Average Education Level Research Articles

How to manage corporate reputation? The effect of enterprise risk management systems and audit committees on corporate reputation

Research on corporate reputation has generally argued that reputational risk, or risk of reputation loss, stems from all company risks. As companies use enterprise risk management (ERM) systems to manage all their risks, we analyse the effect of ERM system quality on corporate reputation. Furthermore, as audit committees are in charge of supervising ERM systems, we analyse the effect of audit committee characteristics (i.e. independence and independent members' knowledge and diligence) on corporate reputation through their effect on ERM system quality. Our results for a sample of listed Spanish firms support consultants’ arguments that ERM system is a useful tool for managing corporate reputation. Our results also show that audit committee independence improves corporate reputation through the ERM system. Finally, our findings also reveal a positive relationship between the average educational level of independent directors of the audit committee and ERM system quality. These results provide evidence that ERM systems are platforms to manage corporate reputations and suggest the importance of the audit committee as a supervisor of ERM system and as guarantor of corporate reputation.

Unequal gender relations in the practices of girl marriage in poor families at East Java Province

The practice of girl marriage in Indonesia is a social reality that has been going on from generation to generation. Although the average level of education in Indonesia is increasing and the government has limited the practice of child marriage, in some areas of East Java province the tendency of parents to marryoff their underage girls remains. This study aims to identify gender-based power relations within the practices of girl marriage in poor family in East Java province. This study is also aimed at revealing how the social reproduction of gender inequality values takes place in the girl marriage practices. This research was done by using qualitative method which was supported with quantitative data. This study shows that the victims of early marriage practices are girls. Gender-based-power relations between young wives with husbands, parents and in-laws are not equal. The unequal gender-based power relations in girl marriage practices in poor family are relate to limitation of knowledge and reproduce of power. The unequal gender relations are continuously reproduced through the imposition of negative social labeling on girls. The prevention of girl marriage requires a comprehensive approach by addressing the social and cultural values, especially promoting equal gender relations. One of the solutions is empowerment based on equal gender perspective.

Human Capital, Training Pathways and Educational and Professional Guidance in China

One of the Government's priorities is to swap from an industrial economy and low salaries to one of Services and high salaries. For this, the government needs to increase the quality of Human Capital, understood as the increase in the average educational level of the population. An educational measure to achieve this goal is to enhance educational and vocational guidance. Orientation is conceived as a measure designed to optimize the adjustment between the education system and labor market. Although it is a measure present in the Chinese educational system before, it is not until 2012, when the government is committed to a model of Educational andProfessional Guidance focused on the developmentof the individual's career. The objective of thispaper is to analyze how educational transitionsare from one educational stage to another, andfrom one educational level to another, to knowthe problems and factors associated with droppedfrom school. Once detected the different typesof transition in the Chinese education system.We contrast it with the theoretical model ofeducational and professional guidance focusedon the development of the individual's vocationalcareer. At the methodological level, a review ofthe research and of the databases to be usedis carried out. Finally, the results show howdifferent itinerary models that Chinese studentstake according to their socio-educational profiledo not fit with the theoretical model of CareerEducation.

Are There Social Returns to Education in Developing Countries? Evidence from Indonesia

Despite growing public-sector investment in education in developing economies, there are few studies that have examined the efficacy of these investments. In this paper, we estimate social returns to education in Indonesia, using individual-level data on wages from five waves of the Indonesia Family Life Surveys (1993–2014) and subdistrict-level data on average education levels from the National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS), a large-scale national-level socioeconomic survey. Our identification strategy rests on the within-sibling variation in average education levels, which is generated because our analysis includes a large sample of siblings who live in different subdistricts. Using sibling fixed effects, we find that a 1-year increase in average education results in a 6%–8% increase in wages. Our results are robust to several robustness checks, including the addition of several controls for labor demand conditions and adjustments for potential measurement error in individual-level education.

