Average Monthly Production Research Articles

Studies on effect of climatic parameters on monthly lactation milk yields in Deoni cattle of Maharashtra, India

Improvement in production performance of indigenous cattle breeds becomes essential to make them economically viable. Due to increased environmental temperature cattle undergo heat stress. Milk production is adversely affected due to heat stress. In the present study records maintained at Cattle Cross Breeding Project, Vasantrao Naik Marathawada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani (Maharashtra) for the period of 1995-2010 were utilized to study monthly lactation milk yields and climatic factors. The climatic parameters considered were temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, sunshine hours and dry and wet bulb temperature along with THI. The data on monthly lactation milk yields of cows calved during cold, hot, south-west monsoon and post monsoon seasons were considered. Correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to investigate various sources of variation in monthly lactation milk yields. Monthly lactation milk yield data were analyzed to ascertain the effect of climatic attributes and to know their association with monthly lactation milk yields. The higher milk production during post monsoon was attributed to cows calved during that season whose milk production was favoured by post monsoon climate. Seasonal climate may be the responsible factor to influence the milk production levels. The average monthly milk production (359.18+25.85 liter) was more during post monsoon season followed by cold (326.81+20.48 liter), south-west monsoon seasons (326.60 +20.45 liter) and hot (245.78+19.13 liter), respectively.

PRODUÇÃO DE SERAPILHEIRA EM FLORESTA ESTACIONAL SEMIDECIDUAL E EM PLANTIOS DE <i>Pterogyne nitens </i>Tull. e<i> Eucalyptus urophylla</i> S. T. Blake NO SUDOESTE DA BAHIA

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509819614A serapilheira constitui um dos principais componentes responsáveis pela manutenção da capacidade produtiva de sítios florestais e, sendo assim, o conhecimento da sua produção e composição pode fornecer subsídios para adequação de técnicas de manejo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar mensalmente a serapilheira produzida em uma Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (mata de cipó) e dois plantios florestais puros (de Pterogyne nitens e de Eucalyptus urophylla), localizados no município de Vitória da Conquista - BA, assim como analisar a influência de fatores climáticos nessa produção. As amostras da serapilheira foram coletadas durante dez meses, por meio de coletores quadrados com 0,25 m2. Os materiais coletados foram triados (frações: folhas, galhos, casca e estruturas reprodutivas) e secos em estufa a 60oC. As produções mensais médias de serapilheira foram de 544,6, 522,6 e 179,5 kg ha-1 nas áreas de mata de cipó, Eucalyptus urophylla e Pinus nitens, respectivamente. As folhas representaram maior proporção da serapilheira produzida nas três coberturas (65% do total). A produção mensal média de folhas foi superior na mata nativa, seguida do Eucalyptus urophylla e Pinus nitens. O aporte de galhos foi significativamente menor no povoamento de Pinus nitens e não variou entre mata de cipó e Eucalyptus urophylla. A produção de materiais reprodutivos variou na ordem: Eucalyptus urophylla > mata de cipó > Pinus nitens. A fração casca não variou entre mata de cipó e Pinus nitens, sendo superior no Eucalyptus urophylla. Em todas as coberturas estudadas verificou-se correlação significativa negativa entre produção total e temperatura média do ar. Apenas no plantio de Pinus nitens foram verificadas associações significativas do aporte de serapilheira com as variáveis precipitação e velocidade do vento. O Eucalyptus urophylla e a mata de cipó apresentam similaridade quanto à produção média de serapilheira, sendo cerca de 67% superior a produção de Pinus nitens. A variação temporal do aporte de serapilheira de Pinus nitens mostra-se bem mais sensível à influência de variáveis climáticas que a mata de cipó e o Eucalyptus urophylla. A contribuição das frações da serapilheira obedeceu a uma mesma ordem em todas as coberturas estudadas: folhas > galhos > estruturas reprodutivas > cascas.

