Average Length Of Life Research Articles

Cardiovascular diseases in the United States

For an adequate understanding of the problem of cardiovascular diseases in the United States today, it is valuable to review the evolution of the health picture during the last 50 to 100 years. This has been a period of remarkahle advance, probably unparalleled in any previous era of human history. Progress has tjeen particularly great in lengthening the expectation of life at birth (Fig. 1 and 2, Tables I--IIIt).r-8 For all persons, life expectancy at birth has increased more than 20 years, from ahout 48 years in 1900 to about 69 years in 1959. For white males the increase has been 19.1 years (39.6 per cent), from 48.2 to 67.3 years, since the turn of the century; for white females it has increased by 22.8 years (44.6 per cent), from 51.1 to 73.9 years. Longevity of the nonwhite (chiefly Negro) population has also improved greatly during the twentieth century; the difference between whites and nonwhites in average length of life has decreased considerably, to 6.4 years for males and 7.7 years for females (Table I). This phenomenal advance in life expectancy is attributable first of all to the conquest of infectious diseases, particularly acute infectious diseases in young children, which previously took a heavy toll (Fig. 1 and 2, Tahle III).~-~ In 1901 less than 80 per cent of newborn infants in the United States could he expected to survive t Tables noted throughout paper will appear in author’s reprints. to their fifth birthday. The corresponding figure for 1959 was almost 97 per cent. In 1901 a little over 75 per cent of newborn infants could be expected to reach their fifteenth birthday; the figure for 1959 was over 96 per cent. Appreciable decreases in mortality among middle-aged and older people also have occurred during recent decades, largely as a result of advances in the control of infectious diseases, particularly pneumonia and tuberculosis (Fig. 1 and 2, Tables I and IV). A major consequence of these developments has been a marked increase in the number of middle-aged and elderly persons in the United States. By 1960 there were almost 17 million persons aged 65 and over-more than five times as many as in 1900. In the same period the number of middle-aged persons (45-64) increased from 10 million to 36 million. Persons 65 and over and those 45 to 64 constituted 4 per cent and 14 per cent, respectively, of the total population in 1900; by 1960 these percentages had increased to 9 per cent and 20 per cent9 Howeuer, for the incwusing millions of middleaged and elderly persons, the outlook for life rxpctancy today is only moderately better than it was at the turn of the century. The death rates for persons aged 45 to 64 and those 65 and over have declined much less than death rates for children and young adults (Fig. 2). Therefore, for white males and females aged 40, life expectancy has increased only 3.8 and 4.7 years, respectively, since 1900-l 902 ; for nonwhites, the corresponding figures are only 4.7 and 6.9 years (Table I). The situation is similar at age 60. Males have generally done less well than females, white males the least well. The fundamental reason for this is the slow progress against the cardiovascular diseases (Fig. l-3 and Table IV). In fact, for middleaged males, particularly white males, the

SURVIVAL FOR TWENTY-NINE YEARS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA

The diagnosis of leukemia is considered a death sentence, and, in older age groups, it produces an unwarranted degree of fear on the part of patients with chronic leukemia as well as in their relatives. The average length of life in 129 patients with chronic lymphocytic and 236 patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia collected from various sources was reported as 3.52 and 3.34 years, respectively, by Wintrobe and Hasenbush. 1 Moffitt and Lawrence 2 selected 16 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and 15 patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia of long duration and calculated the average ratesof survival after diagnosis as 8.16 and 6.33 years. Many individual patients, however, exceed this average survival rate by many years. These patients can often be kept in happy, productive states for long periods of time by careful management. McGavran's 3 report of lymphocytic leukemia of 25 years' duration is of unusual interest. We

Physical medicine and rehabilitation in medical education.

Physical medicine and rehabilitation offers the oldest therapeutic tools known to medicine, yet it is the newest medical specialty recognized by the Council on Medical Education and Hospitals of the American Medical Association. Because of the increasing knowledge of electronics and biophysics and a more comprehensive understanding of the biologic and biomechanical principles involved in the pathological processes of the disabled and chronically ill, this specialty has made more rapid strides in the past decade than in all time heretofore. Today in the United States 11,500,000 persons, or 1 in 13, are over 65 years of age. There are 4,500,000 families in the nation in which the head of the family is over 65 and another 2,000,000 unmarried persons who have reached this age. Recently compiled 1948 mortality statistics of the National Office of Vital Statistics show that the average length of life in the United States has increased to

Multiple myeloma; a study of 24 patients treated with radioactive isotopes (P32 and SR89).

