Average Intensity Values Research Articles

A Histogram Analysis of the Pixel Grayscale (Luminous Intensity) of B-Mode Ultrasound Images of the Subcutaneous Layer Predicts the Grade of Leg Edema in Pregnant Women.

The technique most widely used to quantitatively measure leg edema is only a pitting edema method. It has recently become possible to digitize B-mode ultrasound images and accurately quantify their brightness using an image-analysis software program. The purpose of this study was to find new indices of the grade of leg skin, to study whether or not analyses of the subcutaneous layer of leg skin on ultrasound images using image-editing software program can be used to evaluate it and to digitize it. Images of 282 subcutaneous layers of leg skin in 141 pregnant women were obtained using a B-scan portable ultrasound device. Rectangular photographs (vertical: skin thickness; horizontal: width of probe) were obtained using an image-editing program, and the luminous intensity (pixel grayscale: 0-255) and thickness of the skin were calculated using a histogram. We investigated the correlation between these parameters and the grade of pitting edema (0-3). There was a significant positive correlation between the grade of pitting edema and the average luminous intensity value, its standard deviation, and the skin thickness (ρ = 0.36, ρ = 0.22, ρ = 0.51, p < 0.0001, respectively). In particular, there was strong positive correlation between the grade of pitting edema and both the total number of pixels in a rectangle × (multiplied by) the average luminous intensity value and the total number of pixels in a rectangle × the standard deviation of the average luminous intensity value (ρ = 0.58 and ρ = 0.59, p < 0.0001, respectively). We could quantitatively evaluate the grade of leg edema by analyzing ultrasound photographs of the subcutaneous layer of the leg skin using an image-editing software program and found new indices to digitize it.

YONGʻINNI VIDEOTASVIRDA RANGLI FILTRLASH BILAN INTENSIVLIK OʻZGARISHI ASOSIDA ANIQLASH

The paper reviews achievements made in the field of video analytics and computer vision, which enable automatic detection of fires, based on video data. Various algorithms have been implemented in sought for effective fire detection methods using video. As one of these, a color-based fire detection algorithm is being described. However, using only one color model for fi re detection is an inefficient approach. The paper proposes a method for estimating temporal changes in pixel intensity, which is used to retrieve information about fires from fire-like objects in a video image. This method helps to calculate the average intensity value in a sequence of shots. A special software has been developed in the Python programming language using the OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision Library) library, and the corresponding findings have been gained in view to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Performance evaluation of buried PVC pipelines for tank irrigation: a case study of Deevanur tank

Abstract Water is vital to life and development in all parts of the world. Since rain or other precipitation is the only source of water, it should be carefully harvested, stored, conserved and managed for the benefit of the largest number by optimizing the use of the amount available. The available water should be utilized judiciously so that the future generation is saved from deterioration stress. This study was conducted in the Deevanur tank located in Tindivanam Taluk in Tamil Nadu, India. The study was carried out in the crop calendar years from 2006–07 to 2017–18. The performance of the tank irrigation system in this study was evaluated using a Cropping Intensity indicator. This study reveals that Cropping Intensity was increased to more than 100% after rehabilitation of the tank irrigation system and is easily observed. Before rehabilitation of the tank, the average Cropping Intensity value was only 0.87. After rehabilitation of the tank, the average Cropping Intensity value increased to 1.20. The Cropping Intensity indicator is good for evaluating the modernization of the tank irrigation system.

A High-Capacity Coverless Information Hiding Based on the Lowest and Highest Image Fragments

Coverless data hiding is resistant to steganalytical tool attacks because a stego image is not altered. On the other hand, one of its flaws is its limited hiding capacity. Recently, a coverless data-hiding method, known as the coverless information-hiding method based on the most significant bit of the cover image (CIHMSB), has been developed. This uses the most significant bit value in the cover image by calculating the average intensity value on the fragment and mapping it with a predefined sequence. As a result, CIHMBS is resistant to attack threats such as additive Gaussian white noise (AGWN), salt-and-pepper noise attacks, low-pass filtering attacks, and Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) compression attacks. However, it only has a limited hiding capacity. This paper proposes a coverless information-hiding method based on the lowest and highest values of the fragment (CIHLHF) of the cover image. According to the experimental results, the hiding capacity of CIHLHF is twice that of CIHMSB.

