Average Diameter Of Inhibition Zone Research Articles

Effectiveness of iodine derived from Eucheuma spinosum against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella sp.

Seaweed is the primary source of carrageenan, but it also contains iodine, which can inhibit bacterial activity and growth. The iodine contained in seaweed results from interaction with the marine environment rich in iodine. The research was conducted from June to November 2022 and used iodine from seaweed extraction to test antibacterial activity (Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella sp). The antibacterial activity test was carried out for 48 hours. The iodine concentration was determined using titration, while the antibacterial activity test used the Disc Diffusion Test. The research showed that Eucheuma spinosum extract contained iodine, 0.38% - 1.22%. The antibacterial activity of seaweed iodine test results revealed an average inhibition zone diameter of 11.5 mm for Staphylococcus aureus and 12 mm for Salmonella sp. This research shows that the iodine in Eucheuma spinosum extract has an inhibitory solid impact on the activity and growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella sp.

Formulation of Silver Nanoparticle Mouthwash and Testing of Antibacterial Activity Against Staphylococcus aureus

Silver Nanoparticles (AgNP) are silver particles of no more than 100 nm in size. Silver nanoparticles have antimicrobial characteristics and have been applied to various fields as antibacterial agents. This study aims to formulate and examine the antibacterial activity in preparing silver nanoparticle mouthwash on Staphylococcus aureus. The silver nanoparticles are synthesized using a chemical reduction method, of which the wavelength is then characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and the PSA instrument is used for particle size. Silver nanoparticles are formulated for a mouthwash with various concentrations such as 0%, 60%, 70%, and 80% consecutively as formula 1, 2, 3, and 4. The observation is then performed on the organoleptic, pH, stability, and bacterial activity of the Staphylococcus aureus using the disk diffusion method. The study results indicate that the preparation of silver nanoparticle mouthwash has a good organoleptic; the average pH of formula 1, 2, 3, and 4 consecutively is 3.40, 3.40, 3.46, and 3.54; however, it is not stable during the storage stage. The result of the antibacterial activity test on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria shows that formula 2 has the most oversized average inhibition zone diameter that is 13.14±0.31 mm compared to formulas 1, 3, and 4, namely 5.20±0.44; 12.40±0.74; and 8.40±0.89 mm. The active formula of mouthwash preparation to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is formula 2.

Biopesticide Nanoformulations Based on Clove Essential Oil for the Growth Inhibition of Lichens

Clove essential oil with eugenol as the major compound was used to develop a biopesticide formulation for lichens. Due to the suboptimal effectiveness and high volatility, the present research aimed to prepare a stable and effective deliverable nano biopesticide formulation by adding AgNO3 powder to clove essential oil. The analysis was carried out with several variations: Storage time, AgNO3 concentration, and the effect of adding emulsifiers like Tween 80 and PEG 400. Biopesticide formulations were characterized using a ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared, pore size analyzer, and scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray. The effectiveness of inhibiting lichen growth was determined through an inhibition test. The results showed that the effective biopesticide formulation with AgNO3 was obtained at 429?475 nm wavelength, with a particle size of 217 nm and a PI value below 0.5. To reduce the particle size further, the addition of Tween 80 and PEG 400 in the process showed that the particle size achieved was 111.8?172.2 nm with round and irregular morphology, close to the nanoparticle size, and a suitable nanoemulsion formulation. Clove essential oil biopesticide modified with AgNO3, Tween 80, and PEG 400 effectively inhibited lichen growth with an average inhibition zone diameter of 33?37 mm compared to 36.4 mm in positive control and no inhibition in negative controls.. KEYWORDS :Biopesticides, Clove essential oil, Eugenol, Growth inhibition, Lichen, Silver

The Antibacterial Potency of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract on Semau Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Against Escherichia coli