Development and Study of Hybrid Solar and Wind Energy Systems

In the paper is about the realization of autonomous and periodic electricity supply due to the hybrid solar and wind energy system. For this purpose the hybrid system settled in Baku city and Gusar region were firstly studied in the Republic. Initially average annual solar and wind energy potentials of Baku city and Gusar region have been measured. Seperately and together average monthly and annual energy production of hybrid solar and wind energy plant were determined.

Abundância de Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) em diferentes subprodutos canavieiros

Um aumento na abundância de Stomoxys calcitrans tem sido observado em áreas de produção sucroalcooleira devido aos subprodutos orgânicos resultantes desta atividade. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a abundância desta espécie em diferentes subprodutos da cana-de-açúcar. De janeiro a dezembro de 2011, a abundância de S. calcitrans foi monitorada em quatro subprodutos: bagaço, palha, torta de filtro (TF) e palha com vinhaça (PV), em uma usina sucroalcooleira no município de Angélica, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Mensalmente, 20 armadilhas de emergência foram distribuídas em cada substrato, mantidas ativas por quatro semanas. Durante todo o período de estudo, 4.049 espécimes de S. calcitrans foram coletados nos diferentes substratos, representando 9,22% do total de dípteros capturados nas armadilhas. Os quatro subprodutos amostrados apresentaram significativas diferenças em relação à abundância de S. calcitrans, sendo maior na TF (67,20%) e na PV (29,19%). Picos de abundância foram observados em junho (PV) e outubro (PV e TF). Maior produtividade de S. calcitrans foi observada na TF (55,8 moscas/mII) e na PV (24,2 moscas/mII), com produção média mensal de S. calcitrans na usina estimada em 37 mil e 24 milhões, respectivamente. A elevada capacidade de reprodução da S. calcitrans em subprodutos da usina explica as explosões populacionais desta espécie, ocorridas recentemente em fazendas pecuárias próximas a usinas sucroalcooleiras.

Saline rivers provide arid landscapes with a considerable amount of biochemically valuable production of chironomid (Diptera) larvae

Saline rivers are supposed to be ‘hot spots’ of high biological productivity in arid landscapes. To test this, we quantified the production of chironomid larvae, because river production is known to be transferred to arid landscapes primarily by birds fed on these larvae. In addition, we studied the potential biochemical quality of the larvae for birds based on the essential highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) contents in their biomass. We studied species composition and measured production of chironomid larvae in two saline rivers (Volgograd region, Russia). We also evaluated the fatty acid composition and contents of the dominant taxa and estimated the flux of HUFA from the studied saline rivers to land via chironomid potential emergence. Average monthly production of chironomids measured for only 1 month, August, was quite comparable to annual production in some freshwater rivers. All the dominant chironomid larvae had comparatively high essential eicosapentaenoic acid contents, especially Cricotopus salinophilus, which showed the highest value, reported for Chironomidae. The monthly flux of HUFA from the studied rivers to land due to the chironomid potential emergence was roughly comparable to the global average estimation of annual water–land HUFA export via emerging insects.

Small-scale silage-making technology for the extreme poor on floodplains

Despite owning only a couple of cattle, the landless, extreme poor can neither spare land for animal forage production nor can they afford to buy concentrate feed for their animals. In the flood-prone areas of Bangladesh, the most severe feed shortage occurs during July−October, when the low-lying pasturelands are flooded. Production, processing and preservation (silage-making) of high-yielding fodder, like Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), can overcome such feed shortage. Existing silage-making techniques (e.g. pit silo) are not suitable for flood-prone areas. An innovative, low-cost silage-making technology has been developed and tested in 10 flood-prone villages of Sirajganj in 2012. This portable bamboo silo (PBS) has been developed from an earlier low-cost, fixed model of Bangladesh Agricultural University. The PBS responds to the vulnerability of the extreme poor living in flood-prone areas, and their housing condition, livestock-farming capacity and ability to invest. The PBS can preserve 0.5 tonne of Napier silage, which can replace 50% need of roughage feed-rice straw of one or two local-bred cattle during 3−4 rainy months. With such feed replacement, average monthly milk production in the local cow variety increased by 12.36% (p < 0.01). Average net monthly income of the extreme poor families from selling milk also increased by 56.31% (p < 0.001) due to increased milk production and reduced feed cost. The paper also discusses general issues related to innovation for the extreme poor.

