water-soluble poly(styrenesulfonic acid) combs and subsequently neutralized with sodium hydroxide to give the corresponding sodium 4-styrene sulfonate species. The extent of sulfonation was determined via titration and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Aqueous triple-detector size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used to characterize the sulfonated combs. Although the SEC traces were monomodal and the Mn values agreed well with the expected values, an increase in the polydispersity index compared to the polystyrene combs may reflect the susceptibility of the sulfonation reaction to cross-linking.

Continuous Emulsion Styrene−Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Process: Computer Simulation Study for Increasing Production and for Reducing Transients between Steady States

The industrial production of two styrene−butadiene rubber (SBR) grades is optimized by means of a representative mathematical model. The emulsion process involves a train of seven continuously stirred-tank reactors. In the simulations, intermediate feeds of comonomers and chain transfer agent (CTA) are admitted. The steady-state (SS) productions can be increased by ∼8%, while maintaining the required final values of conversion, particle diameter, and molecular characteristics (M̄n, M̄w, and the average number of branches per molecule). For the same rubber grade, the polymer production can be changed with negligible generation of intermediate off-specs, by regulating the global calorimetric conversion. For changes of grade at a fixed polymer production, transient profiles of the intermediate CTA feeds are proposed. For changes of production and grade, a sequential (rather than a simultaneous) transition seems preferable.

Wrist Denervation and the Anterior Interosseous Nerve: Anatomic Considerations

Wrist denervation via resection of the distal anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) and the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) is an effective treatment for chronic wrist pain. When performing this procedure through a dorsal approach we have been impressed by anatomic variations of the AIN. This has raised concerns about potential denervation of the pronator quadratus (PQ). The purpose of this study was to elucidate the anatomy of the AIN and PIN as encountered through a dorsal distal forearm incision. Ten fresh-frozen cadavers were dissected. Before dissection radiographs were obtained to ensure accurate localization of the proximal ulnar head with a radiopaque marker. A dorsal approach to the distal forearm was made to identify the anatomy of the PIN and AIN. The location and diameter of all AIN branches were noted by using an operating stereoscopic microscope at x 25 magnification and a precision caliper. The PIN anatomy and size also were noted. The anatomy of the AIN was variable. The average AIN diameter proximal to the PQ was 1.5 mm. The average number of AIN motor branches was 4.2. The largest PQ motor branch was the first motor branch and was located at an average distance of 37.9 mm from the proximal ulnar head. The last motor branch was found an average of 23.9 mm from the proximal ulnar head. In 9 of 10 specimens the sensory branch tunneled radially through the distal PQ and innervated the periosteum of the volar distal radius. In 4 of 10 specimens a separate branch to the distal radioulnar joint was present. We found an average PIN diameter of 0.87 mm. Resection of the AIN at a point 4 cm proximal to the proximal point of the ulnar head would denervate completely the PQ in our cadaver population. Division of the AIN 2 cm proximal to the ulnar head would spare most of the PQ motor branches.

Horizontal Branch of the Supraorbital Nerve and Temporal Branch of the Facial Nerve

The aim of this article is to describe anatomical detail of the course and territory of the horizontal branch of the supraorbital nerve, which connects with temporal branch of the facial nerve. Eighteen hemifaces of Korean cadavers (11 male, 7 female) fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution were dissected. All 18 specimens had horizontal branch of the supraorbital nerve. The horizontal branch emerges out of the supraorbital foramen, runs upward about 12 mm, and then turns laterally at an angle of 104.7 degrees toward the end of the eyebrow. The average number of horizontal branches was 1.7 +/- 0.8. The skin boundary supplied by the horizontal branch was a circle with a diameter of 30 mm. The center was located at 30 mm lateral to the supraorbital foramen and 12 mm above. Grossly, the horizontal branch of the supraorbital nerve connected with the temporal branch of the facial nerve in 8 of 18 (44%) specimens. Microscopically, both nerve branches had common epineurium, but the perineuria were separated. The horizontal branch of the supraorbital nerve is in touch with the temporal branch of the facial nerve, and there are actual connections between them in 44% of cases.

