Average Loss Research Articles

Analisis Performa Jaringan Software Defined Networking dengan Algoritma Random Early Detection

In the management of SDN networks, the main challenges faced are traffic congestion and network overload. One of the solutions that has been implemented is the Random Early Detection (RED) algorithm. This research aims to analyze the performance of SDN networks with the implementation of the RED algorithm compared to SDN networks without the use of the RED algorithm. The results of the study show that the use of the RED algorithm (Random Early Detection) in SDN networks has a significant impact on Quality of Service (QoS) parameters, such as packet loss, throughput, and average delay. In high load conditions, there is a controlled increase in packet loss with RED as the number of hosts increases. The average packet loss with RED is 1.57% for 4 hosts, whereas without RED, it is only 1.4%. RED also has a positive impact on throughput, with an average throughput of 243.8 kbps for 4 hosts with RED, while without RED, it only reaches 124.3 kbps. Furthermore, the use of RED reduces the average delay in packet delivery. The average delay with RED is 3.8 ms for 4 hosts, whereas without RED, it reaches 5.92 ms.

Traditional gold mining in the highlands of Ethiopia: Its effect on soil loss and possible reclamation measures

Traditional gold mining (TGM) is among the off-farm income sources of smallholder communities in the highlands of Ethiopia. However, information on their impact on land degradation, taking soil loss as a key indicator, was scant. Hence, this study aimed at i) analyzing local communities’ attitudes toward TGM practice, ii) TGM impact on soil loss, and iii) possible restoration measures for the degraded gold-mined landscapes. For the evaluation of community perceptions, 96 beneficiaries were selected from three gold mining sites following stratified random sampling techniques. Soil loss measurement was done through measurement of i) the mass of soil excavated and transported to the river (TR) from 96 individuals and ii) soil volume excavated in 45 excavated soil pits (EP). Descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze soil loss data, while community perception was analyzed qualitatively. The survey results indicated that the average soil loss from TR and EP were 6,075.97±8.9 t ha-1 yr-1 and 32,549.99±753.68 t ha-1, respectively. The magnitude of soil loss also showed a significant (p<0.001) difference among the three sites. Due to a lack of awareness and hiding the reality, most of the gold miners believe that TGM practice has no negative impact on the soil resource, and no post-mined reclamation strategy is implemented. It can be concluded that the existing TGM practices are not done in an environmentally friendly approach and result in adverse soil loss. Hence, stabilizing the topography of the mined sites via backfilling of mined pits and topsoil conservation and amendment measures can be suggested.

112 Impact of COVID-19 on Neurosurgical Utilization and Reimbursement

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic required significant adaptations in healthcare operations to preserve limited resources and mitigate viral spread. This included the postponement of non-emergent services, including elective surgical procedures, in the Spring/Summer of 2020. Additionally, patients may have avoided or delayed medical care even after the mandatory postponement due to fear of infection. METHODS: We analyzed public data summarizing neurosurgical services provided to Medicare beneficiaries. Annual number of services rendered, beneficiaries treated, and payments received by neurosurgeons were compared between 2019 and 2020 via Students’ T-test and Wilcoxon Rank-Sum tests. Procedures were categorized by location, pathology, and/or approach to identify patterns in the types of procedures most heavily impacted. Pearson's linear regression was used to determine the relationship between the stringency of Covid-19 restrictions and the change in services. RESULTS: From 2019 to 2020, there was a 12.27% decrease in the aggregate number of services rendered by neurosurgeons corresponding to a 12.48% decrease in total Medicare payment. In a matched cohort of 4,649 neurosurgeons active in both 2019 and 2020, the average number of annual services per neurosurgeon declined by 12.40% with a concomitant decrease in payment by 12.77%. This corresponded to an average per-neurosurgeon loss of $17,455.43 in Medicare-related income. Nationally, functional, sellar/parasesellar, and open cerebrovascular surgeries exhibited the largest reduction in volume (all >20%). In contrast, endovascular procedures only declined by 5.5%. There was a weak but significant trend toward larger reduction in volume in states with more stringent Covid-19 restrictions (R = -0.357, p = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: Neurosurgeons experienced significant reductions in case volume and income during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic. The magnitude of impact appears to be influenced, at least in part, by the stringency of state-level restrictions.