Mattress Making Using Typha latifolia and Cyprus Species of Chefa Wetland in Kemissie, Ethiopia: A Means for Livelihood Improvement

The survey was conducted in May 2012 at Amrach and Santie villages in Kemissie. The objectives of the study were to assess challenges and opportunities of people involved in mattress production and their level of knowledge for sustainable utilization of Typha latifolia and Cyprus species from Chefa wetland. The villages were selected purposely and a total of 60 households were selected for interview randomly, 30 from each villages. In addition to questionnaires Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA) was used. The average age of mattress makers were 37 and 31 at Amrach and Santie respectively. Majority of the mattress makers, 76.7% at Amrach and 60% at Santie were female that indicate the profession has significant contribution for livelihood especially for women. The average monthly production of mattress at Amrach was higher (86) than Santie (23) because most of the people involved in mattress production at Amrach have no other livelihood means unlike the people at Santie. The average net income from mattress was 928 and 227 for Amrach and Santie respectively. There is high demand for mattress market at Kemissie, Dessie and Haik, however there is shortage of these raw materials, Typha latifolia and Cyprus species used for making mattress due to the presence of high demand by different stakeholders, pastoralists specially in dry season used as feed for their animals, making their shelter, the local people used for ceremonial purpose and making shelter. As the result the people involved in mattress production are forced to go more than 10 kilo meter per day to collect these plants and hence produce less mattresses per month and hence low income. Therefore awareness creation training should be given for stakeholders to promote sustainable utilization of these plants collected from Chefa wetland and improving income of mattress makers.

Parameters of the productivity of soil algae in terrestrial ecosystems

A review is presented of the recent state of the problem of soil algae productivity in terrestrial ecosystems on the basis of literature data and our own research. It is shown that the organic matter accumulated by soil algae is highly mobile. The following parameters were analyzed: the biological production, the time of the biomass turnover, and the rate of the algal organic matter renewal in the soil. The average monthly production of algae ranged from 0.9 to 765 g/m2, the rate of the organic matter renewal ranged from 0.03 to 25.5 g/m2 per day, and the time of the algal biomass renewal ranged from 0.1 to 7 days.

Oil Export Tanker Problem-Demurrage and the Flaw of Averages

Current practice in the oil and gas industry uses average monthly production forecasting estimates to represent daily production in the scheduling of export tankers. This practice ignores the extreme lows and highs of the daily production estimates. This paper introduces a model that can be practically used and applied in the scheduling of export tankers. A stochastic approach to capture uncertainty in production forecasting is suggested, which is more realistic than using average estimates. An export tanker problem is investigated to show the impact of using average estimates. In this example, results show that there is a 45% chance that demurrage, penalty fees, will occur compared to zero chance when average estimates are used. The added value of this paper is that it shows realistic demurrage can be forecasted and anticipated by the use of uncertainty and stochastic approach than on using average estimates.

Optimization of an Automatic Blast Furnace through Integrated Simulation Modeling

The objective of this study was to develop an integrated simulation model of an automatic blast furnace in a full-scale steelmaking factory. The integrated simulation model introduces a set of optimizing alternatives through sensitivity analysis. The simulation model is built by considering all major and detailed operations and interacting systems of the blast furnace workshop. The workshop is composed two parallel blast furnace each containing of a joint raw material storage and furnace and cast-iron stations. Furthermore, there are 54 operations for each blast furnace workshop. The results and the structure of the integrated simulation model were verified and validated by comparative analysis and t-test. Moreover, the monthly production rate of cast-iron station is chosen as the performance measure for the actual system and simulation model in a twelve months trial. The results of t-test shows the average monthly production of cast-iron for the two system is statistically equal (at α=0.05). Also, the industrial engineering unit and the production managers accredited the integrated model. After this stage, the simulation was run for a period of six months to evaluate major bottlenecks in the system. Finally, two optimizing alternatives, which can save the company millions of Dollars, are introduced and their economic advantages are discussed. The integrated simulation model has several unique features. First, it is integrated and considers all operations, maintenance, repairs, quality control activities, systems' limitations and interaction with other systems. Second, it is coded in parametric fashion so any alternative may be easily retrieved. Third, it is a practical tool due to its verification, validation and accreditation. Finally, a standard procedure for development of integrated simulation model for similar blast furnace or workshops is introduced.