Article1 July 1950MULTIPLE MYELOMA: A STUDY OF 24 PATIENTS TREATED WITH RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES (P32 AND SR88)JOHN H. LAWRENCE, M.D., LOUIS R. WASSERMAN, M.D., F.A.C.P.JOHN H. LAWRENCE, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, LOUIS R. WASSERMAN, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-33-1-41 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe treatment of multiple myeloma has always been discouraging. As in other inoperable malignant conditions, x-ray therapy has been used wherever indicated, and the use of stilbamidine by Snapper has been successful in relieving pain due to myeloma, but no prolongation of life has been apparent.1Urethane has recently been used in the treatment of multiple myeloma by Loge and Rundles.2Subsidence of pain and a decrease of abnormal cells occurred in some cases. In a series of 83 patients studied by Bayrd and Heck, the average length of life in multiple myeloma was 19 months, and the duration seemed...Bibliography1. Snapper I: Stilbamidine and pentamidine in multiple myeloma, J. A. M. A. 133: 157-161, 1947. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. LogeRundles JPRW: Urethane (ethyl carbamate) therapy in multiple myeloma, Blood, J. Hematol. 4: 201-216, 1949. Google Scholar3. BayrdHeck EDFJ: Multiple myeloma. A review of 83 proved cases, J. A. M. A. 133: 147-157, 1947. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Gootnick LT: Solitary myeloma: Review of 61 cases, Radiology 45: 385-391, 1945. CrossrefGoogle Scholar5. Fitz-HughHodes TPJ: Clinical experience with radio-phosphorus in the treatment of certain blood dyscrasias, Am. J. M. Sc. 204: 662-665, 1942. CrossrefGoogle Scholar6. Warren S: The therapeutic use of radioactive phosphorus, Am. J. M. Sc. 209: 710-711, 1945. CrossrefGoogle Scholar7. BayrdHall EDBE: Unusual remission after radiophosphorus therapy in a case of "acute plasma cell leukemia," Blood, J. Hematol. 3: 19, 1948. Google Scholar8. ReinhardMooreBierbaumMoore EHCVOSS: Radioactive phosphorus as a therapeutic agent, J. Lab. and Clin. Med. 31: 107-218, 1946. MedlineGoogle Scholar9. GeschickterCopeland CFMM: Multiple myeloma, Arch. Surg. 16: 807-863, 1928. CrossrefGoogle Scholar10. Wintrobe MM: Clinical hematology, 1946, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, p. 774. Google Scholar11. LawrenceTuttleScottConnor JHLWKGCL: Studies on neoplasms with the aid of radioactive phosphorus. Total phosphorus metabolism of normal and leukemic mice, J. Clin. Invest. 19: 267-271, 1940. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar12. Pecher C: Biological investigations with radioactive calcium and strontium, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 46: 86-91, 1941. CrossrefGoogle Scholar13. GraffScottLawrence WSKGJH: The histologic effects of radiophosphorus on normal and lymphomatous mice, Am. J. Roentgenol. and Rad. Ther. 55: 44-54, 1946. Google Scholar14. ErfTuttleLawrence LALWJH: Clinical studies with the aid of radiophosphorus. Retention in blood, the excretion, and the therapeutic effect of radiophosphorus on patients with leukemia, Ann. Int. Med. 15: 487-543, 1941. LinkGoogle Scholar15. Low-BeerLawrenceStone BVJHRS: The therapeutic use of artificially produced radioactive substances, Radiology 39: 573-591, 1942. CrossrefGoogle Scholar16. LawrenceRosenthal JHRL: Multiple myeloma associated with polycythemia. Report of four cases, Am. J. M. Sc. 218: 149-154, 1949. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Berkeley, California*Received for publication November 7, 1949.From the Division of Medical Physics and the Donner Laboratory of Medical Physics, University of California, Berkeley.The radioactive materials were made in the Berkeley cyclotron during the period 1937 to 1945. Thereafter they were furnished by the Atomic Energy Commission from Oak Ridge. This work has been supported by the Markle Foundation and by the Henry Stevens Kiersted Memorial Fund for Medical Research. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByRadiophosphorus Treatment of Myeloproliferative NeoplasmsBone-Seeking Radiopharmaceuticals to Palliate Painful Bone MetastasesStrategies for Management of Prostate Cancer-Related Bone PainPain from Metastatic Bone TumorsMetalloradiopharmaceuticalsUse of radiactive phosphorus in haematologyUnsealed source therapy of painful bone metastases: An updateA potential bone tumor therapeutic agent153Sm-EDTMP: Its synthesis and preliminary structure analysisRadionuclide therapy of intractable bone pain: Emphasis on strontium-89The Palliation of Osseous Metastasis with 32p or 89 Sr Compared with External Beam and Hemibody Irradiation: A Historical PerspectiveTreatment of metastatic bone pain with strontium-89Radionuclide therapy of hematologic disordersResults of 89 Strontium Therapy in Patients with Carcinoma of the Prostate and Incurable Pain from Bone Metastases: A Preliminary ReportThe Radiologist and the Relief of PainZur Lebenserwartung unbehandelter und behandelter PlasmozytomkrankerThe Treatment of Plasma Cell MyelomaMultiple Myeloma Studies of Mouse Plasma Cell Tumor and Human Myeloma Responsiveness to Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)DONALD R. KORST, M.D., F.A.C.P., EUGENE P. FRENKEL, M.D., JOHN C. NIXON, M.D.Die Krankheitsdauer und �berlebenszeit beim multiplen MyelomPlasma-Cell MyelomaMULTIPLE MYELOMA: DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT IN A SERIES OF 57 CASES*JOHN J. KENNY, M.D., WILLIAM C. MOLONEY, M.D., F.A.C.P.The Use of Radioactive Isotopes in MedicineBlutkrankheitenDiagnostic and Therapeutic Aspects of Multiple Myeloma 1 July 1950Volume 33, Issue 1Page: 41-55KeywordsCellsMultiple myelomaMyelomaResearch designResearch fundingResearch laboratories Issue Published: 1 July 1950 PDF DownloadLoading ...