A tannic acid-based intumescent flame retardant for improving flame retardancy of epoxy composites

A biomass intumescent flame retardant (TA-g-DOPO) was fabricated from tannic acid (TA) and 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) through the bridge of silane coupling agent (KH560), which showed a low degradation rate at Tmax of 2.71%/min and a high char yield of 55.8%. Then, various EP composites with 4–10% TA-g-DOPO were prepared. Due to the presence of flexible silane structures and rigid phosphaphenanthrene rings as well as the remained phenol groups (tending to form hydrogen bonds with epoxy matrix), EP composite with a high content of 10% TA-g-DOPO exhibited no deterioration on the tensile and impact properties as well as the glass transition temperature (Tg) when compared with pure EP. More importantly, it reached a high LOI value of 30.3% and passed a V-0 rating in the UL-94 burning test. Additionally, its peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR) and average mass loss rate (av-MLR) decreased by 23.2%, 15.5% and 30.2% respectively. Analyses from the condensed char and pyrolysis gases indicated that the improved flame retardancy was mainly attributed to the cooperation of the free-radical quenching effect of P-containing radicals and phenoxy radicals working in stages (derived from DOPO and TA respectively) and the physical barrier effect caused by the highly graphited, intumescent and porous char layer (reinforced by P- and Si-containing cross-linked structures). This work provides a sustainable biomass flame retardant with good flame-retarding efficiency based on TA.

Mechanical analysis and biodegradation of oxides-based magneto-responsive shape memory polymers for material extrusion 3D printing of biomedical scaffolds

The development of advanced smart polymers, characterized by superior strength, exceptional quality, biodegradability, and lightweight structures, stands as a paramount concern in the context of biomedical implant materials. Aiming at the requirements of a tracheal scaffold, this research focuses on developing magnetic shape memory polymers using solvent evaporation method and characterizing their morphology, viscoelastic, thermodynamic, mechanical and shape memory properties. Furthermore, an assessment of degradation is conducted, along with an evaluation of tensile strength both pre- and post-degradation. The findings reveal that the dispersion of Fe3O4 nanoparticles exhibits homogeneity at a 15 wt% concentration but tends to aggregate at high proportions. The glass transition temperature increases with the addition of Fe3O4, while less than 10% ratio of the Fe3O4 cannot activate the magnetic actuation. Notably, the tensile and elastic modulus for the 15 wt% Fe3O4 composition measure at 59.70 MPa and 24.68 MPa, respectively, and exhibit a diminishing trend with higher nanofiller content. Subsequently, it demonstrates favorable thermal and magnetic shape memory behavior, yielding reasonable shape recovery ratios. Over a degradation period of 120 days, a reduction in average weight loss was observed for 15 wt% concentration, while higher for higher concentrations due to their non-uniform dispersion. Post-degradation, the tensile strength experiences a decline with proportional reduction of 41.15%, 37.61%, 47.13%, 42.46%, and 54.77%, respectively. Based on the finite element analysis, the multi-objective optimization of the structural parameters of the tracheal stent was carried out, and manufactured by material extrusion 3D printing. Finally, the stability, flexibility and compression properties of the scaffold were tested by relevant experimental tests, which ensured the suitability (foldability) of scaffolds. In conclusion, the developed magnetic shape memory polymers showed promising potential for biomedical scaffolds preparation.

Prospects of detecting deviations to Kerr geometry with radiation reaction effects in EMRIs

Direct detection of gravitational waves and binary black hole mergers have proven to be remarkable investigations of general relativity. In order to have a definitive answer as to whether the black hole spacetime under test is the Kerr or non-Kerr, one requires accurate mapping of the metric. Since EMRIs are perfect candidates for space-based detectors, Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) observations will serve a crucial purpose in mapping the spacetime metric. In this article, we consider such a study with the Johannsen spacetime that captures the deviations from the Kerr black hole and further discuss their detection prospects. We analytically derive the leading order post-Newtonian corrections in the average loss of energy and angular momentum fluxes generated by a stellar-mass object exhibiting eccentric equatorial motion in the Johannsen background. We further study the orbital evolution of the inspiralling object within the adiabatic approximation. We lastly provide the possible detectability of deviations from the Kerr black hole by estimating gravitational wave dephasing and highlight the crucial role of LISA observations.

