Normal Anxiety Levels Research Articles

Impact of a web-based personally tailored physical activity intervention on depression, anxiety, stress and quality of life: Secondary outcomes from a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundFew studies have investigated the impact of web-based physical activity interventions on mental health outcomes. Therefore, this study examined the impact of a web-based personally tailored physical activity intervention on depression, anxiety, stress and quality of life. Methods501 participants were randomised into either a control group or a pooled intervention condition who received a 3-month web-based personally tailored physical activity intervention. Previously, this intervention has demonstrated to improve self-reported physical activity, but not device-measured physical activity. At baseline, 3- and 9-months, depression, anxiety and stress were assessed using the DASS21, and quality of life was assessed using the SF-12V2. General linear mixed models examined differences between groups over time. ResultsMost participants (>80%) reported normal levels of depression, anxiety or stress. Relative to baseline levels, significant reductions of depression, anxiety, stress and the SF12 mental health component were observed in the pooled intervention group at 3 and 9 months. Relative to the control group, significant reductions were observed in the pooled intervention group for depression and stress (3-months only) and anxiety (3- and 9-months), but not quality of life. ConclusionA web-based physical activity intervention can result in positive mental health outcomes, even in the absence of device-measured physical activity improvements. However, these findings need to be confirmed in future studies. Trial registration numberACTRN12615000057583.

Подготовка и сопровождение тревожного пациента офтальмологической клиники при амбулаторной хирургии

The question of preoperative anxiety in an ophthalmological patient and its relief in an outpatient setting is becoming increasingly relevant due to the improvement of the technique and equipment of ophthalmic surgery, when the practice of "one-day surgery" is becoming increasingly common. Purpose. To analyze the relationship between the level of anxiety during preoperative preparation and the choice of the optimal approach for the relief of preoperative anxiety in an ophthalmological patient in a "one day" clinic. Material and methods. 89 adult patients of both sexes referred for outpatient surgery were included into trials. Clinical psychotherapeutic interviewing, a scale of situational and personal anxiety C.D. Spielberger (adapted by Y.L. Khanin), a questionnaire for analyzing satisfaction with the quality of medical services provided in outpatient settings were used. Statistical: Microsoft Excel spreadsheet editor for Windows; the STATISTICA application software package version 6.1. were taken. The condition for determining statistically significant differences is the value р ≥ 0.05. Results. The study revealed an average and high level of situational anxiety in 66 % of patients referred for refractive surgery, in 81 % of patients referred for cataract surgery. Against the background of the performed anxiolytic therapy in the preoperative period, the proportion of people with a high level of reactive anxiety decreased significantly (p ≥ 0.05) (from 24 % to 8 %), while personal anxiety did not significantly change. Conclusions. The study showed the possibility of providing better quality medical services in "one-day" eye surgery, which expands the availability of outpatient ophthalmic surgical care to patients with anxiety disorders. Keywords: outpatient surgery, refractive surgery, situational anxiety, preoperative preparation

Feasible Removal of Facial Hemangiomas Under Local Anesthesia in Young Children.

Facial Hemangiomas are often recommended to be removed exclusively in the operating room under general anesthesia, especially for children under the age of 4. Assumed parental and patient anxiety and possible blood loss pushes surgeons away from attempting excision under local anesthesia. A review was conducted to assess the outcomes of children who underwent excision of facial hemangiomas under local anesthesia alone by 1 plastic surgeon with a minimum of 3 months follow-up. Complications and hemangioma recurrence were recorded. A survey was given 3 to 6 months after treatment to assess parental satisfaction, anxiety, and thought process about anesthesia. Eighteen children (9 males and 9 females) underwent in-office excision between 2020 and 2021. The mean age of this cohort was 12 months ( ranging 2-52m). The average facial hemangioma size was 2.088cm (ranging 1.0-3.2cm). Ten patients experienced complete resolution (56%) at 12-month follow-up. There were no hospitalizations or cases of significant (>10mL) blood loss, infection, dehiscence, hematoma, or scar hypertrophy. The average level of parental anxiety before the procedure was 3.3/10, and 1.6/10 after the procedure. Total 13/14 parents gave 4/4 ratings for satisfaction with the quality of care, team responsiveness, pain management, and management of expectations. Facial hemangioma removal under local anesthesia alone is a safe and feasible alternative treatment method for patients younger than 4 years of age.