ANALISIS SISTEM INFORMASI AKUNTANSI DALAM PEMBERIAN KREDIT PADA KOPPELOG BULOG MANADO

Accounting information systems are the main formal system in most companies. Accounting information systems have an important role in lending in which companies can see the effectiveness of accounting systems in lending. The aim of the study was to find out how the procedure for granting credit at the Koppelog Bulog Manado. The results showed that the accounting information systems in giving credit to the Koppelog Bulog Manado was quite effective, but it was just that the lack of good quality resources in Koppelog Bulog Manado was due to the average level of education of employees who were not very skilled in their field.Keywords : Accounting information systems, Procedure for granting, Credit

Discrimination against women in Turkish labor market: an analysis of gender wage gap with Blinder-Oaxaca and Juhn-Murphy-Pierce decomposition methods, 2004-2017 period

Purpose - The average education level of female in the labor force is higher than the education level of their male counterparts in Turkey. Since education level is the most important factor in the determination of wages, the average wage of female employees is expected to be higher than that of male employees. However, the data shows the reverse. In this paper, the gender wage gap in the 2004-2017 period is analyzed to understand what portion of the wage gap is due to discrimination and what portion is due to human capital factors. The sample used in the econometric analysis is the Household Labor Force Survey microdata in the 2004-2017 period. Blinder-Oaxaca and Juhn- Murphy-Pierce Decomposition methods are applied, and the results show that the gender wage gap in favor of male employees in the said period cannot be explained by human capital differences, but by discrimination against women in the labor market. Methodology - First wage equation regressions are set to see whether there is a difference between the effects and significance of explanatory variables on wages of male employees and females. Then, Blinder Oaxaca and Juhn Murphy Pierce decomposition methods are applied to see whether the wage gap can be explained by human capital differences or not. Findings- Data shows that there is a gender wage gap in favor of men in Turkish labor market and a strong discrimination against women. As for 2004, considering the human capital endowments, on average, women would have earned 5.2% more than what male employees earn. However, data show that male employees earn 15.1% more than what female employees earn, which can be interpreted that female employees have a wage-loss of about 20.3% due to discrimination. Both the wage gap and discrimination effects vary between regions. Most industrialized/developed and regions with high agriculture share in employment are usually the ones with larger gap and higher degree of discrimination. The wage gap and discrimination effects have declined until 2010, but they increased after that. Conclusion- Gender wage gap and discrimination based loss in wages are seem to be persistent so far in Turkish labor market, but as the average level of female employees increase the gap is expected to decline in long run.

ANALYSIS OF THE NUMBER INFANT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY IN CENTRAL JAVA INDONESIA USING SPATIAL-POISSON REGRESSION

Maternal and infant mortality are one of the most dangerous problems of the community since it can profoundly affect the number and composition of the population. Currently, the government has been taking heed on the attempt of reducing the number of maternal and newborn mortality in Central Java which requires data and information entirely. Poisson regression is a nonlinear regression that is often used to model the relationship between response variables in the form of discrete data with predictor variables in the form of discrete or continuous data. In space analysis, GWPR is one of method in space modeling which can model regional-based regression. It is based on some factors including the number of health facilities, the number of medical personnel, the percentage of deliveries performed with non-medical assistance; the average age of a woman's first marriage; the average education level of married women; average amount of per capita household expenditure; percentage of village status; the average rate of exclusive breastfeeding; percentage of households that have clean water and the percentage of poor people. Based on the analysis, it is revealed that the determinants of maternal and infant mortality in Central Java using Poisson and GWPR models, among others are the number of health facilities, the number of medical personnel, the average number of per capita household expenditure and the percentage of the poor. In the maternal and infant mortality model, the AIC value of GWPR model produces better modeling than Poisson regression. Keywords: Maternal and Infant mortality, Poisson, GWPR

Deaths of Despair in Florida: Assessing the Role of Social Determinants of Health.