Effect of Dietary Habits and Physical Activities on Abnormal Menstrual Cycle Pattern Amongst School-going Adolescent Girls Residing in the Foothills of the Himalayas: An Age-matched Case–Control Study

Abstract Background: The menstrual cycle pattern in women is related to high variability in cycle length of 21–35 days, flow lasts 4–7 days with an average loss of 15–80 ml of blood. The abnormal menstrual pattern is influenced by several factors, including dietary habits, physical exercises, family history of obesity and anthropometric parameters. Objectives: This research was carried out to establish numerous risk elements that depict abnormal menstrual cycle patterns amongst school-going adolescent girls in urban areas of Rishikesh, India. Methods: An age-matched case–control research was implemented in schools in the urban areas of Rishikesh between May and December 2019. A simple random sampling technique was carried out to choose urban wards and schools, and data were assembled in two steps. Adolescent girls (10–19 years) studying in the government and private schools (both Hindi and English medium) of urban Rishikesh areas were included and screened for abnormal menstrual patterns. Equal numbers of age-matched controls were also selected. Data were assembled using a self-scrutinised pre-designed pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. The independent t-test, Mann–Whitney test, McNemar test, Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact tests were applied for data analysis using the SPSS software version 23.0. Results: A total of 200 school-going adolescent girls (100 cases and 100 age-matched controls) were included in this study. The strength of getting symptoms of menstruation was high amongst cases, and it was found that adolescent girls with high menstrual symptoms had more chances of developing menstrual abnormalities (odds ratio = 6.6; confidence interval = 2.9–17.2). Menstrual abnormality was found significantly associated (P < 0.05) with reduced physical activity, unhealthy dietary patterns and family history of obesity amongst school-going adolescent girls. Conclusions: Unhealthy lifestyles, improper diet, reduced physical activity and family history of obesity were strongly associated with the abnormal menstrual cycle pattern.

Biodegradable, Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of Banana Peel (Musa Paradisiaca) for Bio-plastics Polymer Composites

Bioplastics became to meet high demand in plastic industries as its ability in performing biodegradable properties. Apart from that, this bioplastic particularly derived from banana peel and corn starch as to develop starch/biomass polymer composite. Thus, other commercial plastic takes a long time to fully or partially degraded. As a result, banana peel is chosen because of its abundant quantities to be obtained in Malaysia. The objective is to formulate TPS/BP polymer composites with different concentrations of BP and assess their mechanical and physical properties. The sample preparation involves multiple steps, including extracting BP through a maceration process and incorporating it into the TPS matrix to form the TPS/BP polymer complex. The findings reveal that TPS/BP composites with 10 wt% BP exhibit the highest tensile and tear strengths, reaching up to 39.303 MPa and 66.388 N/mm, respectively. In terms of biodegradability, the 40 wt% BP composite exhibits a higher degradation rate compared to the 5 wt% BP composites, with an average weight loss of 65.1% over 8 weeks, as opposed to the average weight loss of 45.2% in the latter case. Overall, TPS/BP polymer composites have shown significantly superior physical and mechanical performance, positioning them as a promising alternative to existing biodegradable polymers.

Incidents and Impacts on Operator Revenue in the Telecommunications Sector

This study adopted a multiple case-study approach to investigate incidents, their impacts on performance, and revenues in the telecommunications sector using data from Ghana. The study used open-ended qualitative interviews and document review methods. The study performed a thematic analysis with the Atlas TI software program to analyse the qualitative dataset. The findings resulted in a model dubbed the “Telecommunications Sector Incidents Framework”, which reveals that faulty hardware, end-of-system life, cell site congestion, power failure, microwave link failure, fibre failure, and Wi-Fi disconnection are among the incidents prevalent in the telecommunications sector. The framework also reveals that the incidents occur frequently, resulting in an average revenue loss of GH₵2 to 3 million ($182K to $273K) per month. Again, it reveals that employees become demoralized due to a lack of work-life balance, sleepless nights, frustrations, and undue pressure, which affects their productivity levels. With this framework, mobile network operators (MNOs) could get a better understanding of the incidents to keep their occurrences to a manageable level, create an exceptional customer experience by reducing churn, and increase revenues.