Computer–aided analysis of the performance of diesel generator power systems used for water pumping

The water Boards in the 36 states in Nigeria are constrained to utilize diesel generators for water pumping in the rural communities where grid electricity is unavailable. A software has been developed for the storage and analysis of some of the operational data of diesel generator-powered water pumping stations. The operational data include the monthly water production, diesel fuel consumption, engine oil consumption, number of days of operation within the month and the reasons for systems failure. For each station or a group of stations, it is possible, using the software, to generate information on the seasonal (rainy and dry season). water production , the average monthly, yearly and periodic production figures and the per-capita values. The average monthly /yearly down time over a period of years can be deduced. Results of the analysis of some water pumping stations are presented. The software is user-friendly and is designed to assist technical and managerial staff in assessing the performance of water pumping stations. [Global Jnl Engineering Res. Vol.2(1&2) 2003: 23-34]

Effect of Truck Payload Weight on Production

Most constructors intuitively understand that there is a relationship between payload weight and haul unit performance. At the same time, project managers constantly push the limits of rated truck payload as they seek increased productivity. This is because it is believed that increased productivity translates into reduced project cost. These ideas are quantitatively examined using payload data from seven Caterpillar 785B off-highway haul trucks working on an earth/rockfill dam in California. Caterpillar's Vital Information Management System was used to collect load data from 54,300 truck cycles representing approximately 14,419 operating hours and haulage of more than 7.25 million metric tons (8 million tons) of material. There was a diminished productivity increase when the load weight exceeded the truck's rated gravimetric capacity. Adding sideboards actually caused the average monthly production of the fleet to decrease. The plot of load times versus load weight appears to indicate a human factors rel...

Primary production in Southern Ocean waters

The Southern Ocean forms a link between major ocean basins, is the site of deep and intermediate water ventilation, and is one of the few areas where macronutrients are underutilized by phytoplankton. Paradoxically, prior estimates of annual primary production are insufficient to support the Antarctic food web. Here we present results from a primary production algorithm based upon monthly climatological phytoplankton pigment concentrations from the coastal zone color scanner (CZCS). Phytoplankton production was forced using monthly temperature profiles and a radiative transfer model that computed changes in photosynthetically usable radiation at each CZCS pixel location. Average daily productivity (g C m−2 d−1) and total monthly production (Tg C month−1) were calculated for each of five geographic sectors (defined by longitude) and three ecological provinces (defined by sea ice coverage and bathymetry as the pelagic province, the marginal ice zone, and the shelf). Annual primary production in the Southern Ocean (south of 50°S) was calculated to be 4414 Tg C yr−1, 4–5 times higher than previous estimates made from in situ data. Primary production was greatest in the month of December (816 Tg C month−1) and in the pelagic province (contributing 88.6% of the annual primary production). Because of their small size the marginal ice zone (MIZ) and the shelf contributed only 9.5% and 1.8%, respectively, despite exhibiting higher daily production rates. The Ross Sea was the most productive region, accounting for 28% of annual production. The fourfold increase in the estimate of primary production for the Southern Ocean likely makes the notion of an “Antarctic paradox” (primary production insufficient to support the populations of Southern Ocean grazers, including krill, copepods, microzooplankton, etc.) obsolete.