Nurses’ stress, anxiety, depression, and burnout in the workplace: A correlational study

Nursing burnout has been linked to stress, anxiety, and depression. Increased stress and anxiety have been closely related to burnout. This study's major goal has been to determine the association of these variables in the context of nursing practice. This descriptive correlational study aimed at determining the relationship between stress, anxiety, and depression with burnout among the 307 purposive nurse samples from participating government and private hospitals in Manila, Pampanga, and Tarlac, Philippines collected between March and June 2020 using a 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) and a 16-item Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) instruments. Mostly with a normal level of stress, anxiety, and depression, the nurses had been also found to have a moderate level of overall burnout and were moderately disengaged, and exhausted. Using IBM SPSS v.26, the study utilized Pearson product-moment correlation which found that nurses’ stress had significant relationships (p=.000) with burnout, disengagement, and exhaustion; anxiety to burnout, disengagement, and exhaustion; and depression with burnout, disengagement, and exhaustion. The degree of stress, anxiety, and depression has significantly shown direct correspondence which calls for a deeper examination of sources and factors. Nurses' experience of burnout is associated with the service-oriented features of the profession. The emphasis is on the need for treatments to guarantee that burnout does not lead to higher staff turnover, degraded health care, decreased productivity, and decreased professional fulfillment. A systems approach to burnout prevention and treatment should investigate the relevant factors that are addressed in the organizational, group, and individual efforts. This study offers a remarkable hypothetical underpinning for nurses' ability to handle stressful workplace situations with resilience and professionalism.

The Cross-Cultural Differences in Perceived Stress of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Schoolchildren from Russia and Kyrgyzstan With Normal and High Levels of Anxiety and Depression

Children and youth of school age form a special population group highly sensitive to various stressors and negative effects in everyday life. The COVID-19 pandemic crisis characterized by uncertainty, vulnerability, changes in quality of life together with urgent transition to distant/online learning affected significantly psychological well-being of children and youth. The aim of this study was to assess the cross-cultural differences in actual stress in Russian and Kyrgyz schoolchildren with high and low levels of anxiety and depression during the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic and after a year life during the pandemic. The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted via an online survey completed by total 1834 schoolchildren aged from 13 to 18 from Russia and Kyrgyzstan, the periods of survey: 10th May - 10th June, 2020; 18th May -15th June, 2021. The Perceived Stress Scale and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used to assess stress, anxiety and depression scores. The findings suggest that there are cross-cultural differences in perceived stress amongst schoolchildren with high level of depression and anxiety: Russian respondents in 2021 demonstrated less pronounced index of the perceived stress than Kyrgyz schoolchildren. The stress level of Kyrgyz schoolchildren increased significantly in 2021 in comparison to the period of outbreak of the pandemic. In 2021 in both countries we found the same pattern: girls had significantly more pronounced stress than boys. The results disclose important aspects of the impact of COVID-19 on schoolchildren and demonstrate the emerging need of psychological aid and for supporting schoolchildren mental health.

ALEXITHYMIA AND THE ANXIETY FACTOR IN ADOLESCENTS

Aim. To study the level of alexithymia and anxiety in adolescents depending on age and gender, to identify relationships.
 Materials and methods. A survey of clinically healthy adolescents was carried out using the Toronto alexithymic scale (TAS-26) and the scale of situational and personal anxiety Ch.D. Spielberger – Yu. L. Khanin.
 Results. Among practically healthy adolescents, over 60% have signs of alexithymia, and half of them are adolescents with a pronounced level of alexithymia. “Vulnerable” for alexithymia are adolescent girls, and by age - younger adolescents. For practically healthy students, the normal level of situational and personal anxiety is natural. With an increase in the symptoms of alexithymia, the presence of high situational and personal anxiety in adolescents is characteristic. A positive correlation was found between the level of alexithymia and the degree of situational (r=0.40; p<0.001; n=507) and personal (r=0.35; p<0.001; n=507) anxiety.
 Conclusion. Dentification among adolescents of a group of individuals with a risk of developing alexithymia and the presence of signs of alexithymia, with an altered level of situational and personal anxiety, will allow for early prevention and necessary therapeutic interventions.

Prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms among female football players and non-players

Purpose: Depression and anxiety are mental illnesses which affect many people worldwide. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms among Slovenian female football players and non-players. Methods: The sample consisted of Slovenian female football players playing in the Slovenian 1st female football league or youth league (n = 78) and non-player peers (n = 120) with an average age of the total sample 22±4 years. The participants filled out a questionnaire including some general questions (age, physical activity levels, participation in competitive sports), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results: The most commonly observed were normal and mild levels of depression and anxiety. According to the results of depression in BDI-II, 43.6% of athletes experienced moderate to severe depression compared to 15.8% of peers (p = 0.001). Results from DASS-21 show that 71.8% of athletes experience normal to mild symptoms of depression and 56.4% experience the same levels of anxiety. Similarly, 75% of peers experience normal to mild depressive symptoms and 56.7% reported normal to mild symptoms of anxiety. No statistical differences were found in these categories. Conclusion: We have gained insight into the current prevalence of depression and anxiety among female football players and their peers but more research needs to be done.

“The ship is sinking, yet the band plays on”: COVID-19 and academia

Objective: Researchers sought to examine experiences of stress, mental health, and work outcomes for those in higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants: Graduate students and professors completed an online survey in June 2020 (N = 1,794). Methods: Participants completed measures of stress, depression, and anxiety as well as items related to work quality, productivity, and fulfillment. Results: 70% of graduate students reported higher than normal levels of anxiety, depression, and stress according to the DASS-21. Nearly half of professors reported higher than normal levels of anxiety, depression, and stress. Multiple linear regression analyses found that higher levels of work fulfillment predicted greater productivity (f 2 grad = .15; f 2 prof = .08) and quality of work (f 2 grad = .10; f 2 prof = .12). Conclusions: Individuals in higher education are struggling with their mental health and considerations need to be made to help this group. Additionally, we discuss the implications of self-determination theory on work fulfillment.

Mental Health Condition among University Students of Bangladesh during the Critical COVID-19 Period.

Bangladesh’s education sector has been in a state of flux since COVID-19. During the pandemic, all university campuses were closed. There was a mental health issue among the students. This study aims to examine the mental health condition and the determinants that contribute to adverse mental health conditions among university students of Bangladesh. A survey was performed online among university students in Bangladesh, in mid-June 2020 when averaging 3345 affected cases of the population daily. The convenience sampling technique was used and the survey gathered data from 365 university students. The relationship between general information and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21) subscales of university students was determined. The questionnaire was administered to respondents during the pandemic, which ensured fast replies. Linear regression models were used for statistical analysis. University students indicated normal levels of depression (30.41%), anxiety (43.29%), and stress (47.40%). However, a disproportionate number of extremely depressed, anxious, and stressed university students suggested a mental health status of concern. There were significant connections between the individual’s opinion of social satisfaction, mental health concerns, and the present location’s safety with an undesirable mental health condition. Female students were shown to be much more anxious and stressed than male students. Capital Dhaka city students were more depressed and anxious than students outside of Dhaka. Financial and psychological support for students may help mitigate the psychological impact. Authorities should make effective efforts to reduce mental health problems among these students. This research may aid organizations, health care providers, and social workers in their attempts to prepare for and respond to pandemics.

Utilization of an Electronic Patient-Reported Outcome Platform to Evaluate the Psychosocial and Quality-of-Life Experience Among a Community Sample of Ovarian Cancer Survivors.

Novel distress screening approaches using electronic patient-reported outcome (ePRO) measurements are critical for the provision of comprehensive quality community cancer care. Using an ePRO platform, the prevalence of psychosocial factors (distress, post-traumatic growth, resilience, and financial stress) affecting quality of life in ovarian cancer survivors (OCSs) was examined. A cross-sectional OCS sample from the National Ovarian Cancer Coalition-Illinois Chapter completed web-based clinical, sociodemographic, and psychosocial assessment using well-validated measures: Hospital Anxiety/Depression Scale-anxiety/depression, Post-traumatic Growth Inventory, Brief Resilience Scale, comprehensive score for financial toxicity, and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Ovarian (FACT-O/health-related quality of life [HRQOL]). Correlational analyses between variables were conducted. Fifty-eight percent (174 of 300) of OCS completed virtual assessment: median age 59 (range 32-83) years, 94.2% White, 60.3% married/in domestic partnership, 59.6% stage III-IV, 48.8% employed full-time/part-time, 55.2% had college/postgraduate education, 71.9% completed primary treatment, and median disease duration 6 (range < 1-34) years. On average, OCS endorsed normal levels of anxiety (mean ± standard deviation = 6.9 ± 3.8), depression (4.1 ± 3.6), mild total distress (10.9 ± 8.9), high post-traumatic growth (72.6 ± 21.5), normal resilience (3.7 ± 0.72), good FACT-O-HRQOL (112.6 ± 22.8), and mild financial stress (26 ± 10). Poor FACT-O emotional well-being was associated with greater participant distress (P < .001). Partial correlational analyses revealed negative correlations between FACT-O-HRQOL and anxiety (r = -0.65, P < .001), depression (r = -0.76, P < .001), and total distress (r = -0.92, P < .001). Yet, high FACT-O-HRQOL was positively correlated with post-traumatic coping (r = 0.27; P = .006) and resilience (r = 0.63; P < .001). ePRO assessment is feasible for identification of unique psychosocial factors, for example, financial toxicity and resilience, affecting HRQOL for OCS. Future investigation should explore large-scale, longitudinal ePRO assessment of the OCS psychosocial experience using innovative measures and community-based advocacy populations.