Maize Starch-Branching Enzyme Isoforms and Amylopectin Structure. In the Absence of Starch-Branching Enzyme IIb, the Further Absence of Starch-Branching Enzyme Ia Leads to Increased Branching

Previous studies indicated that the deficiency of starch-branching enzyme (SBE) Ia in the single mutant sbe1a::Mu (sbe1a) has no impact on endosperm starch structure, whereas the deficiency of SBEIIb in the ae mutant is well known to reduce the branching of starch. We hypothesized that in maize (Zea mays) endosperm, the function of SBEIIb is predominant to that of SBEIa, and SBEIa would have an observable effect only on amylopectin structure in the absence of SBEIIb. To test this hypothesis, the mutant sbe1a was introgressed into lines containing either wx (lacking the granule-bound starch synthase GBSSI) or ae wx (lacking both SBEIIb and GBSSI) in the W64A background. Both western blotting and zymogram analysis confirmed the SBEIa deficiency in sbe1a wx and sbe1a ae wx, and the SBEIIb deficiency in ae wx and sbe1a ae wx. Using zymogram analysis, no pleiotropic effects of sbe1a genes on SBEIIa, starch synthase, or starch-debranching enzyme isoforms were observed. High-performance size exclusion chromatography analysis shows that the chain-length profiles of amylopectin as well as beta-limit dextrin were indistinguishable between wx and sbe1a wx, whereas significant differences for both were observed between ae wx and sbe1a ae wx, suggesting an effect of SBEIa on amylopectin biosynthesis that is observable only in the absence of SBEIIb. The amylopectin branch density and the average number of branches per cluster were both higher in endosperm starch from sbe1a ae wx than from ae wx. These results indicate possible functional interactions between SBE isoforms that may involve enzymatic inhibition. Both the cluster repeat distance and the distance between branch points on the short intracluster chains were similar for all genotypes however, suggesting a similar pattern of individual SBE isoforms in cluster initiation and the determination of branch point location.

Structure of autocatalytically branched actin solutions.

The average branching number and cluster size in branched actin solutions with filament capping are evaluated using analytic theory and simulation methods. The average number of daughter branches per filament in steady state is much less than unity, regardless of the concentration of branching stimulant. Much more highly branched structures are obtained in the initial stages of polymerization.

Colony growth responses of the Caribbean octocoral, Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae, to harvesting

Abstract. Colonies of the branching Caribbean gorgonian Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae were subjected to partial mortality at 2 sites in the Bahamas to study how colony growth responds to disturbances such as harvesting, grazing, and storm damage. Colonies were clipped so that either 4 branches or 10 branches remained. Growth rates of branches were then monitored over 1 year and compared with nearby unclipped colonies. No significant differences were found between branch extension rates among the 3 treatments. Extension rates of newly formed branches were significantly greater in all treatments than among branches present at the start of the experiment. Per capita branching rates were greater on the more severely clipped colonies and were smallest on control colonies. The absolute number of branches that became mother branches did not differ among treatments. Colonies clipped so that 4 and 10 branches remained had the same average number of mother branches per colony, and there was no significant difference between treatments in the average number of new branches formed on the colonies. Per capita branching rates were significantly different among treatments only because the relative proportion of branches that became mother branches was higher in colonies with four branches than in treatments with more initial branches. Total growth (cumulative growth on all branches) was not significantly different between the 2 clipped treatments. Many of the control colonies suffered extensive damage, which may have obscured the comparison of clipped and unclipped treatments; however, within the range of these clipping treatments, differing levels of partial mortality did not lead to different recovery rates. The lack of treatment effects is particularly relevant to assessing the effects of harvest techniques on the recovery and productivity of harvested, naturally occurring, colonies.

Aqueous Micelles from Supramolecular Graft Copolymers

AbstractAqueous micelles have been prepared from amphiphilic supramolecular graft copolymers, in which poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) side chains were linked to a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) backbone via ruthenium(II)‐terpyridine complexes. Three different graft copolymers were investigated, in which the average number of PEG branches (constant length) and the length of the PMMA backbone were varied. The successful formation of micelles was proven by dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A good agreement was found between TEM and AFM observations, which show polydisperse spherical micelles. The hydrodynamic diameter measured by DLS was much larger, suggesting the formation of aggregates. No substantial difference in the micellar characteristic features was found between the three investigated samples.Schematic representation of the graft copolymer synthesis.magnified imageSchematic representation of the graft copolymer synthesis.