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the phytochemical constituent of Moringa oleifera leaf extract and determine the inhibition of these extract against Escherichia coli bacteria. Methodology: This was a laboratory experimental study. Moringa leaves was collected from Semau Island, East Nusa tenggara, Indonesia. Quantitative testing was carried out to determine the bioactive components of Moringa leaf extract. The well diffusion method was used to test the inhibitory activity of moringa leaf extract against E. coli. The treatment were divided into 10 extract concentrations (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%,70%, 80%, 90%, 100%). Results: This study showed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, tannins and saponins in M. oleifera leaf extract. M. oleifera leaf extract has different inhibitory properties against E. coli bacteria. Moringa extract concentrations of 10%, 20% and did not show inhibitory activity against E. coli while the others concentrations were able to inhibit the growth of E. coli. The average inhibition zone diameter for each concentration varied i.e 1.91 mm (40%), 6.27 mm (50%), 8.53mm (60%), 10.39 mm (70%), 12.80 mm (80%), 14.84 mm (90%) and 19.04 mm (100%). The most effective for inhibiting the growth of E. coli bacteria was 100%. The results of statistical analysis using repeated ANOVA tests obtained p value 0.001 (p<0.05) that means the M. oleifera leaf extract able to inhibit E. coli. Contributions: We conclude that M. oleifera leaves have the potential as an antibacterial, so further studies related to the use of M. oleifera in overcoming various environmental health problems is needed.

Antibactery test of dragon scale leaves (Drymoglossum piloselloides) patientaries on the hamble zone of Propionibacterium acnes

Research on the benefits of the starch essence of dragon scale leaves (Drymoglossum piloselloides) against anti-bacterial P.acnes has not yet been conducted. The use of dragon's scales as an anti-bacterial on acne is intended to develop a new type of anti-bacterial that has minimal side effects against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria and to overcome resistance problems arising from the use of antibiotic drugs. This research uses laboratory experimental method with quantitative research type and the design used in the research is Post Test Only Control Group Design. The parameters measured were the antibacterial power of Drymoglossum piloselloides leaf starch juice against Propionibacterium acnes microbiologically by using the disc paper method, then the inhibition zone was measured using a caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. The results of measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone of dragon scale leaf starch juice (Drymoglossum piloselloides) against Propionibacterium acnes inhibition zone, obtained the average diameter of the inhibition zone at a concentration of 40% of 1.26 mm with a weak category, at a concentration of 50% of 1.94 mm with a weak category, at a concentration of 60% of 2.8 mm with a weak category, at a concentration of 70% of 3.36 mm with a weak category, at a concentration of 80% of 3.94 mm with a weak category and in the positive control using Chloramphenicol get an average inhibition zone diameter of 8.36 mm with a moderate category

Highly Water-Stable Zinc Based Metal-Organic Framework: Antibacterial, Photocatalytic Degradation and Photoelectric Responses.

A reported water-stable Zn-MOF ([Zn(L)2(bpa)(H2O)2]·2H2O, H2L = 5-(2-cyanophenoxy) isophthalic acid has been prepared via a low-cost, general and efficient hydrothermal method. It is worth noting the structural features of Zn-MOF which exhibit the unsaturated metal site and the main non-covalent interactions including O⋯H, N⋯H and π-π stacking interactions, which lead to strong antibacterial and good tetracycline degradation ability. The average diameter of the Zn-MOF inhibition zone against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was 12.22 mm and 10.10 mm, respectively. Further, the water-stable Zn-MOF can be employed as the effective photocatalyst for the photodegradation of tetracycline, achieving results of 67% within 50 min, and it has good cyclic stability. In addition, the photodegradation mechanism was studied using UV-vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy (UV-VIS DRS) and valence-band X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (VB-XPS) combined with the ESR profile of Zn-MOF, which suggest that ·O2- is the main active species responsible for tetracycline photodegradation. Also, the photoelectric measurement results show that Zn-MOF has a good photocurrent generation performance under light. This provides us with a new perspective to investigate Zn-MOF materials as a suitable multifunctional platform for future environmental improvement applications.

Antibacterial Activity of Acetone Coconut Husk (Cocos Nucifera Linn) Extract Against Staphylococcus Aureus and Escherichia Coli Bacteria

Coconut plant (Cocos nucifera Linn) is an annual plant that is most beneficial to the people of Indonesia, because almost all parts of the plant can be utilized and used for medicine and daily needs. Part of the coconut plant, namely coconut fiber which is considered as waste, can be used as an antibacterial agent because it contains tannin compounds or also called tannic acid which is a complex chemical compound consisting of several polyphenolic compounds which act as antibacterial and antiviral. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of coconut coir acetone extract (Cocos nucifera Linn) against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The method used is disc diffusion (Kirby and Bauer test). Coconut coir powder (Cocos nucifera Linn) was macerated with acetone for 3 x 24 hours. Furthermore, the antibacterial test of coconut coir extract (Cocos nucifera Linn) was carried out against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. Chloramphenicol as a positive control and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as a negative control. The results of antibacterial activity that have been carried out show that coco coir extract (Cocos nucifera Linn) with a concentration of 60% is the highest concentration of inhibition zone diameter between 20% and 40% with an average inhibition zone diameter of 11.7 mm against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Escherichia coli and belongs to the category of strong sensitivity.