Educational Play Snakes and Stairs Can Overcome Anxiety in Children's Hospitalization

This study aims to determine the effect of snake and ladder educational game therapy (APE) on reducing anxiety in hospitalized children. This study uses an experimental method with a one-group pre-post test design. The number of samples used in this study was 15 samples with an incidental sampling technique. The results showed that the average level of anxiety before playing snake and ladder therapy in treated children was 19.13 with the moderate anxiety category. The anxiety story after snake therapy in treated children was 14.20 with mild class. In conclusion, playing snake and ladder therapy reduces anxiety in hospitalized children.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Educational Game (APE), Snake and Ladder, Decreased Anxiety Level of Children (Pre-School)

Psychological Impact during COVID-19 Pandemic and Academic Performance in Emergency Remote Teaching and Learning (ERTL) among IIUM Kuantan Nursing Students

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) has confirmed Coronavirus as a pandemic and has declared it as a public health emergency of global worldwide concern. The spread of the pandemic triggered widespread fear and caused a variety of changes in people's lives, seriously affecting them, physically and mentally. The epidemic of COVID-19 has effectively impacted nearly all areas of our society, including the higher education, and has prompted higher education institutions around the World to implement a distance learning mode called Emergency Remote Teaching and Learning (ERTL). The transition from face-to-face learning to online learning has brought many challenges to the students including their academic performance. Aim: This research conducted to measure the psychological impact during COVID-19 pandemic and academic performance in ERTL among IIUM Kuantan nursing students. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 202 of IIUM Kuantan nursing students using the convenience sampling method. The data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS 20.0 software for both descriptive and statistical findings. Results: The mean anxiety score of the students was 40.62 (±8.867) which indicated the normal anxiety level among them, in which majority of them 149 (73.8%) have normal level of anxiety, 45 (22.3%) of them with mild to moderate anxiety and 8 (4.0%) with severe level of anxiety. However, ERTL has a substantial negative impact toward the students’ academic performance showing a significant association between their psychological impact with p-value&lt;0.05. Conclusion: There is a significant association between the students’ psychological impact during COVID-19 pandemic and their academic performance in ERTL. Most of them had been affected by this abrupt change in their study due to the pandemic. Thus, the academic as well as the University management, specifically need to address this issue and provide the best actions and solution

Cigarettes' use and capabilities-opportunities-motivation-for-behavior model: a multi-country survey of adolescents and young adults.

The use of cigarettes among adolescents and young adults (AYA) is an important issue. This study assessed the association between regular and electronic-cigarettes use among AYA and factors of the Capability-Motivation-Opportunity-for-Behavior-change (COM-B) model. A multi-country survey was conducted between August-2020 and January-2021, Data was collected using the Global-Youth-Tobacco-Survey and Generalized-Anxiety-Disorder-7-item-scale. Multi-level logistic-regression-models were used. Use of regular and electronic-cigarettes were dependent variables. The explanatory variables were capability-factors (COVID-19 status, general anxiety), motivation-factors (attitude score) and opportunity-factors (country-level affordability scores, tobacco promotion-bans, and smoke free-zones) controlling for age and sex. Responses of 6,989-participants from 25-countries were used. Those who reported that they were infected with COVID-19 had significantly higher odds of electronic-cigarettes use (AOR = 1.81, P = 0.02). Normal or mild levels of general anxiety and negative attitudes toward smoking were associated with significantly lower odds of using regular-cigarettes (AOR = 0.34, 0.52, and 0.75, P < 0.001) and electronic-cigarettes (AOR = 0.28, 0.45, and 0.78, P < 0.001). Higher affordability-score was associated with lower odds of using electronic-cigarettes (AOR = 0.90, P = 0.004). Country-level-smoking-control policies and regulations need to focus on reducing cigarette affordability. Capability, motivation and opportunity factors of the COM-B model were associated with using regular or electronic cigarettes.