Unravelling the Economic Impacts

This study aimed to reveal the macroeconomic effects of the earthquakes that occurred in Türkiye in February 2023 on the country as a whole, the affected region (covering 11 provinces), and other provinces. Using secondary data obtained from data sets of various institutions, this research firstly attempted to estimate the negative effects of the February Earthquakes on the country’s GDP. The study presents a base scenario using the economic growth forecasts of international organizations such as the IMF and the World Bank for 2023 and 2024 as well as three possible loss scenarios for Türkiye, taking into account the effects of earthquakes of similar magnitude on the GDP in Türkiye and other countries. Furthermore, this study tried to estimate the losses caused by earthquakes in terms of employment, GDP, agriculture, industry, services, and foreign trade at the regional and provincial levels. To do this, we created the Base Scenario, which assumes no earthquake, and Scenario 1, which shows the impact of the earthquake. The findings indicate that, in the worst-case scenario, the country will contract by approximately 2.75%, which means a loss of $8.8 billion. Moreover, the study results point out an average monthly loss of 242 thousand jobs, a loss of $5 billion in GDP, an export loss of $3.5 billion, and an import loss of $4.7 billion in the 11 earthquake-affected provinces. The research underlines the need for comprehensive measures to mitigate the economic consequences caused by earthquakes. This includes disaster prevention plans, effective management strategies and initiatives aimed at strengthening regional economic resilience. Ultimately, the article provides valuable information for policymakers to facilitate informed decisions and the implementation of measures to increase preparedness, risk mitigation, and sustainable recovery in earthquake-prone areas.

Studying particle transport characteristics in centrifugal pumps under external vibration using CFD-DEM simulation

Centrifugal pumps play a crucial role in deep-sea mining systems. In the marine environment, external vibrations induced by ocean currents and waves can impact the particle transport characteristics of centrifugal pumps in mining systems. CFD-DEM coupling simulations were conducted to simulate operating conditions with external vibration frequencies of 5, 10, and 15 Hz. The study reveals that in the suction chamber, with increasing vibration frequency, the dynamic number of particles decreased, and the percentage of particles with greater velocities than the fluid velocity increased. In the impeller channel, with increasing vibration frequency, the number of collisions among particles and pressure surface of the impeller decreased, and the average energy loss per collision increased. Therefore, external vibrations provide additional kinetic energy for particles, reduce the deposition effects of particles, and improve the pass-ability of particles. This paper can provide theory and engineering support for operation of deep-sea mining centrifugal pumps.

Plate augmentation and hybrid bone grafting are effective treatments for atrophic nonunion of the femur with the original intramedullary nail retained in situ

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of plate augmentation and hybrid bone grafting for treating atrophic nonunion of the femur with original intramedullary nail retained in situ.In this study, 36 patients with atrophic nonunion of the femur who underwent surgery using the technique of plate augmentation and a hybrid bone grafting while retaining the original intramedullary nail in situ in Xi’an Honghui Hospital from January 2019 to December 2021 were enrolled. 28 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were ultimately included in the study. These 28 patients, consisting of 20 males and 8 females with a mean age of 38 years, were evaluated based on factors such as operation time, intraoperative blood loss, the average hospitalization days. Additionally, the results and function of these patients were evaluated by union time, Wu’s scores of limb function and incidence of serious complications.All 28 patients achieved bone union at the 12 month follow-up, with an average follow-up time of 14.6 ± 4.2 months.The average operation time was 68.3 ± 11.2 min, and the average intraoperative blood loss was 140 ± 22.6 ml. Patients were hospitalized for an average of 5.8 ± 1.1 days. Full clinical and radiological bone union was achieved on average at 5.1 ± 1.9 months. The mean value of Wu's scores at the 12 month follow-up was significantly higher than before the operation. Limb function was excellent in 27 patients and good in one patient at the 12 month follow-up. However, five patients experienced the lower limb vein thrombosis, including one deep vein thrombosis and four lower limb intermuscular vein thromboses. One patient had a superficial infections of the surgical incision site, while three patients reported pain and numbness where their iliac bone graft was extracted at the 12 month follow-up. The technique of plate augmentation and hybrid bone grafting, combined with retaining the original intramedullary nail in situ has been shown to be a safe, effective, simply and standardizable practice for treating atrophic femoral nonunion with an intact original IMN fixation.