Formulasi Sediaan Sampo Antiketombe Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jambu Air (Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f.) Alston)

Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f) Alston) leaves have many ingredients that are beneficial to health, one of which is as an antifungal for fungi that cause anti dandruff. To optimize this content, an anti dandruff shampoo formulation was made with the active ingredient ethanol extract of Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f) Alston leaves against Malassezia furfur. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of extract concentration on the quality of the preparation and to find out which formula had the best antidandruff activity. The research method used was quasi experimental. The results of the phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract of Syzygium aqueum positively contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, quinones and steroids. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration showed inhibitory activity at a concentration of 1.56% using the well diffusion method. In the preparation activity test on F1; F2; and F3 with an extract concentration of 1.5%; 2% and 2.5% showed the potential as a very strong anti-dandruff category with an average inhibition zone diameter of 23.41±1.60 mm; 28.11±3.66 mm and 30.21±0.92 mm. The results of the evaluation of the physical properties of the preparation are in the form of a viscous semi-liquid, with a distinctive aromatic odor with a white to brownish green color with an average pH of 5.28±0.02 ; 6.16±0.01 ; 6.18±0.00 and 6.23 ± 0.01 with an average viscosity of 3550.3±38.88 cPs ; 3279±68.94 cPs ; 2656.6±33.29 cPs and 2568.6±108.14 cPs and foam height of 23.11±1.57 mm ; 31.76±1.95mm ; 43.03±0.77 mm and 49.06±1.37 mm, which means that the results of the physical evaluation of the preparations met the criteria. From the research that has been done, it can be seen that F3 with an extract concentration of 2.5% showed the best anti-dandruff activity.

Effect of Arabica Coffee Bean Extract (Coffea arabica) as a Growth Inhibitor of Enterococcus Faecalis ATCC 29212

Arabica coffee seeds contain caffeine, chlorogenic acid, flavonoids, and trigonelline. This study aims to test the antibacterial of Arabica coffee seed extract against the bacterium Enterococcus faecalis at concentrations of 1,5625%, 3,125%, 6,25%, 12,5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%. The extraction method uses maceration with solvent 96%. The Kirby and Bauer diffusion test used the antibacterial activity test method. The results showed that mango seed extract could provide inhibition starting from 3,125% with an average diameter of inhibition zone of 1,16 mm to the largest concentration of 100% with an average zone diameter of inhibition of 14,6 mm. At the same time, the average diameter of the inhibitory zone of antibiotic ampicillin at a concentration of 1% as a control (+) is 24,6 mm. The results showed that the greater concentration, the greater the inhibitory zones are formed.

Preparation of hybrid particles of Ag nanoparticles and eggshell calcium carbonate and their antimicrobial efficiency against beef-extracted bacteria.

In this study, hybrid particles of AgNPs-loaded eggshell calcium carbonate (AgNPs/eCaCO3) were prepared by co-precipitating the eggshell in the presence of freshly prepared AgNPs with a particle size of 10-30 nm. The hybrid particles were comparatively precipitated at 25°C and 35°C using poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) as a polyelectrolyte. The AgNPs/eCaCO3 particles prepared at 25°C had a spherical morphology with a mean diameter of 3.56 µm, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 85.08 m2 g-1. On the other hand, the particles prepared at 35°C had a broader size distribution with a mean diameter of 3.19 µm, and a BET surface area of 79.25 m2 g-1. AgNPs-loaded commercial calcium carbonate particles (AgNPs/CaCO3) comparatively prepared at 35°C were perfectly spherical with a mean diameter of 5.61 µm. At preparing temperature of 25°C, the hybrid particles contain AgNPs of 0.78 wt% for AgNPs/eCaCO3 and 3.20 wt% for AgNPs/CaCO3. The AgNPs/eCaCO3 and AgNPs/CaCO3 particles exhibited the same efficiency against bacteria extracted from beef with an average inhibition zone diameter of 7-10 mm according to the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay depending on their concentration and beef source. Freshly prepared silver colloids showed comparatively poorer antimicrobial efficiency.