Is the Prevalence of Low Physical Activity among Teachers Associated with Depression, Anxiety, and Stress?

The aim of this study was to analyze the levels of stress, depression, and anxiety among Polish secondary school teachers and their association with selected psychosocial, sociodemographic, and lifestyle factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 116 Polish teachers in 2019, using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire—Short Form (IPAQ-SF), the Depression and Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), and author questionnaire including psychosocial factors specific to the respondents’ work environment. The prevalence of moderately to extremely severe levels of depression, anxiety, and symptoms of stress in teachers was 18.1%, 22.4%, and 51.7%, respectively. Among respondents with moderate or high physical activity level (PAL), normal or mild levels of depression (OR = 3.62; CI [1.31–10.03]), anxiety (OR = 2.61; CI [1.01–6.73]), and stress (OR = 2.79; CI [1.16–6.69]) were more common. The level of individual symptoms of mental disorders was higher than indicated by previous Polish reports. Given that teachers’ low PAL is significantly related to their moderately to extremely severe levels of stress, depression, and anxiety, we suggest running leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) enhancement programs and supporting the leadership of school management and the higher-education system in this regard.

Healing Acupressure Lr-3 on Blood Pressure and Anxiety Levels in Pregnant Women with Hypertension

Hypertension pregnancy disorders are one of the causes of increased morbidity and mortality of maternal, fetal, and neonates. The maternal mortality rate (MMR) in Indonesia is still quite high. One of the causes of maternal death is hypertension. Healing acupressure LR 3 is a combination of self-healing and acupressure, where the massage process has 2 reactions, namely the strengthening reaction (yang) and the lowering reaction (yin). Massages at a certain point in acupressure therapy can stimulate nerve waves so that they can launch blood flow, relax spasms, and lower blood pressure. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of healing acupressure LR-3 (healing-pressure) affects blood pressure and anxiety levels in pregnant women with hypertension, compare pre-test control groups and experiments, compare pre-and post-test in control and experimental groups, and compare the differences in pre-post tests between control groups and experiments. Research including experiment, using the randomized pre-test post-test control group design research design. The analysis used a repeated ANOVA test with post hoc Bonferroni.The results of this study are expected to be an operational standard in helping to increase knowledge to overcome pregnant women with hypertension in a non-pharmacological manner that is safe for mothers and babies. The results of the analyzed are found that there was a significant difference in the average blood pressure and anxiety level of pregnant women after being given intervention in the intervention group before and after the intervention period (p &lt; 0.000), meaning that there was an effect of healing acupressure LR-3 (healing-pressure) affecting blood pressure and anxiety levels in pregnant women with hypertension.

The mediating role of life satisfaction in the relationship between depression, anxiety, stress and burnout among Portuguese nurses during COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic had a large consequence on healthcare systems, increasing the risks of psychological issues in health professionals. Nurses, in particular, have been exposed to multiple psychosocial stressors and struggled with intensive work, insufficiency of resources and uncertainty in the face of an unknown disease. Life satisfaction might protect nurses from the consequences of chronic stress. The aim of this study was to explore the mediating role of satisfaction with life in the relationship between depression, stress, anxiety and burnout (personal, work-related, and client-related).MethodsA cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational study design was performed, using an online questionnaire distributed via social networks. A total of 379 nurses completed the survey, comprising standardized measures of satisfaction with life, resilience (Resilience Scale), depression, anxiety, stress (Depression Anxiety Stress Scales), and burnout (Copenhagen Burnout Inventory Scale). A hierarchical regression model was estimated for each burnout dimension.ResultsParticipants showed high levels of work, personal and client-related burnout, 57.3%, 57%, and 35.1%, respectively. More than 70% of the respondents had a normal level of depressive symptoms, 66.8% presented normal level of anxiety and 33.5% of the respondents reported mild, moderate, severe or extremely severe symptoms of stress. The results revealed that life satisfaction partially mediated the association between stress and personal burnout, depression and work-related burnout, and the association between anxiety and client-related burnout in nurses.ConclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic brought added difficulties for nurses’ work conditions, whereby it became necessary to develop adaptative measures that reduce stressors in work environment and promote nurses’ life satisfaction.