Low-loss C-band all-fiber FIFO device by novel bridge fiber

Multi-core fibers (MCF) technology is the feasible path to extend the capacity of optical fiber communication systems. However, there is a lack of low-loss and low-crosstalk multi-core fan-in and fan-out (FIFO) devices for MCF communication in the C-band. In this paper, we proposed all-fiber FIFO devices with seven trench-assisted bridge fibers (TABFs). The special structure of the TABFs could facilitate the matching of single-core fiber with MCF during the tapering progress. By using the TABFs, the average taper loss was less than 0.06 dB. The novel method can reduce the insertion loss of FIFO devices. The experiments indicated that the fabricated FIFO devices exhibited lower than 0.50 dB insertion loss and less than −55.2 dB crosstalk in the C-band. This work provides novel TABFs and an efficient way to fabricate low-loss low-crosstalk FIFO devices for MCF communication systems.

Effect of heat treatment on microstructure, precipitation behavior and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 fabricated by laser direct energy deposition

The uncontrollable directional grain growth and non-equilibrium microstructure of Inconel 718 will form during laser direct energy deposition (LDED), which seriously limits the promotion and application, so it is necessary to consider the heat treatment to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties. In this paper, the effects adopting different heat treatments on the phase composition, precipitation behavior, grain structure, tensile and tribological properties of LDED Inconel 718 have been systematically investigated, with as-deposited samples compared. The results show that the number and size of γ″ phases can be significantly changed under different aging and solution conditions, and the strength and wear resistance increase while elongation decreases since the fine grain and precipitation strengthening occurring during heat treatment. By comparing the different samples, the SA1100A exhibits the highest yield and tensile strength, with 140.6% of yield strength and 83.9% of ultimate tensile strength increasing compared to as-deposited samples, also showing the narrowest wear mark width and the lowest average mass loss.

Evaluation of different fungicides against Alternaria solani causing early blight disease of potato under in vitro conditions

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a widely cultivated starch crop known for its edible underground storage organ, providing essential nutrients globally. Early blight, caused by the fungal pathogen Alternaria solani can lead to significant yield losses in potato crop, reports indicated that average annual yield losses due to early blight range from approximately 50 per cent to 75 per cent of production. Chemical protection have been a prominent approach in controlling early blight. Under in vitro evaluation fungicides, among non-systemic fungicides, mancozeb 75% WP exhibited the highest mean mycelial growth inhibition at 96.25 per cent, followed by thiram 75% WP with a mean mycelial growth inhibition of 92.51 per cent. Among six systemic fungicides evaluated, hexaconazole 5% EC and tebuconazole 25.9% EC recorded cent per cent mycelial growth inhibition at all four concentrations (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15%) tested which were significantly superior over rest of fungicides followed by difenconazole 25% EC. Among seven combi product fungicide tested, (captan 70% + hexaconazole 5%) 75% WP showed the mycelial growth inhibition of 100 per cent at all three concentrations tested, significantly over other combi-product fungicides.

Stem decomposition of temperate tree species is determined by stem traits and fungal community composition during early stem decay

Abstract Dead trees are vital structural elements in forests playing key roles in the carbon and nutrient cycle. Stem traits and fungal community composition are both important drivers of stem decay, and thereby affect ecosystem functioning, but their relative importance for stem decomposition over time remains unclear. To address this issue, we used a common garden decomposition experiment in a Dutch larch forest hosting fresh logs from 13 common temperate tree species. In total, 25 fresh wood and bark traits were measured as indicators of wood accessibility for decomposers, nutritional quality and chemical or physical defence mechanisms. After 1 and 4 years of decay, we assessed the richness and composition of wood‐inhabiting fungi using amplicon sequencing and determined the proportional wood density loss. Average proportional wood density loss for the first year was 18.5%, with further decomposition occurring at a rate of 4.3% year−1 for the subsequent 3 years across tree species. Proportional wood density loss varied widely across tree species in the first year (8.7–24.8% year−1) and subsequent years (0–11.3% year−1). The variation was directly driven by initial wood traits during the first decay year, then later directly driven by bark traits and fungal community composition. Moreover, bark traits affected the composition of wood‐inhabiting fungi and thereby indirectly affected decomposition rates. Specifically, traits promoting resource acquisition of the living tree, such as wide conduits that increase accessibility and high nutrient concentration, increased initial wood decomposition rates. Fungal community composition, but not fungal richness explained differences in wood decomposition after 4 years of exposure in the field, where fungal communities dominated by brown‐rot and white‐rot Basidiomycetes were linked to higher wood decomposition rate. Synthesis: Understanding what drives deadwood decomposition through time is important to understand the dynamics of carbon stocks. Here, using a tailor‐made experimental design in a temperate forest setting, we have shown that stem trait variation is key to understanding the roles of these drivers; initially, wood traits explained decomposition rates while subsequently, bark traits and fungal decomposer composition drove decomposition rates. These findings inform forest management with a view to selecting tree species to promote carbon storage.