Evaluation of the different exposure parameters for the accurate diagnosis of peri-implantitis severity in digital panoramic radiography

To evaluate the accuracy of the diagnosis of peri-implant bone defects' severities in digital panoramic radiographs obtained at different tube voltage and/or tube current settings. Two different sizes of peri-implant bone defects (type 1 and type 2) were prepared after the implants were inserted into 29 bovine rib blocks. Digital panoramic radiographs were obtained at eight different tube voltage and/or tube current settings for all rib blocks. Implant images were cropped separately. The average intensity value (AIV) of cropped images were analyzed using Adobe Photoshop CC software. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare AIVs. All cropped images were evaluated using a five-point Likert scale for the likelihood of a bone defect being absent or present. The weighted kappa values were calculated to compare observer agreement and ROC analysis was performed to determine the appropriate exposure parameters. The lowest AIV was obtained at 72 kV/6.3 mA (92.162±16.016), and the highest AIV was obtained at 60 kV/3.2 mA (179.050±13.823). The Kruskal-Wallis H test showed significant differences in the AIVs according to the exposure parameters (p<0.001). The kappa coefficient for the inter-observer agreement was excellent (0.864, p<0.001). The AUC values for type 1 defects ranged from 0.778 and 0.860; for type 2 defects ranged from 0.920 and 0.967. The AUC value of type 1 defects was slightly better in panoramic images obtained with high kV and low mA levels (72 kV/3.2 mA), compared to others. In daily clinical routine, peri-implant bone defects might be evaluated by panoramic radiographs obtained with all kV and mA values tested. However, to avoid misdiagnosing and for better accuracy, panoramic radiographs obtained with high kV and low mA levels suitable for patients should be used, especially in the detection of small or initial bone defects.

Quantum image chaos encryption scheme based on quantum long-short term memory network

In recent years, the transmission security of image information has become an important research direction in the internet field. In this work, we propose a quantum image chaos encryption scheme based on quantum long-short term memory (QLSTM) network. We find that because the QLSTM network has a complex structure and more parameters, when the QLSTM network is used to improve the Lorenz chaotic sequence, its largest Lyapunov exponent is 2.5465% higher than that of the original sequence and 0.2844% higher than that the sequence improved by the classical long-short term memory (LSTM) network, while its result is closer to 1 and more stable in the 0–1 test. The improved sequence of QLSTM network has better chaotic performance and is predicted more difficultly, which improves the security of single chaotic system encryption. The original image is stored in the form of quantum states by using the NCQI quantum image representation model, and the improved sequence of QLSTM network is used to control the three-level radial diffusion, quantum generalized Arnold transform and quantum W-transform respectively, so that the gray value and pixel position of the quantum image are changed and the final encrypted image is obtained. The encryption scheme proposed in this work obtains the average information entropy of all three channels of RGB of greater than 7.999, the average value of pixel number change rate of 99.6047%, the average value of uniform average change intensity of 33.4613%, the average correlation of 0.0038, etc. In the test of statistical properties, the encryption scheme has higher security than some other traditional methods and can resist the common attacks.

Pitfalls of Using T2-contrast Enhancement Techniques in 3D-FLAIR to Detect Endolymphatic Hydrops.

To determine whether T2-contrast enhancement techniques can be used to diagnose endolymphatic hydrops, we compared fluid signal artifacts with and without T2-contrast enhancement techniques in 3D fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (3D-FLAIR). We prepared a custom-made phantom consisting of eight tubes half-filled with saline. Images were obtained using four 3D-FLAIR: without T2-contrast enhancement (Normal), with non-selective T2-inversion recovery (T2-IR), and two with non-selective T2 preparation IR (T2-prep). Scans were performed with and without rice covering the phantom to simulate minimal and severe B0-inhomogeneity conditions. The average signal intensity (SI) values of eight saline tubes were compared between the four sequences and between each other. Comparisons were performed for all measurement slices and the central 10 slices. The images using T2-contrast enhancement technique were obtained from a volunteer and a patient suspected of Meniere's disease. The Normal sequence SI for all slices was significantly lower than that for the other sequences, with smaller standard deviation (SD) and no outliers. Several outliers were detected in the other sequences. The SDs and outliers were larger without rice than with rice. When the central 10 slices with rice, the T2-IR had a significantly higher SI with more outliers compared with the Normal sequence. The T2-prep had no outliers and SIs that were comparable to those of the Normal sequence. However, without rice, the T2-IR and T2-prep sequences had significantly higher SIs with outliers and larger SDs compared to the Normal sequence. In the corresponding images, the Normal sequence achieved excellent fluid suppression, whereas the T2-IR and T2-prep sequences showed high-signal artifacts. Imperfect fluid suppressions were observed in the volunteer image and the endolymphatic hydrops on the post-gadolinium image differed in size and shape in the non-injected T2-IR in the patient image. T2-contrast enhancement techniques should be used with caution in 3D-FLAIR for diagnosing endolymphatic hydrops.