Impact of crude oil pollution on species number and live standing herbaceous crop biomass

The impact of crude oil spill on the number of plant species and the above-ground live standing crop biomass (AGLSCB) of a herbaceous plant community was assessed. The spillage had a devastating effect on the herbaceous community and especially on the component herbaceous annuals. At least 80–90% of the species were absent in the affected areas in comparison to nearby unaffected areas, most of these being annuals. Perennial species were generally less affected. The total herbaceous production for a period of 12 months in the polluted areas was 885.1 gm−2 compared with 4860.7 gm−2 for the unaffected areas. The average monthly production in the polluted areas was 73.8 gm−2 compared with 405.0 gm−2 for the unaffected areas.

Results of Recent Seismic Acquisition Trials and Near Surface Correction Comparisons in the Cooper and Eromanga Basins

The economic constraints brought about by low oil prices make it necessary to maximise the structural and stratigraphic resolution of our seismic data while still being subject to these economic constraints. Thus, whenever any new technology or procedures become available, the cost impact of any parameter changes must be carefully considered against the potential technical benefits achieved. This paper reviews some of the acquisition trials carried out during 1989?1994 and discusses the impact of those trials on the current acquisition parameters utilised in the Cooper and Eromanga Basins. The modification to parameters and procedures brought about by these trials has seen the productivity of seismic crews increase from 1.36 km/chg hr in 1988 to over 1.85 km/chg hr during 1992?1994. Thus, average monthly production in excess of 400 km/crew month in 1988 has increased to 550?600 km during the last few years, with the remarkable totals of 651 km and 665 km achieved in July 1993 and March 1995 respectively. The main acquisition parameters analysed include group interval/receiver array length and source effort. The opportunity to use 60,000 lb vibrators is considered to have given a 10?15 Hz increase in bandwidth at the high frequency end. This means that the previously perceived 65 Hz ceiling, which was considered to be caused by high transmission losses in the shallow section (Q = 25), is no longer restricting the bandwidth. Further investigations into static control techniques have demonstrated that the refraction method has been unable to match the results gained from upholes, whereas subsequent upholes drilled to check residual static profiles generally add confidence to the use of residual statics tied to upholes.

Swath-Mapping the Australian Continental Margin: Results from Offshore Tasmania

The economic constraints brought about by low oil prices make it necessary to maximise the structural and strati-graphic resolution of our seismic data while still being subject to these economic constraints. Thus, whenever any new technology or procedures become available, the cost impact of any parameter changes must be carefully considered against the potential technical benefits achieved.This paper reviews some of the acquisition trials carried out during 1989 - 1994 and discusses the impact of those trials on the current acquisition parameters utilised in the Cooper and Eromanga Basins. The modification to parameters and procedures brought about by these trials has seen the productivity of seismic crews increase from 1.36 km/chg hr in 1988 to over 1.85 km/chg hr during 1992 - 1994. Thus, average monthly production in excess of 400 km/crew month in 1988 has increased to 550 - 600 km during the last few years, with the remarkable totals of 651 km and 665 km achieved in July 1993 and March 1995 respectively.The main acquisition parameters analysed include group interval/receiver array length and source effort. The opportunity to use 60,000 lb vibrators is considered to have given a 10 -15 Hz increase in bandwidth at the high frequency end. This means that the previously perceived 65 Hz ceiling, which was considered to be caused by high transmission losses in the shallow section (Q = 25), is no longer restricting the bandwidth.Further investigations into static control techniques have demonstrated that the refraction method has been unable to match the results gained from upholes, whereas subsequent upholes drilled to check residual static profiles generally add confidence to the use of residual statics tied to upholes.

European Chemical Earnings Up Sharply

There's no doubt that European chemical companies came through 1984 in excellent financial shape. Sales improved all around. More to the point, net returns advanced sharply from 1983. But although managers can be pardoned for basking in the glow of their recent success, the cold light of statistics reveals a somewhat different picture. For instance, production index data for the year, although generally up, came nowhere near matching the degree of improvement in individual companies' returns. Italy registered the biggest gain. There, the average monthly production index value for the year stood at 105.7, 11% higher than in 1983. However, 1983 was some 5% under the 1980 base level of 100, and 3% below the 1982 average reading. In the U.K., the rise was more consistent, as it was in France and West Germany. For the U.K., 1984's production index average of 115.7 bettered that for 1983 by 9%. French and West German gains were ...