OCCURRENCE OF ANXIETY, DEPRESSION AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF WOMEN WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME

Background and Aim: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is an endocrine problem and its prevalence is on rise day by day in Pakistan, so the study aimed to determine occurrence of Anxiety and Depression among women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and to check whether quality of life gets poor or not in relation to Polycystic Ovarian syndrome. Methodology: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study, data was sampled using non-probability convenient sampling technique and analyzed on SPSS v. 20.0. Study was done on 150 participants, from Fauji Foundation Hospital and different private setups of Rawalpindi/Islamabad. Data was collected through Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory and SF-36 Questionnaires respectively. Results: Mean age of the all patients was (24.7±5.9), and BMI was (23±5.1). Out of 150 participants, (40%) were normal, (20.60%) had mild mood disturbance, (17.3%) had moderate depression and (2.66%) had extreme depression. Similarly, (69.3%) of the participants had normal anxiety level and only (6.60%) had potentially concerning levels of anxiety. Mean and standard deviation for different domain of SF-Questionnaire was: physical functioning (70.1±25), physical health limitations were (50±34), emotional problems limitations (42.9±37), energy/fatigue (49.7±15.2), for emotional wellbeing was (55±14.7), for social functioning was (65±24.5), pain (65.6±23), and general health were (51.2±18) respectively. Conclusion: Study concluded that occurrence of anxiety and depression among women with poly cystic ovarian syndromes was low, hence and their quality of life was not much affected.

Identifikasi Permasalahan Kecemasan Sosial dan Penanggannya Pada Remaja di Panti Asuhan

Social anxiety is one of the barriers for children to interact in the social environment. The purpose of this study was to identify the level of social anxiety of adolescents (orphanage/fosterage children) and to reveal how the care provided by the orphanage coaches towards social anxiety problems. This research is a quantitative descriptive study with a sample of fifty people from three orphanages. The data collection technique in this study used a social anxiety instrument with a Likert scale and analyzed using a frequency distribution. The findings in this study identified a very high level of adolescent social anxiety 28%. , 54% high, and 18% moderate for the average level of anxiety in the high category, while the handling process carried out by the foster caretaker on average was done by providing advice, motivation and guidance to the fostered orphanage children to be able to interact properly and confidently but not yet structured so that programmed guidance and counseling services are needed to control the level of social anxiety so as to be able to develop social interaction skills optimally.

TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS’ PATIENT ANXIETY : STUDY LITERATURE REVIEW

According to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia in 2018 the prevalence of DM in West Java has increased. DM patients including T2DM have a high level of psychological stress due to their illness. That is because T2DM patients experience sudden life changes. If not managed properly can lead to various complications. T2DM and its complications bring huge losses to patients and their families, make patients incur more costs, and increase anxiety about their future. This study aims to determine the anxiety level of T2DM patients. The research method used is the study of literature. Research results from 5 research journals showed that almost half (44.7%) of T2DM patients experienced normal anxiety levels, more than half (65.5%) of T2DM patients experienced mild anxiety levels, more than half (56.7%) T2DM patients experience moderate anxiety levels, and more than half (55.3%) T2DM patients experience severe anxiety levels. Thus, the majority of T2DM patients experience anxiety. It is recommended to nurses to intervene in overcoming the anxiety of T2DM patients. Especially nurses or other health professions do health education on how to deal with anxiety, especially the anxiety of T2DM patients.

Death Anxiety in the Iranian Elderly: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study.

The present study aimed to estimate the standard score of death anxiety in the Iranian elderly. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, national and international databases were searched from inception to January 2022. All the observational studies published in Persian and English, which reported a death anxiety score based on the Templer death anxiety scale, were selected. The standard score of death anxiety in the elderly was 50% (95% CI: 45-56). No correlation was observed between the year of publication (p = .092) and sample size (p = .94) with the standard score of death anxiety in the elderly. With increased age, death anxiety scores declined. Publication bias was not significant (p = .340). Iranian seniors achieved half of the total score of death anxiety, which indicated the average level of death anxiety. Providing training to effectively manage death anxiety is essential to preventing the adverse consequences of extreme death anxiety.