Deaths of despair (DOD) is a new term appearing in public health literature to describe deaths attributable to suicide, liver disease, and drug overdose. In Florida, suicide and liver disease are the 8th and 10th leading causes of death, respectively. Additional mortality data show that the rate of drug overdose deaths in Florida is 12.5% higher than the suicide death rate. Some have hypothesized that economic social determinants of health (SDH) may be responsible for the recent increase in DOD. The current study, using secondary data, sought to identify what county-level SDH were significantly associated with county-level DOD. Using backward regression methodology, the results of the analysis indicate that 44% of the variance in county-level DOD is significantly associated with six county-level SDH: (a) Recent Medical Checkup, (b) Income, (c) Education Level, (d) Age, (e) Mental Health Professionals, and (f) the Income × Age interaction term. Higher than average income, age, and mental health professionals in a Florida county was associated with significantly higher rates of DOD. Higher than average levels of education and recent checkups in a Florida county were associated with a significant decrease in DOD. Possible explanations and implications are discussed.

스포츠산업의 미래 고용시장 예측을 통한 직무수립에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study is to define and establish descriptions by analyzing prospective job market in sports industry. To achieve that, this researcher chose 16 experts on sports education and employment as study participants, and designed a semi-structured questionnaire in reference to sports marketing literature, NCS classification and organization in order for data collection. For data processing, SWOT analysis, graphs based on mean value, multiple response analysis, and cross-tabulation analysis were conducted. As a result, first, in line with the overall situations of the sports industry, a total of 16 strategies (four strategies in each one of SO, ST, WO, and WT) were drawn. Secondly, in the whole labor market, unemployment rate and youth employment rate were predicted to increase, and activity rate and employment rate were predicated to decrease. In the sports labor market, average service years, temporary job rate, annual total of labor market, employment gap between men and women, and wage disparity between men and women were predicted to increase, whereas part-time workers, annual total of wage, wage per hour, organizational rate of labor union, organizational rate of collective agreement, corporate expenses for social welfare, the number of foreign employees, and average level of education were predicted to decrease. Third, the sports sector that is expected to add more jobs in the future include sports medical service, leisure sports travel, public sports facilities, leisure and sports instructions, and distribution of sports goods, and key tasks are found to include production of virtual reality contents, welfare services, and sports facilities.

What factors explain women's empowerment? Decision-making among small-scale farmers in Uganda

Evidence from studies on women's empowerment suggests that when women have a larger role in decision-making, household well-being improves. Understanding patterns influencing women's empowerment in rural areas is therefore important. We use gender-disaggregated survey data from rural Uganda to explore individual and household characteristics associated with women's empowerment. We find links between empowerment and age, education, proximity to a paved road as well as the marketed share of crop production. Age and education are associated with higher empowerment, but equality in education between the spouses is more important than the average level of education. Remoteness is associated with lower women's empowerment, as is greater commercial orientation in crop production. This may be due to the fact that men are more involved in cash-crop activities, giving them an advantage through higher income. One policy implication is that education needs to target both girls and boys, especially in remote areas, putting special focus on girl's involvement in value added activities.