The Method of Soundscape Naturalness Curves in the Evaluation of Mountain Trails of Diversified Anthropopressure—Case Study of Korona Beskidów Polskich

Sound in the landscape is an element of the multisensory experience of the environment. In areas that are naturally valuable and additionally used for tourism, the quality of this element is much more important than in urban areas. The aim of the study was to assess the soundscape diversity of mountain trails included in the Crown of the Polish Beskids (Korona Beskidów Polskich). Two methods were used in the study: The first was sound intensity measurement using a sonometer, which provided information on the physical aspect of the landscape. The second method involved recording all sounds divided into two basic categories: anthropogenic and natural. These results made it possible to propose a new method for assessing the naturalness of the soundscape by plotting naturalness curves. In contrast to frequently used survey-based methods, in this method we minimise subjectivity, which is mainly due to the different perceptions of sounds by the assessors. Given how many psychophysical aspects can affect the reception and perception of sounds, the method of naturalness curves allows for a universal assessment of landscape quality. On all the mountain trails surveyed, the average sound intensity values exceeded 40 dB, which the authors considered to be borderline for areas of natural value and recreational use. In the study area, the influence of anthropopression on soundscape formation was found to be diverse and dependent on many factors. However, there was no clear evidence that tourism was the main negative influence. The plotted naturalness curves showed a large variation between trails, but not all trails showed a correlation between this parameter and the number of tourists on the trail.

Average Intensity and Wavelength of the Emitted Radiations from Earth Surface with Error Analysis

This research finds the spectrum and the net intensity of the emitted radiations from the earth surface at different temperatures of 273, 283, 293, 303, 313, and 323 K. The intensity of the radiations emitted from the surface varies by 272.013 Wm-2 between 273 K and 323 K surface temperatures at emissivity 0.9. The average intensity for emissivity 0.9 is 410.405 Wm-2, with a standard deviation of 101.94 Wm-2 and standard error 41.616. The calculated mean emitted flux is found 8.9482 W/m2/sr/µm for 0.9 emissivity. At emissivity of 0.96, the desert emits radiation with an average intensity of 437.77 Wm-2 having standard deviation 108.708 Wm-2 and standard error 44.379. These large values of standard deviation and standard error are due to the large difference between any two adjacent values of intensity of the emitted radiations. Standard error comparisons between the emissivity calculations of 0.9 and 0.96 show that the intensity in emissivity 0.9 is more appropriate than the intensity in emissivity 0.96 in determining the average value of intensity of emitted radiations. The difference between the calculated and standard values for the average intensity of radiation radiated from the earth’s surface is about 17%.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN MASASE DALAM PENURUNAN NYERI KEPALA PADA LANSIA PENDERITA HIPERTENSI DI DESA DASAN TERENG WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS NARMADA

From the Word Organization (WHO, 2014) shows one in three adults throughout the world suffer from hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension is expected to continue to increase and is predicted in 2025 as many as 29% of adults worldwide suffer from hypertension, while in Indonesia the figure reaches 31.7% (Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, 2016). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving head massage to reduce headache in elderly people with hypertension in the Dasan Tereng Village, Narmada Health Center. This type of research is a pre experiment with the One Group Pretes Post test approach. The data collection technique used was accidental sampling with 57 respondents. Data collection uses observation sheets. The results of the study with the average value of the pain scale intensity on hypertensive clients before being given a pain intensity massage of 59.09 and the average after a head massage with a value of 59.09%, Then the calculated value shows a p value of 0.002, which means more smaller than the critical limit of 0.05 which means H1 is accepted and H0 is rejected. There is an influence of head massage on the reduction of headache in patients with hypertension in the Dasan Tereng village, the working area of the Narmada Public Health Center. It is expected to improve health programs and motivate, facilitate and support activities, especially head massage activities so that they can be used as routine programs such as health program socialization

Object Detection in 3D Point Cloud Based on ECA Mechanism

Aiming at the problems of high complexity and low detection accuracy of single-stage three-dimensional (3D) detection method, a vehicle object detection algorithm based on the Efficient Channel Attention (ECA) mechanism is proposed. This paper provides a good solution to the problems of low object recognition accuracy and high model complexity in the field of 3D object detection. First, we voxelized the original point cloud data, taking the average coordinates and intensity values as the initial features. By entering into the Voxel Feature Encoding (VFE) layer, we can extract the features of each voxel. Then, referring to the VoxelNet model, the ECA mechanism is introduced, which reduces the complexity of the model while maintaining the good performance in the model. Finally, experiments on the widely used KITTI dataset show that the algorithm performs well, and the accuracy of the proposed ECA algorithm has reached 87.75%. Compared with the current mainstream algorithm SE-SSD of object detection, the accuracy is increased by 0.21%.