Der Einfluß von Vitamin E aufDaphnia longispina O.F.M.

The influence of a water-soluble vitamin E upon the duration of life and the propagation ofD. longispina has been studied. The animals were kept in artificial culture medium1 and lived on stabilized baker's yeast2. It could be shown that administration of vitamin E increases under the described conditions the average length of life inD. longispina, but that it has no detectable influence upon their propagation.

The Ability of the Beet Leafhopper to Regain Lost Vitality When Transferred From Unfavorable to Favorable Host Plants

In a previous paper (Cook '44) the writer described a longevity test, in which female beet leafhoppers in lots of about 100 were caged at a constant temperature of 20? + 0.50? C. and supplied with water, but no food. The average length of life, determined by daily observations, was used to measure the vitality of the insects. The fat content of the insects, determined by extraction with ethyl ether or chloroform, was shown to be highly correlated with longevity, and was also used as a measure of the vitality of the leafhoppers. It was shown that the female leafhoppers possessed a very high vitality when they left their summer host plants in the fall, and that when they were confined on sugar beets this vitality declined gradually during the fall and early winter, reaching a low, but nearly constant value during January. This low vitality was maintained the rest of their lives, or until the eggs were laid, in February and March. The leafhoppers lost their vitality more rapidly when confined on desert sage (Atriplex polycarpa (Torr.) S. Wats.) than when confined on sugar beets. Leafhoppers confined on desert sage consistently continued to lose vitality, without ever establishing an equilibrium, and finally (lied before any eggs were laid. Desert sage is one of the most abundant shrubs in the areas where the leafhoppers spend the fall and winter, and a large part of the leafhopper population is forced to feed on this plant for a period ranging from 1 to 3 months in different years. This makes it highly desirable to determine whether leafhoppers that have fed on desert sage until their vitality is at a low ebb can regain their lost vitality when placed upon a more favorable host plant. In order to obtain information on this point, experiments were conducted at Modesto, Calif., during the fall and winter seasons of 1937-38 to 1940-41, inclusive, the results of which are reported here.