No effect of IVF culture medium on cognitive development of 9-year-old children

STUDY QUESTIONDo embryo culture media used during an IVF/ICSI treatment have an effect on cognitive development of singleton IVF children at 9 years of age?SUMMARY ANSWERCognitive development of children born after culture in two different embryo culture media is comparable.WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADYPreviously, we have shown that the culture medium used in an IVF/ICSI treatment affects birthweight and weight at 2 years of age after alternating assignment to embryo culture in either K-SCICM (Cook) or G1™ Version 3 (Vitrolife). Children with low birthweight are known to have an increased risk for learning disabilities. Data on cognitive development in general of children born after ART are still conflicting, and the only study reporting on the effects of culture medium on cognitive development shows significant differences in cognitive development between two culture medium groups.STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATIONIn this observational cohort follow-up study (MEDIUM-KIDS), parents of all singletons from our abovementioned study were approached after the ninth birthday of their child to participate in an additional follow-up study. Of the 294 eligible children included in the original study, 119 children (70 Vitrolife and 49 Cook) participated in the current study.PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODSAll follow-up measurements were performed between March 2014 and December 2016. CITO (Dutch Central Institute for Test Development) developed the Dutch pupil monitoring system, which involves nationwide independent, standardized, academic achievement score tests to monitor the child’s school performance twice a year at fixed time points from third grade onward. The tests include language skills (vocabulary and orthography), mathematics and reading capability and comprehension. Results from the tests performed between third and sixth grades, expressed as ability scores, were obtained from the school. To investigate school performance development over the years, we used a mixed effects multilevel model. The least complex model with the best fit was selected to analyze whether culture medium affects cognitive development in our cohort. The study had enough power to detect a difference in ability score that reflects at least one performance category between the two groups.MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCENo differences were seen in baseline characteristics between participants and non-participants (both parental and children characteristics). For all domains, the random intercept model was used. All analyses showed comparable results for the two culture medium groups. No significant differences were observed for any of the cognitive development domains, even after correction for potential confounders. Parental level of education was higher in the IVF group (45%) if compared to the national average level of education (35%), which most likely explains the higher CITO scores for the IVF children if compared to the National ability scores.LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTIONA limitation of the study was its pseudo-randomized design and the relatively low participation rate of 40.5%. This and the number of missing data prevent us from drawing robust causal conclusions. However, as this is the first and therewith oldest cohort of children where culture medium was allocated alternatingly and used in a blinded setting, in the same period, with all other conditions identical this study gives up until now the best available evidence.WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGSOur study analyzes the effects of culture medium on school performance of children born after IVF/ICSI in a prospective cohort study. Although further research on long-term academic skills and also on behavior is essential, our results are reassuring and should make parents of children born after IVF/ICSI feel comfortable with their children’s cognitive development.STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)The study was financially supported by the March of Dimes (Grant no. #6-FY13-153). The sponsor of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation or writing of the report. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERNTR4220

Workability of patients with HIV/AIDS in Northern Vietnam: a societal perspective on the impact of treatment program

ABSTRACTIn Vietnam, the antiretroviral therapy (ART) program has been widely scaled up across the country since 2005, and now covers treatment for about half the HIV population. However, limited data exist about the workability and productivity outcome of ART in Vietnam. We aim to assess the employment status and work productivity among HIV patients taking ART in Northern Vietnam. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Hanoi and Nam Dinh with 1133 participants taking ART at the selected clinics. The Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire: General Health (WPAI-GH) was applied. We found that 23% of patients with HIV/AIDS reported overall work productivity loss, and 12% had activity impairment. Among those having a job, their monthly income, however, was significantly lower than national averages 2806 thousand VND vs. 4120 thousand VND). The average education level of participants was low, with only 41.61% having greater than secondary education. Health problems and lower CD4 cell counts decreased workability of the patients while having a more dependent family, being a smoker or having a later HIV stage was associated with being less likely to have a job. The rate of employment among HIV/AIDS patients in this study was high however incomes were substantially lower than average. This could be due to low education levels or social stigma regarding these patients. Vocational education programs and public awareness could empower the patients economically. Similarly, a number of social and behavioral problems were associated with decreasing the working rate and productivity. Addressing these health issues may improve productivity among patients.

The profile of women victims of domestic violence in Morocco

Violence against women by an intimate partner is a real public health problem. Its prevalence is alarming. To determine the profile of both the women victims of violence and their partners, and to describe the characteristics of violence against them. Two hundred and fifty-four women were received during the study's period in our forensic unit for a forensic certificate. A pre-questionnaire was led by the authors. Participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous. The results were statistically analyzed. Most of the victims were young and had an average educational and economic level. They were beaten by a partner who takes toxic in more than three quarter of the cases. Physical violence was one of act reported by most women.