Pemantauan dan Upaya Peningkatan Intensitas Pencahayaan Lokal Pada Pekerjaan Menjahit di KUB Mampu Jaya untuk Mencegah Kelelahan pada Mata

The purpose of this community service activity is to helpincrease the intensity of additional lighting in each work unitthat is still low in lighting intensity. The implementationmethod in this activity starts from a site survey, coordinationwith related parties such as the Surabaya city health officeand the local health center as the coordinator of theoccupational health post. Then measure the intensity oflighting and increase additional lighting on work units withless lighting intensity. The measurement results in all workunits obtained an average lighting intensity value of 107 lux(standard 500 lux). After installing additional local lighting,the results obtained are the intensity of the lighting with anaverage of 928 lux. When viewed from the measurementresults before and after local lighting was installed, there wasan increase in lighting intensity. After the intervention withthe installation of local lighting there was an increase in theintensity of the lighting in accordance with the standardlighting for the type of sewing work. This condition needs tobe maintained so that workers feel comfortable andcomplaints of eye fatigue can be minimized. In addition, it isnecessary to measure periodically to ensure the intensity ofthe lighting is in accordance with the standard.

Efektivitas Massage Effleurage Terhadap Penurunan Nyeri Pada Ibu Bersalin Kala I Fase Aktif Di UPT Puskesmas Ciruas Kabupaten Serang

About 90% of mothers giving birth are always accompanied by pain, while pain during labor is a common thing. Physiological events during labor can traumatize the mother because of the pain she experiences. Some mothers are even traumatized to get pregnant and give birth again because they are afraid they will experience the same pain. Severe pain during labor causes the mother to experience psychological disorders.The research design is a research using a quantitative approach. The research design used in this study was a quasi-experimental with two group pretest-posttest design with a sample of 36 pregnant women divided into 2 control groups 18 interventions 18 and the researchers selected respondents using purposive sampling technique. The average value of pain intensity without intervention in the control group was 6, while in the intervention group it decreased with an average of 3.5. There is an effectiveness of the influence of effleurage massage on reducing pain in mothers giving birth at the UPT Ciruas Health Center. It is suggested that the results of this study can add insight in digging information on the effectiveness and influence of massage effleuage on the pain level of women in childbirth during an active phase as part of a management of complementary midwifery care and traditional health which makes culture in Indonesia and the world.

Modeling and Investigation of the Effect of a Wind Turbine on the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Wind power engineering is one of the environmentally safe areas of energy and certainly makes a significant contribution to the fight against CO2 emissions. The study of the air masses movement in the zone of wind turbines and their influence on the boundary layer of the atmosphere is a fundamental basis for the efficient use of wind energy. The paper considers the theory of the movement of air masses in the rotation zone of a wind turbine, and presents an analytical review of applied methods for modeling the atmospheric boundary layer and its interaction with a wind turbine. The results of modeling the boundary layer in the wind turbine zone using the STAR CCM+ software product are presented. The wind speed and intensity of turbulence in the near and far wake of the wind turbine at nominal load parameters are investigated. There is a significant decrease in the average wind speed in the near wake of the wind generator by 3 m/s and an increase in turbulent intensity by 18.3%. When considering the long-distance track behind the wind turbine, there is a decrease in the average speed by 0.6 m/s, while the percentage taken from the average value of the turbulent intensity is 7.2% higher than in the section in front of the wind generator. The influence of a wind turbine on the change in the temperature stratification of the boundary layer is considered. The experiments revealed a temperature change (up to 0.5 K), which is insignificant, but at night the stratification reaches large values due to an increase in the temperature difference in the surface boundary layer. In the long term, the research will contribute to the sustainable and efficient development of regional wind energy.