Activity of Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) Extract Against Vibrio Parahaemolyticus Bacteria

Vibriosis is the primary bacterial illness shrimp farmers face due to mass death in young shrimp, called Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS). The etiology of this disease is Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacterium. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the natural compounds that can suppress the growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteria. This study aims to assess the effect of garlic extract on the growth of Vibrio parahemolyticus bacteria in 96 percent ethanol solvent at garlic extract concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method is utilized, which estimates the diameter of the inhibitory zone surrounding the disc. Making garlic extract by maceration using 96% ethanol solvent and evaporated with a rotary vacuum evaporator. The results showed that a ethanol 96% extract of garlic with concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% had antibacterial activity on V. parahaemolyticus bacteria with an average inhibition zone diameter of 4.9 mm, 8.4 mm, 9.4 mm, 11.9 mm, respectively. This study concluded that garlic extracts have antibacterial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

EFFECTIVENESS OF TAMARIND LEAF (Tamarindus indica L.) ETHANOL EXTRACT ANTIBACTERIAL AGAINST Porphyromonas gingivalis

ABSTRACTBackground: One of the initial measures to prevent chronic periodontitis is the use of mouthwash. Chlorhexidine is an antibacterial agent that can be used as a mouthwash. Chlorhexidine has side effects so that a new method is needed to prevent periodontitis with fewer side effects, namely by using plants as a medicine, one of the plants containing active compounds with antibacterial effects. The ethanol extract of tamarind leaf is proven to contain active compounds of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the antibacterial effect of ethanol extract of tamarind leaf (Tamarindus indica L.) leaf against Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria. Material and methods: The research is an experimental laboratory type using the disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer), namely the paper disc diffusion method with the test material of ethanol extract of tamarind leaf (Tamarindus indica L.) in various concentrations, namely: 3.125%, 6.25%, 12.5 %, 25%, 50%, and 100%. Results: Based on the results of the research on the antibacterial effect of the ethanolic extract of tamarind leaf with concentrations of 3.125%, 6.25%, and 12.5% with an average diameter of 0.00 mm of inhibition zone. At concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 100%, they fall into the medium criteria group, because they have an average inhibition zone diameter of 5.21 mm, 7.45, and 9.16 mm, so that the concentration of 100% is closest to the average the mean diameter of the positive control group or chlorhexidine. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of tamarind leaf (Tamarindus indica L.) has an antibacterial effect that can inhibit the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria at a concentration of 100% with an average inhibition zone diameter of 9.16 mm. Keywords: Antibacterial, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tamarind leaf

PERBANDINGAN BAKTERI ASAM LAKTAT YOGHURT SINGLE DAN DOUBLE STRAIN DALAM MENGHAMBAT PERTUMBUHAN Shigella dysenteriae

Dysentery is an infectious intestinal disease characterized by the appearance of blood in the stool. One of the prevention efforts is consuming fermented milk as yogurt. Yoghurt is a fermented milk using lactic acid bacteria (LAB). LAB used as single strains of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and double strains of S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus. The purpose of this study was to determine the ratio of LAB of single strain and double strain yoghurt in inhibiting the growth of Shigella dysenteriae by calculating the inhibition zone formed. This research used experimental design method with postest only with control group design. This study uses well diffusion. The total sample was 15, divided into 5 groups with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, dan 80% concentration respectively as controls. The experimental design in this study used the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method. Data analysis used Kruskal Wallis test and Mann Whitney Post Hoc test. The results show that the average diameter of the LAB inhibition zone for double strains of S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus > single strain L. blugaricus > S. thermophilus. In the Kruskal Wallis test, the p value was obtained = 0.002, it was found that the difference between the treated and untreated groups was obtained. The test results found a significant difference in the median inhibition zone diameter between groups. The conclusion of this study shows that the LAB double strains of S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus are better at inhibiting growth S. dysenteriae compared to LAB single strains of L. bulgaricus or S. thermophilus yoghurt.

The Inhibition of Green Okra Fruit (Abelmoschus Esculentus) Extract Against Streptococcus Viridans Root Canals of Teeth