Changes in the prevalence of fungal species causing post‐harvest diseases of carrot in Finland

AbstractPost‐harvest diseases cause significant economic losses in the carrot production chain. In this study, storage losses and fungal pathogens causing them were analysed in the carrot yield from 52 different field plots in four areas in Finland in 3 years (2016–2018). Over 30,000 carrots were sampled and analysed at three time points during cold storage at 0–1°C. In March, after 5–6 months' storage, the average loss due to diseases was 20%–21% every year. Decay of the root tip was the most common disease symptom, followed by pits on the side and black rot in the crown, detected in 69.2%, 15.0% and 9.0% of the symptomatic samples, respectively. Both intensive carrot cultivation practice and early timing of harvest increased storage losses. Pathogens in 3057 symptomatic carrot tissue samples were isolated by culturing, and fungal species were identified. The most common fungal species detected were Mycocentrospora acerina, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium spp., especially F. avenaceum. However, the frequency of different pathogens varied between the different years and time points during storage. Species‐specific PCR tests revealed that M. acerina and F. avenaceum were present in many early time‐point samples where they could not yet be detected by the culturing method. In Finland, this study on carrot post‐harvest diseases is the first large‐scale survey in which the fungal pathogens were isolated and identified by laboratory tests. In comparison with the previous studies, Fusarium spp. were detected more frequently in this study, while grey mould and Sclerotinia rot were less frequent.

A Survey of Learning Criteria Going beyond the Usual Risk (Abstract Reprint)

Virtually all machine learning tasks are characterized using some form of loss function, and "good performance" is typically stated in terms of a sufficiently small average loss, taken over the random draw of test data. While optimizing for performance on average is intuitive, convenient to analyze in theory, and easy to implement in practice, such a choice brings about trade-offs. In this work, we survey and introduce a wide variety of non-traditional criteria used to design and evaluate machine learning algorithms, place the classical paradigm within the proper historical context, and propose a view of learning problems which emphasizes the question of "what makes for a desirable loss distribution?" in place of tacit use of the expected loss.

Harvesting Losses for a Cut-and-Chip Harvesting System Operating in Willow Short-Rotation Coppice

In any short-rotation coppice (SRC) operation, a certain percentage of harvestable material is unrecovered, which contributes to harvesting system losses. This material may be in the form of merchantable and non-merchantable components. These losses affect economics but also influence yield, nutrient cycling, and carbon sequestration. There are very few estimates for harvesting losses available in the literature, and they are limited by small sample sizes. The objective of this work was to provide a broad overview of harvesting losses in willow SRC over a wide range of standing biomass and harvesting conditions. The average total harvesting losses were between 3 and 4 Mg ha−1, which is between 6 and 7 percent of the standing biomass. Losses can spike to nearly 40% on less than 3% of the area. Harvesting losses are significantly, but weakly, correlated with increased standing biomass. These results highlight the complexity and variability in harvesting losses as well as which aspects of harvesting systems might be targeted to reduce or partition material losses. These results have implications for designing machinery and economic modeling of these systems.

Two different soil erosion modeling approaches in a small experimental area

AbstractThe models compared in this study were applied to a catchment located in the western part of Slovakia in order to analyze and compare the amount of soil loss in different periods. Using of the empirical model universal soil loss equation, the average annual soil loss in the pilot basin was modeled for 2015–2020. The universal soil loss equation includes a topographic factor modeled using the USLE2D external model. In order to compare the empirical model and the physically-based model a continual sequence of individual rainfall events was created and used as an input to the physically-based EROSION-3D model. The results reflect different behaviors of erosion processes in a catchment together with a comparison between empirical and physically-based approaches.