Design of hyperchaotic system based on multi-scroll and its encryption algorithm in color image

Chaotic systems are suitable for image encryption due to their numerous intrinsic properties. However, the low-dimensional chaotic systems used in many existing chaos-based image encryption algorithms suffer from various drawbacks. To overcome such problems, a new four-dimensional multi-scroll hyperchaotic system is constructed in this paper. By studying the stability of equilibrium point, dissipation attractors, Lyapunov exponent spectrum, and bifurcation diagram of the system, these are proved that the system has rich dynamical behaviors. Then, based on the system, a new color image encryption algorithm is designed by using the classical structure of the ‘scrambling-diffusion-scrambling’ algorithm. In this image encryption algorithm, an optimized Arnold transform is used and the plaintext pixel sum is applied to the scrambling parameters so that different plaintext image pixels correspond to different scrambling parameters and are fully resistant to plaintext attacks. Then for the three Red, Green, Blue (RGB) channels, three different diffusion directions are adopted. Finally, the correlation between the pixels is further broken by an ascending permutation scrambling operation to get the final encrypted image. The experimental results show that the key space is up to 2207, the information entropy is up to 7.9998, the Number of Pixels Change Rate (NPCR) and the Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI) values are close to the ideal values, the scheme can resist exhaustive and differential attacks, and the scheme has good robustness through noise attacks and crop attacks.

The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) attack and its genetic diversity on rice in Bali, Indonesia

Abstract. Listihani L, Ariati PEP, Yuniti IGAD, Selangga DGW. 2022. The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) attack and its genetic diversity on rice in Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 4696-4704. The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) is an important pest on rice crops in Indonesia. The genetic diversity of BPH isolates in western Indonesia has been extensively reported, whereas eastern Indonesia isolates have not been reported. This research aims to analyze genetic diversity and evaluate the BPH attack's intensity on Bali rice plants. The research method used was an observation of attack percentage, population dynamics, attack intensity, and genetic diversity of BPH in 9 districts in Bali (Badung, Gianyar, Klungkung, Bangli, Karangasem, Tabanan, Denpasar City, Buleleng, and Jembrana). Molecular identification was carried out on N. lugens DNA in the mtCOI fragment. BPH attacks of &gt;50% were found in the districts of Gianyar, Bangli, Jembrana, and Badung. The BPH population was primarily found in Ciherang and IR-64 varieties of rice in the Badung Regency, with 43.67 BPH per rice hill. In general, rice varieties grown in all observation locations were susceptible to BPH, such as Ciherang, IR-64, Inpari 32, and Situbagendit. In the Ciherang and IR-64 varieties, the highest attack intensity average value reached 30%. The sequence of N. lugens isolate from Bali Jembrana showed the highest nucleotide and amino acid homology with N. lugens isolate FSD-034 from Pakistan (MK301229) biotype Y of 99.5 -99.74% and 100%, respectively. This study found N. lugens biotype Y in rice plants for the first time in Indonesia. This study reported that Rice varieties Situbagendit and Inpari 32, previously resistant to BPH, are reported as susceptible to BPH.

Computer-Aided System of the Mandibular Cortical Bone Porosity Assessment on Digital Panoramic Radiographs.

The loss of bone mineral density (BMD) in various sites of the body, including the mandible, is the main sign of osteoporosis. Thus, the computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system was developed for bone density assessment and patients were classified into normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis groups using a digital panoramic radiograph. Data of dental panoramic radiographs and corresponding BMD assessments from 123 postmenopausal women were collected. For the proposed CAD system test, regions of interest (ROI) that were located below the left and right mental foramen on dental panoramic radiographs were determined. The width and texture of the mandibular cortical bone in each ROI were used to classify the data into normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis classes. The width of the mandibular cortical was measured using the polynomial fitting method. The texture feature of the cortical bone is obtained by calculating the average value of the grayscale intensity of cortical bone. The classification result was obtained by using a multiclass support vector machine. The experimental results using 10-fold cross-validation showed that the proposed system achieved an average accuracy of 86.50% for osteoporosis classification on dental panoramic radiographs. The average misclassification error and relative foreground area error of the segmentation process were 5.21 and 12.98%, respectively. From the analysis of the cortical width measurement process, highest average mandibular cortical width (MCW) was found in the normal patient category compared with the other classes. This research showed that the proposed computer-aided system can be used for osteoporosis and osteopenia assessment by measuring the MCW and texture on dental panoramic radiographs with the average system accuracy of 89.52%.