Background: Streptococcus viridans is the most frequently isolated bacterium from infected root canals (63%) and the leading cause of life-threatening sub-acute endocarditis (35%). The use of 2.5% NaOCl as a root canal irrigation material has disadvantages, it is a bad smell and taste, causing allergies, irritating and toxic, so other alternatives are needed. The green okra fruit extract has secondary antibacterial metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. Purpose: This study aims to determine the inhibition of green okra fruit extract against S. viridans. Methods: This research is an experimental laboratory in vitro with a post-test-only control group design. Antibacterial test using the disk diffusion method which consisted of 5 research groups (green okra extract with a concentration of 1,56%, 3,125%, 6,25%, 12,5%, and 2,5% NaOCl) and 4 repetitions. The result was analyzed using non-parametric statistical tests. Results: The average diameter of inhibition zone of each concentration of green okra fruit extract is 1,56% (0 mm ), 3,125% (0 mm), 6,25% (14,58 mm), 12,5% (18,19 mm), and 2,5% NaOCl (23,55 mm). The Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significance value of less than 0.05 which meant that there was a difference in inhibition in all groups. The Mann-Whitney test showed that there were significant differences between the study groups (α<0,05), except for the green okra extract with a concentration of 1,56% with 3,125%. Conclusion: Green okra fruit extract (Abelmoschus esculentus) has inhibition against S. viridans at concentrations of 6,25% (14,58 mm) and 12,5% (18,19 mm) including the strong category.

Daya Antibakteri Ekstrak Minyak Atsiri Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) terhadap Pertumbuhan Streptococcus viridans

Streptococcus viridans is one of the microorganisms found in root canals. The infection caused by S. viridans can cause an inflammatory response that will cause damage to the root canal. Infections in the root canal can be treated with root canal treatment. In the disinfection stage, a sterilization material is needed, one of which is Cresophene. However, certain people have an allergy to cresophene. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new drug options. Development of natural ingredients for alternative root canal sterilization drugs for patients who are hypersensitive to cresophene and have antibacterial effects with minimal side effects, one of which is essential oil extract of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Essential oil extract of C. xanthorrhiza Roxb contains xanthorrhizol, camphene and curcumin which are antibacterial compounds. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of temulawak essential oil extracts on the growth of S. viridans. Temulawak is extracted using the steam and air distillation method. Inhibition test was carried out using the disc diffusion method. The concentration of essential oil extract of C. xanthorrhiza Roxb used were 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The research data were statictically analyzed using SPSS with the Kruskal Wallis test. The average inhibition zone diameters at concentration of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% is 0 mm, 8,22 mm, 12,16 mm, and 16,1 mm. Data anaylisis using Kruskal Wallis showed a significance value of 0,00 (p<0,05), which means that it has a significant difference. Essential oil extract of C. xanthorrhiza Roxb has antibacterial activity against S. viridans.

Antifungal Potential of Purified Gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb.)

The opportunistic Candida species that cause candidiasis are fungi that are infectious. The incidence of candidiasis has increased, due to prolonged antibiotic therapy and an increased number of immunocompromised patients. This study aimed to evaluate if Purifeid Gambier extracts have antifungal activity in vitro against Candida albicans. The antifungal activity of Purified gambir extract (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) with concentrations of 32%, 16%, and 8% was tested against Candida albicans using the agar diffusion method. Purified gambir extract at concentrations of 8%, 16%, and 32% showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans with an average inhibition zone diameter of 5.95 mm, 13.8 mm, and 15.9 mm, respectively. In conclusion, purified gambir extract (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) has strong antifungal activity against Candida albicans.

Synthesis of Chitosan Capped Zinc Sulphide Nanoparticle Composites as an Antibacterial Agent for Liquid Handwash Disinfectant Applications

There is a need to develop alternative disinfectants that differ from conventional antibiotics to address antibacterial resistance, along with specialized materials for biomedical applications. Herein, we report on the synthesis of zinc sulfide (ZnS) capped with chitosan (CS) to produce CS-ZnS nanocomposites (NCs), which were assayed for antibacterial activity in liquid handwash formulations. The CS-ZnS NCs were prepared using the bottom-up wet-chemical method. The role of CS as the capping agent was investigated by varying the ratio of CS with respect to the ZnS precursor. The prepared CS-ZnS NCs were characterized using complementary spectral methods: scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The antibacterial activities of liquid handwash (LH) formulations containing 1% (w/w) CS-ZnS NCs were tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using the agar diffusion test method. This LH formulation displayed antibacterial activity against S. aureus with an average inhibition zone diameter in the range of 16.9–19.1 mm, and met the quality standards set by the National Standardization Agency. The formulated LH solutions containing CS-ZnS NCs showed antibacterial activity, which suggests that the CS-ZnS NCs have potential as an alternative active ingredient for tailored and non-irritant antibacterial LH detergents.