Changes in Infant and Child Mortality Rates

THE increase in average length of life since 1900 equals the increase during the previous hundred years. This remarkable achievement has followed from the application of the principles of sanitation, a rise in the general level of living, and, in certain instances, discoveries in prophylactic and therapeutic medicine, all of which have resulted in a sharp decline in the mortality rates of infancy, childhood, and early adult life. In 1900 the expectation of life at birth was 49 years; in 1935 it was 61 years-an increase of 12 years or nearly 25 per cent. One-third of this increase, namely 4 years, is the result of the decline in infant mortality. In other words, even if there had been no change in the mortality rates among persons one year of age and over between 1900 and 1935, the decrease in infant mortality during that period was sufficient to increase the expectation of life at birth by 4 years. If similar calculations are made using the mortality rates in 1935 of children less than 6 years of age and the 1900 mortality rates for persons 6 years and older, the expectation of life at birth would be 7 years greater than that in 1900, a difference equal to nearly 60 per cent of the actual increase from 1900 to 1935. Before proceeding to a discussion of the changes in infant and child mortality rates since 1930, it is essential to point out that the basic statistical data contain certain errors which affect the trend in mortality rates.' With the admission of Texas to the death registration area in 1933, birth and mortality data for the entire United States became available for the first

Predetermining the Necessary Size of a Sample in Marketing Studies

THE size of a sample that is necessary accurately to measure some given characteristic of a market is always a matter of concern to the market analyst. Limited funds, of course, inevitably fix the upper limit of a sample's size. Beyond that everpresent limitation, however, the number of units in a sample used in marketing studies has, in the past, often been determined partly by guesswork, partly By the lessons of past experiences and partly by pure prejudice. Only rarely in the field of marketing have the many well-established statistical principles which particularly pertain to these problems been practically applied. The two statistical measures which the market analyst uses perhaps more frequently than any others, are the arithmetic mean or arithmetic average and the percentage or proportion of a total. For example, the analyst is likely to want to know the average consumption per family of a given food, the average length of life of a particular household product, the average age of the readers of a magazine. He may want to know the percentage of the subscribers to a periodical who are male, the percentage of a number of persons interviewed who use a particular brand of shaving cream. With regard to each of these measures, two problems are most likely to confront the analyst. These are:

The Increase in Average Length of Life

The Increase in Average Length of Life

The Application of the Pure Theory of Population Change to the Theory and Capital

Bohm-Bawerk's concept of capital essentially that of a fund which supports factors of production during the period of production. — The lake and stream analogy, 647. — A better analogy is that of a population: capital, input, output, and the average period of production corresponding to population, births, deaths, and the average length of life, 650. — An analysis of pure population theory for a stationary state, 655; for a geometrically progressive state, 657. — Input as primarily the flow of services from all factors of production, 659. — Output as primarily the flow of services to consumers, 662. — An average period of production defined, which does not go back to any primary factors of production, 664. — Its length is between ten and twenty years, 665. — The existence of a period of production increases the probability of price disturbances, 666. — The concept objectively vague in a system of changing prices, but not so when considered as a subjective determinant of economic behavior, 666.

Relation of Resistance and Allergy in Tuberculosis as Shown by Vaccinating Rabbits with B. C. G

Resistance. Resistance to a subsequent inoculation of a virulent bovine strain of the tubercle bacillus was developed by vaccinating with B. C. G. Four rabbits were inoculated at 4 weekly intervals with 1 mg. of B. C. G. in 1 cc. of salt solution in each of the following methods: (1) living organisms, subcutaneously; (2) living organisms, intravenously; (3) heat killed (60° C. for 30 minutes) organisms, subcutaneously; and (4) heat killed organisms, intravenously. The basis of the 4 methods of administering the vaccine was suggested by previous experiments with streptococcic vaccination in which it was found that the intravenous method of giving the vaccine was superior to the subcutaneous method in developing resistance and in not producing allergy. This was true with both living and heat-killed organisms. Three weeks after the last injection of the B. C. G. vaccine, 9 nonvaccinated rabbits, 4 rabbits vaccinated intravenously with the timothy grass bacillus, and the 16 rabbits vaccinated with B. C. G. were inoculated intravenously with 0.01 mg. of virulent bovine tubercle bacilli. The length of life following the injection of the virulent strain and the degree of involvement, if tuberculous lesions were present, were compared in the nonvaccinated and vaccinated injected animals. The 9 nonvaccinated rabbits died with extensive pulmonary and generalized tuberculosis, 27, 30, 31, 36, 44, 54, 71, 76, and 97 days respectively after receiving the lethal dose of the virulent bovine strain. The average length of life in these 9 animals after injection was 52 days. The 4 animals which were vaccinated with the timothy grass bacillus were used for controls for specificity of any resistance which might develop from the vaccination. Following the inoculation with the bovine bacillus these 4 animals rapidly developed pulmonary and generalized tuberculosis and died 26, 33, 35, and 45 days respectively after the virulent injection. The average length of life after injection was 35 days. No protection was evident from vaccination with this organism. It was even suggested that the vaccination with the timothy grass bacillus might in some way have hastened the course of the infection. One of the 4 rabbits vaccinated subcutaneously with living B. C. G. died the night following the injection. At necropsy no tuberculosis was found. The animal had a positive Mantoux test. It is possible that death was due to an allergic shock. The remaining 3 animals of this group were in good condition 142 days after the injection at which time they were killed. One had multiple firm tubercles in the lungs and kidneys. The amount of involvement was much less, however, than in the non-vaccinated animals. The remaining 2 animals, when killed, had no lesions. Not including the animal which died on the day of inoculation, it is seen that the average length of life of the rabbits in this group was more than 142 days.