Exact Quantifying of Mass Spectrometric Variable Intensity of Analyte Peaks with Respect to Experimental Conditions of Measurements – A Stochastic Dynamic Approach

The study provides new function tested on labetalol in large infusion volumes (Vinf = 80-115 µL) via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, tandem MS2–MS7 operation modes and collision energy: 0, 0.1, 10, 20, 25, 26, 30 and 35 eV, respectively. It is derived from the stochastic dynamic mass spectrometric equation D”SD = 2.6388.10-17.(<I2>-<I>2), which exactly quantifies analyte concentration in solution. Also, it determines 3D conformations and electronic structures. The description of mass spectrometric intensity data as random variables and the shown relation, there are written two new linear functions among D”SD parameters, average total intensity values of fragmentation peaks, infusion volume, and collision energy. They introduce covariance of datasets of variables per short span of scan time of ions in any experimental conditions “l” and “m”. They are: D”SD;m,l = D”SD,l + D”SD,m + 5.2776.10-17.{<Il.Im>–<Il>.<Im>}≈<Il>+<Im> and <Il>+<Im>≈|rl,m|.sd(yEr±)1.sd(yEr±)m. Those relations yields to new formula D”SD,l+ D”SD,m = |rl,m|.sd(yEr±)l.sd(yEr±)m, providing exact function of mass spectrometric variable intensity of any peaks of analyte ion in any two sets of experimental conditions of measurements and diffusion parameters according to the first formula. Correlation between theory and experiment of fragmentation processes of labetalol shows |r|=1–0.99999. Chemometrics is used.

Reassessing the paleointensities of three Quaternary volcanic structures of the -Michoacán-Guanajuato Volcanic Field (Mexico) through a multimethodological analysis

An approach that has acquired popularity in the last decade to ensure the quality of paleointensity determinations is the use of multimethodological analysis, especially when comparing intensity values obtained by methods with different physical bases such as the conventional Thellier-type experiments against the Shaw-family methods and the most recent multispecimen protocol. This research presents the reevaluation of the intensities of three monogenetic volcanic structures: the Rancho Seco and Jabalí cones and lavas, and the Malpaís Prieto fissure lava flow, all located in the Michoacán-Guanajuato volcanic field (central Mexico). This analysis is accompanied by an exhaustive study of rock-magnetic properties to obtain a complete characterization of the magnetization carriers and a better understanding of the intensity results. The three volcanic structures have previously published intensity data; one of them was obtained with the original Shaw method that nowadays is considered unreliable due to the absence of monitoring of thermal alteration during the experiment. The quality of the previously published data is discussed to be compared to our intensity values, which were obtained employing Thellier-type methods and the multispecimen protocol (MSP). A good concordance was found for the data obtained by more than one methodology for samples from the Jabalí volcano and the Malpaís Prieto lava flow, obtaining average intensity values of 43.7 ± 5.1 μT and 47.8 ± 3.1 μT, respectively. However, a difference of almost 30 μT was found between our MSP results (50.9 ± 2.8 μT) and previously published data using the IZZI method (20.0 ± 1.4 μT) for Rancho Seco volcano. An attempt was made to clarify this controversial result with the support of stepwise susceptibility against temperature curves analysis and the results obtained from a set of samples treated with the Tsunakawa-Shaw paleointensity method. The results obtained indicate that the low paleointensity values are associated with the thermal alteration of the magnetic mineralogy of the samples.

Variations of Cosmic ray intensity in relation to Sunspot Number and Solar Wind Parameters over the period 1996-2019

Variation of Solar Wind Parameters (Proton density, Speed of SW and IMF-BZ) are changes with Cosmic ray intensity during solar cycle 23 and 24. In this work, we using the cosmic ray intensity (CRI) variation data from Oulu (Rc = 0.81GV) neutron monitors and solar-interplanetary activity data used from OMNIWeb data center for the analysis. The work includes solar wind speed, interplanetary magnetic field Bz and solar wind proton density selected indices during the period 1996-2019. Variation of solar wind plasma and interplanetary magnetic field coefficients has been studied with CRI. The study of the correlation between Sunspot number and cosmic ray intensity has been analyze and found inversely correlated with coefficient r = - 0.87. It is found that there is a linear negative correlation between Solar wind speed verses the cosmic ray intensity with correlation coefficient -0.53. The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF-Bz) shows a high negative correlation (r = -0.90) with Cosmic ray intensity for the solar cycle 23 and 24. The weak positive correlation coefficient has been found yearly average value of Cosmic ray intensity (CRI) with proton density (r = 0.19) for the study period. The solar wind index shows very remarkable relationship with CRI.