Determinants of the Double Nutritional Burden of the Children of the Early Childhood Program of the Municipality of Barranquilla 2016

The objective of this research is to present the determinants of the double nutritional burden in the homes of children of the Early Childhood Program of the Mayor's Office of Barranquilla. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in a sample of 295 boys and girls, selected by simple random sampling. The source of information was primary, tabulated and mechanically presented the results. The macro variables studied were the sociodemographic, economic and food characteristics, the anthropometric nutritional status, household food security and the physical activity of the mother or caregiver. The frequency of the double nutritional burden was 26.4%, which prevails in the families of mothers with an average educational level, the female head of household, mothers between 18 and 29 years old with 56.6%, the average Age was 30.0 years with a standard deviation of ±10.2 years. Children between three and four years, the mean age was 2.9 years, with a standard deviation of ±1.2 years and socioeconomic level low. Likewise, it observed that households with a double nutritional burden consume a higher proportion of carbohydrate, fat and empty calorie foods and present a degree of food insecurity in 75%. The double nutritional burden in early childhood shows a complicated situation of deficit and excess that forces us to continue looking for strategies that allow the approach of this problem in a comprehensive and intersectoral manner.

When do literacy skills begin to decline among Chinese adults?

Literacy skills have been used in some studies as a proxy for premorbid intelligence because they are considered relatively resistant to normal aging. This study aims to explore whether there are signs of decline with aging in literacy skills among Chinese adults with average lower levels of education than their Western peers. Drawing on data from a nationally representative survey, the study uses two repeated literacy tests administered at four-year intervals to investigate at what age literacy skills begin to decline and the effects of possible risk factors. On average, literacy skills have been shown to decline at age 45 and above among Chinese adults. While gender, education, marital status, income, urban status, and subjective cognitive impairment were all associated with the level of literacy skills at baseline, only gender and education were predictive of change over time. Females declined at a slower rate, and the decline appeared to be statistically significant only for those with low education levels. The use of literacy skills as an indicator of premorbid intelligence may need to be reconsidered for the poorly educated. These findings highlight the greater burden of cognitive aging in China due to average low education levels.

Climacteric women at work: What lurks behind poor occupational quality of life?

ABSTRACTPhysical and psychological changes during menopausal transition may affect various aspects of everyday functioning including women's work ability and work productivity. Presence of menopausal symptoms has been well-acknowledged to negatively affect quality of life (QOL). However, data on factors associated with occupational QOL among women at this period of life are lacking. The authors' purpose in this study was to evaluate factors affecting occupational QOL in a sample of employed mid-life women who are experiencing menopause. The authors performed a cross-sectional study among 335 employed women aged 40 to 65 years from Serbia. Socio-demographic questionnaire, Utian's Quality of Life Scale, and Beck's Depression Inventory were used in data collection. Women's average monthly household income and educational level were positively correlated, while having uterine prolapse was negatively associated with occupational QOL. Significant regression models assessing impact of gynecological illnesses and menopause-specific symptoms on occupational QOL (direct value and categories—below vs. above mean) showed that having insomnia, uterine prolapse, and genital inflammations may differentiate “good” from “poor” occupational QOL. Uterine prolapse, genital inflammation, and insomnia were associated with worse occupational QOL among working women in menopausal transition.