EXPERIMENTAL LOW COLONIC OBSTRUCTION

Recent experimental work has emphasized the importance of chloride metabolism in high intestinal obstruction and has offered much of value in the treatment for this condition. Relatively few studies have been made on obstruction low in the large bowel, which produces a somewhat different though not fundamentally dissimilar syndrome. It was felt that a careful study of low obstruction might supplement our knowledge of intestinal obstruction in general by bringing out similarities and differences between low and high obstruction, and might possibly yield information of practical importance for therapy. McClure,1in 1907, produced colonic obstruction by ligation with a cotton cord. Vomiting was prominent, although no food or drink was taken postoperatively. The animals were very drowsy, and the symptoms were progressive; the average length of life was seven days. Dilatation just above the ligature was often enormous, and was uniform up to the ileocecal valve, above which the

The Decline in the Average Length of Life

The Decline in the Average Length of Life

Experimental Low Colonic Obstruction.

The evidence has been accumulating that one of the major factors in death from high intestinal obstruction is loss of fluid and chlorides. This does not signify that a toxemia of unknown nature is not important in such cases. For this reason we have studied a series of dogs with low colonic obstruction. Eleven dogs survived the operation and at autopsy showed no cause of death other than simple obstruction; in 5 of these, obstruction was produced by a band of gauze tied tightly about the rectum; in the remaining 6 the colon was severed about 8 inches above the anus and both ends closed with sutures. The average length of life in these 12 animals was 8 1/2 days, maximum 20 and minimum 5 days. Autopsies showed the large bowel much dilated, discolored, and filled with gas and fluid fecal material. The small bowel was also markedly distended for some distance above the ileo-cecal sphincter, and showed hemorrhagic areas in the lower portion. The gall bladder was usually dilated; peritoneal cavity clear and con...

Practical Applications of Heredity.

Most of the essays in this book have appeared in various periodicals. They deal with such interesting aspects of the problems of eugenics and heredity as are indicated by the following titles: Will Your Son Be a Genius? Heredity and the "Infant Prodigy." The Rôle of Heredity in Crime. Your Children's Chance to Be Talented. Heredity and the Average Length of Life. Proving Paternity by Heritable Characters. Selecting a Child for Adoption. The author is well known for his contributions to this field. He writes nontechnically, and his book is therefore to be recommended to any one interested in those subjects.

The Decline in the Average Length of Life

The Decline in the Average Length of Life

The aberrant ventricular complex as an aid in prognosis

1. 1. Thirty-eight cases showing electrocardiographic evidence of delayed intraventricular conduction are reported, with complete clinical records in thirty-three and subsequent follow-up records in twenty-seven cases over a period of 6 1 2 years. 2. 2. Over three-fourths (75.7 per cent) of the patients were past fifty years of age. 3. 3. The systolic blood pressure was above 200 mm. in four cases out of twenty-six (15 per cent), above 150 mm. in thirteen cases (50 per cent), and below 120 mm. in five cases (19 per cent). The diastolic pressure was above 100 mm. in eight cases (37 per cent). 4. 4. Evidences of bundle-branch block were found in ten patients (26 per cent), right in nine and left in one. 5. 5. Low voltage, 6 millimeters or less in all leads, occurred in four cases (10 per cent). 6. 6. Notching of R- and S-waves in one or more derivations occurred in twenty-five cases (65 per cent). 7. 7. Fourteen patients out of the twenty-six followed, or 53.8 per cent, died, as compared with 46.8 per cent of a control series of patients with auricular fibrillation and normal ventricular complexes. In eleven patients, or 45.8 per cent of the series, death occurred a year or less after the diagnosis of intraventricular delay was made, the average length of life being 8 4 5 months. Six of the eight cases complicated by auricular fibrillation have died. Ten patients out of the twenty-six, or 38.4 per cent, are known to be alive, four of them having lived for 6 years or more. 8. 8. The finding of an aberrant ventricular complex is of serious prognostic importance, but is not incompatible with a number of years of fairly active life.