Pacific island water systems using a combined solar still and rainfall collector

The use of simple solar stills for the production of fresh water from sea water, combined with rainfall collection on the top of the solar still is studied in terms of the rainfall patterns on certain of the low islands of the South Pacific. Experimental results have been obtained to show the possible production on these islands from solar distillation. For one particular location it is shown that the probable rainfall collection averages about 2.35 gallons per square foot of collector surface per month. By adding solar distillation the average yield is increased to at least 3.77 gallons per square foot per month. An important feature of these systems is the cistern capacity needed to permit withdrawal of the average monthly production rate. For rainfall only, this amounts to 4.83 gallons per square foot of collector surface and is to be compared with 3.28 for the combined rainfall and solar collector systems. Thus, the combination of rainfall collection and solar distillation will produce about 50 percent more than rainfall only and the cistern storage capacity is decreased effectively to less than half of its volume for a given monthly withdrawal of water. The decision as to whether solar distillation is desirable on a given island should be based on the adequacy of available roofs or other intercepting structures to produce the required water and the cost of cistern capacity.

The Effect of Monthly Hatches on Performance Traits of White Leghorn Pullets

The effects of monthly hatches on various performance traits were studied with pedigreed chickens originated from the same parents throughout a year. The characters analysed in this report are age of sexual maturity, body weight at first egg and at twelve months of age, egg weight at ten months of age, pullet year egg production, and adult viability.It is concluded that the age of sexual maturity depends primarily on changes in daylength occuring during the growing period, and thus should be longest for the June hatch and shortest for the December hatch under natural daylight. The dependency of the character on the day length is best explained by fitting a quardratic equation, y=161-2.05x+0.25x2in which y stands for sexual maturity in days and x for the difference between day length in hours at sexual maturity and hatching dates.Although body weight at sexual maturity shows high correlation with the age of sexual maturity, rather poor ranking correspondence of sire group's records of these two traits suggests that the genetic correlation may differ substantially from the phenotypic association. Body weight at twelve months of age was largest in the May hatch and smallest in the July, the difference being approximately 400 grams. Two measures of body weight were negatively correlated each other.Annual egg poduction starting from first egg was highest for the April hatch and lowest for the September, whereas egg size at ten months of age was largest in the Febuary hatch and smallest in the September. Thus, the Febuary hatch or early spring hatch is more profitable than fall hatches.Egg production pattern, defined as the pattern of average monthly production rate starting from onset of production up to 540 days of age of pullets hatched contemporally, shows distinct features characterized by one or two production peaks with or without a sharp decline occuring during winter season. When birds encounter winter before they go to their production peak, uni-modal production pattern which has only one peak is seen (i. e. June and July), while bi-modal pattern characterized by the winter decline will be observed otherwise (i. e. December through April). Some applications of the results to the techniques of artificial lighting were discussed.Sire by hatch interaction was significant only in age of sexual maturiurity (p _??_ .05) and twelve omnths body weight (p<.01). Genetic correlation of egg production between spring and fall hatches after pooling three months of data was practically none, which suggests ranking of sire groups hatched in spring and fall lucks its consistency. Implications to selection and performance test involving seasonal difference were also discussed.

三日市製錬所の亜鉛電熱製錬について

The general outline of the distillation process employed at Mikkaichi Zinc Smelter has been previously published in the December 1956 issue of this journal. A more detailed report is given here as the operating conditions at this smelter have since then become more stabilized.At present 3 electric furnaces are installed with a total average monthly production of 1000 metric tons of spelter. Metal recovery from the concentrates averages 90%. The total consumption of coke is 720kg/t and electric power 3750kWh/t. There is further scope for improving these results to some extent.