Vocational Rehabilitation of Young Adults with Psychological Disabilities

Objective Vocational rehabilitation measures support youth and young adults with disabilities to obtain vocational training and to enter the labor market. In Germany, a growing number of young people with psychological disabilities in vocational rehabilitation can be observed. The study at hand focuses on this group and examines their (un-)unemployment biographies before vocational rehabilitation, their access to vocational rehabilitation and identifies their individual challenges within the process of vocational rehabilitation. Methods Using a multi-methods approach, we analyze representative administrative data of the German Federal Employment Agency as well as biographical interviews conducted with young rehabilitants. We compare the population of young rehabilitants with psychological disorders to those with other disabilities in terms of vocational rehabilitation and initial labor market entry in order to get a representative picture about their school to work transitions. Since rehabilitants with psychological disabilities tend to be older than the remaining population, analyses are stratified by age groups. In addition, qualitative in-depth interviews provide an additional and deeper understanding of specific employment barriers youth with psychological disorders have to overcome. Furthermore, the individual perspective gives insight on how the crucial transition from school to work is perceived by the population under study. Results The pathway into vocational rehabilitation of youth with psychological disorders is often characterized by obstacles in their transition from school to work. During rehabilitation, it appears essential to provide psychological stabilization along with vocational training. Although their average level of education is higher than those of other rehabilitants, labor market transition after (often company-external) vocational training challenges many young people with psychological disabilities, leaving many of them with comparatively poor labor market prospects. Conclusions Young persons with psychological disabilities, who come from regular schools or dropped out from regular school or university, seem to find their way to vocational rehabilitation more indirectly. Furthermore, vocational rehabilitation itself is often prolonged for those with psychological disabilities possibly due to a corresponding stabilization process. However, vocational rehabilitation can be a core element within the stabilization process of a psychological disease.

POTENSI PENGEMBANGAN TERNAK SAPI POTONG DENGAN POLA INTEGRASI KELAPA-SAPI DI KECAMATAN TABARU KABUPATEN HALMAHERA BARAT

This study aims to (1) Analyzing Potential of Beef Cattle Development with Pattern of Integration of Coconuts in Tabaru Subdistrict of West Halmahera Regency (2) fresh forage production coconut plant area in Tabaru Subdistrict of West Halmahera Regency (3) the nutrional content of forage the coconut plant area in Tabaru Subdistrict of West Halmahera Regency (4) potential population of cattle and animal unit (AU) in Tabaru Subdistrict of West Halmahera Regency (5) revenue through integration and non integration in Tabaru Subdistrict of West Halmahera Regency. The research was conducted in Tabaru district of West Halmahera district since Desember 2017 to February 2018. The determination of respondents was performed using simple random sampling method. Criteria of respondents involved in this study were household farmers running a coco-beef integration, at least animal maintenance of more than one year and they had sold cattle. The results showed the particular characteristics of household farmers including coconut plantation ownership of 3.8 ha with the average number of animals of 10.2 heads, the average education level of primary school, the animal breeding experience of 12,7 years and animal maintenance purposes as beef production and animal labor. Management aspects of farm animals were still under the traditional maintenance systems, animals were resistant to disease, and house hold farmer knowledge on animal reproduction was still limited. Aspects of feed resources were positively supporting in the development of beef cattle under integration pattern, especially the nutritional value of forage and land carrying capacities and Livestock productivity aspects had quite well potential.

Disparities of Immunotherapy Utilization in Patients with Stage III Cutaneous Melanoma: A National Perspective.

Immunotherapy combined with surgery is associated with better survival than surgery alone in patients with advanced melanoma. This study examined the utilization of immunotherapy in relation to population characteristics and the associated survival benefit. This was a retrospective cohort study utilizing the US National Cancer Database. The study population included 6,165 adult patients (≥18 years) with stage III cutaneous melanoma (median follow-up=32 months). A total of 1,854 patients underwent immunotherapy in addition to surgery, which was associated with a survival benefit over surgery alone (hazard ratio(HR)=0.66, 95% confidence interval(CI)=0.56-0.77, p<0.001). Older age, presence of comorbidities, Medicaid/Medicare insurance, and living in a community with lower average education level were associated with less immunotherapy utilization (all p<0.05). No statistically significant racial disparity in immunotherapy usage was found (p=0.07). Compared to other demographic factors, insurance status was associated with the greatest disparities in immunotherapy utilization and mortality for patients who underwent surgery for advanced melanoma.

More Is Less?

Was there a tradeoff between family size and education during the demographic transition in the United States? Exploiting the occurrence of twin births as a source of exogenous variation in family size, I find that an additional sibling reduces the likelihood of attending school by one to two percentage points. To evaluate the persistence of family size effects, I create a linked sample of boys between 1920 and 1940. Individuals raised in larger families accumulate less human capital by adulthood. However, the impact of family size is quantitatively small relative to the average level of education in the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]