A Substance Which Prolongs the Life of Adrenalectomized Cats.

We have obtained a substance from the cortex of the adrenal (ox), which prolongs the life of adrenalectomized cats.The water or 0.8% NaCl extract is cleared of much protein and cellular debris by isoelectric precipitation. The substance is then obtained by precipitation with NaCl. Epinephrin is removed by washing.At present we have used this preparation in the treatment of 21 adrenalectomized cats. Two of these cats are not included in this report, because one died from being overheated, and the other is still alive after 175 days, no injections having been given for 100 days.The average length of life of untreated adrenalectomized cats may be taken as 5 to 6 days, judging from the work of Marine and Baumann,1 and our own unpublished results.The first 5 cats in this study lived an average of 15.6 days, although we were constantly modifying our preparation, and at times there was evidence of deterioration. The results were complicated, or the experiment even terminated in some, by infection (Table I).In th...

Further Observations on The Life History, Habits, and Control of The Narcissus Bulb Fly, Merodon Equestris, With Data on The Effects of Carbon Disulplhide Fumigation on Three Bulb Pests

Since November 1925, considerable progress has been made in working out details of the biology of the Narcissus bulb fly, Merodon equestris Fab., under outdoor conditions at Washington, D. C. It was found that the larval stage lasted about 10 months. Pupation took place from March 25 to April 17, 1926, and the pupal stage lasted 5 to 7 weeks. Flies emerged from May 8 to 22. Maximum longevity of the flies was 4 weeks, the average length of life being 16 or 17 days. Egg laying capacity was nearly 100 eggs per female fly. Eggs hatched in 10 to 14 days, the average being 12. Larvae grew most rapidly during the first two months. Detailed information on various phases of the life history is presented in tabular form. Notes showing severity of infestation of imported King Alfred narcissus bulbs with larvae of M. equestris, E. strigatus, and R. hyacinthi are given. Preliminary data is presented in tabular form showing the effects of CS, fumigation, under normal atmospheric pressure, on larvae of both bulb flies and on the bulb mite, as well as on the subsequent growth and flowering of the bulbs at dosages ranging from 10 to 30 pounds per 1000 cu. it. with exposures lasting 2, 12, and 23½, hours. The results proved quite decisive and serve to suggest the range of effectiveness of this chemical as a bulb fumigant. The 10 lb. dosage with a 2 hr. exposure was equally ineffective under a 27-inch vacuum and under normal atmospheric pressure, but neither treatment injured the growth and flowering of the bulbs as compared with that of the untreated “checks.” Dosages of from 10 to 30 lbs. with exposures of 23½hrs. gave 100 per cent control of both species of larvae and from 90 to 99.4 per cent control of the bulb mites. Dosages of 20 to 30 Ibs. with a 23½, hr. exposure proved fatal to the bulbs and caused a characteristic brownish discoloration of the basal plate. These results suggest the possibility of finding a range of lower dosages and shorter exposures that will kill these pests without injuring the bulbs.

Accessory Etiologic Factors of Pneumonia in Rabbits. I: Effect of Putting Brilliant Green into Nasal Passages.

A weak solution (from 0.1 to 0.3 per cent) of brilliant green dropped into the nostrils of rabbits carrying B. lepisepticum incites severe snuffles and pneumonia. In rabbits not carrying the organism naturally, the same effect can be obtained by putting a small amount of culture into the nostrils before the dye is given or 1 or 2 days afterwards. The dye alone has little or no visible effect.Thirty-two rabbits having very slight serous discharges from the nose, and, a positive lepisepticum culture, were given 0.2 cc. of the solution (0.3 per cent) in each nostril. All of the rabbits developed very profuse nasal discharges, which often caused such obstruction of the nasal passages, that they were forced to breathe through the mouth. To all intents and purposes the rabbits had a very severe and active form of snuffles. Twenty-one of them developed pulmonary infections and died from the 3d to the 15th day after treatment, the average length of life after treatment being 8 days. The others gradually improved ...