Antibacterial potential of butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea) towards Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in vitr

Background: Periodontal disease in Indonesia have prevalence of 96.58%, One of the examples of periodontal disease is aggressive periodontitis caused by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa). Many researches have been done to study compounds that has antibacterial potential against Aa bacteria. Butterfly Pea is a plant abundant in Indonesia and has antibacterial potential. Purpose: To study the antibacterial potential of Butterfly Pea against Aa bacteria. Methods: Aa bacteria is cultured and the exposed to variations of Butterfly Pea extracts with various concentration such as 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, and 3.125%. Positive control group is exposed to chlorhexidine and negative control group is exposed to DMSO. The results of diffusion test and dilution test are observed. Results: In the dilution test Aa bacteria grows 100% on negative control group, 73,32% on the extracts with 3.125% concentration, 29.32% on 6.25% concentration, 7.62% on 12.5% concentration, and 0% on 25% & 50% concentration and on positive control group. In the Aa bacterial diffusion test there was an inhibition in the positive group of 24.28 mm, the extract group 12.5%, 25%, and 50% could inhibit 10.45 mm, 13.42 mm, 15.61 mm and the extract group 6.25%, 3.125%, and negative control had no inhibition on bacteria. Conclusion: Potential Butterfly Pea flower extract as antibacteral compound against Aa with minimum inhibitory concentration of 12.5% and minimum bactericidal concentration of 25%. Butterfly pea flower extract (Clitoria ternatea) can inhibit Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans bacteria with an average minimum inhibition zone diameter of 10.45 mm.

Evaluating the antimicrobial effects of turmeric, ginger and clove extracts on some food pathogen

The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of turmeric, ginger and clove on food pathogens including Salmonella Typhimurium, Shigella Dysenteriae and E. coli. To determine the antimicrobial effects, certain volumes of hydroalcoholic extracts of turmeric, ginger and clove were added to the blank disks, and after culturing the bacteria in Müller-Hinton Agar culture medium, the disks were placed on the culture medium and after the time required for the growth of the microorganism, the cultures were examined for the diameter of the growth inhibition zone. Among the aqueous extracts, the highest antibacterial effect was related to the aqueous extract of turmeric on Escherichia coli pathogen with an average diameter of the growth inhibition zone of 17 mm and the lowest antibacterial effect was related to the aqueous extract of turmeric versus Salmonella with an average diameter of the growth inhibition zone of 9.5 mm. Among ethanolic extracts, the highest antibacterial effect was related to turmeric and ginger against Escherichia coli and Shigella (average diameter of growth inhibition zone 15.1 mm) and the lowest effect was related to ethanolic extract of turmeric versus Salmonella (mean diameter of growth inhibition zone of 10 mm. Among methanolic extracts, the highest antibacterial effect was related to turmeric methanolic extract versus Shigella (mean diameter of growth inhibition zone of 16.8 mm) and the lowest effect was related to methanolic extract of clove versus Escherichia coli (mean diameter of growth inhibition zone of 10.5 mm). Among the studied pathogens, Salmonella showed the highest sensitivity to the hydroalcoholic extracts of the medicinal plants used, and the highest resistance was obtained for Shigella. Considering that the hydroalcoholic extracts of turmeric, ginger and clove have antimicrobial properties, they can be used as food preservatives against Salmonella, Escherichia and Shigella.

EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK METANOL DAUN KETEPENG CINA (Cassia alata L.) DALAM MENGHAMBAT PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Staphylococcus epidermidis SECARA TUNGGAL DAN KOMBINASI

The goal of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity and combined effect of a 10% w/v methanol extract of ketepeng cina leaves (Cassia alata) with six selected plant extracts against Staphylococcus epidermidis using the diffusion and paper strip methods. The results revealed that the average antibacterial activity of each extract inhibited the growth of S. epidermidis. The inhibition zones of single extract of C. alata, Excocaria cochinchinensis, Ocinum tenuiflorum, Persea americana, Oroxylum indicum, Impatiens balsamina, and Peronema canescens were 6.28±0.20 mm, 7.90±0.31 mm, 2.30±0.37 mm, 3,53±0.50 mm, 4.35±0.52 mm, and 4.69±0.17 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the combination of ketepeng cina leaves (C. alata) methanol extract with the six selected plants extract in an average diameter of inhibition zone greater than the average diameter of inhibition zone of each extract. However, the combined extract's average diameter of the inhibition zone was not significantly larger than the sum of the diameters of the inhibition zones of each extract. According to the findings of this study, combining the methanol extract of C. alata with six selected plant extracts has an additive/indifferent effect on the growth of S. epidermidis.