Average Household Income Research Articles

Analisis Tingkat Kesejahteraan Rumah Tangga Petani Padi di Desa Cadaskertajaya Kecamatan Telagasari Kabupaten Karawang

Agricultural development in rural areas not only increases production, but also increases people's income, opens up more job opportunities, and improves welfare. This research aims to analyze farmer household income, farmer household expenditure, and the level of welfare of rice farmer households in Cadaskertajaya Village, Telagasari District, Karawang Regency. The research method used is Mix Method, with primary and secondary data types. Primary data was collected through interviews using questionnaires from 47 rice farmers. Secondary data was obtained from the Central Statistics Agency, Karawang Regency Agricultural Service, Cadaskertajaya Village, and other institutions. Samples were taken using the proportional random sampling method, with the criteria being farmer owners and farm workers. Data analysis uses the Directorate of Land Use's criteria poverty line for household income, the Sayogyo criteria poverty line for household expenditure, and welfare indicators from BPS. The research results show that the average household income of rice farmers in Cadaskertajaya Village is IDR 34,582,351.69 per year and IDR 8,124,446.81 per capita per year. The household expenditure of rice farmers is IDR 25,380,255.32 per year and IDR 8,413,937.59 per capita per year. Based on the poverty line criteria of the Directorate of Land Use, 53.19% of farmers are not poor, and according to the Sayogyo criteria, 82.61% are not poor. The welfare level is calculated using 11 indicators from BPS, with the highest score being 33 and the lowest score being 27, which is still included in the high welfare category.

Factors related to preoperative anxiety in older patients with sensory impairment: A cross-sectional study.

To identify the factors related to preoperative anxiety in older adults with sensory impairment. Descriptive quantitative research design. Study participants were 120 older adults admitted to a tertiary hospital in Seoul, South Korea to undergo eye or ear surgery. Data were collected from 11 February to 30 April 2023. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 28.0. The study was reported following the STROBE checklist. Preoperative anxiety differed significantly according to gender (p = .002), average monthly household income (p < .001), subjective health status (p = .003), subjective vision loss (p = .004), one-sided or both-sided eye discomfort (p = .002), use of glasses (p = .010), subjective hearing loss (p = .022) and anxiety coping mechanisms (p < .001). The results of a multiple regression analysis on the significant variables identified that gender (β = .178, p = .036) and anxiety coping mechanisms (β = .336, p < .001) had the most significant effect on preoperative anxiety, with an explanatory power of 34.5%. The development and practical application of tailored nursing interventions catering to specific genders and anxiety coping mechanisms would contribute to reducing preoperative anxiety and providing efficient nursing care for older adults with sensory impairment.

몽골인의 사회계층이 관광 목적지 숙식 및 체험활동 선택에 미치는 영향 : 홉스골 국립공원 지역 관광자를 대상으로 한 이항 로지스틱 회귀분석

Looking at Mongolian tourists to the Khuvsgul National Park area, this study examines the impacts of tourists’ social stratification on their accommodation, dining, and experiential activity choices. The survey was conducted both online and offline at five different accommodations in the Khuvsgul National Park area between January 2024 and March 2024, and 288 valid questionnaires were used for the binary logistic regression analysis. The results showed that tourists’ occupation, average monthly household income, and subjective social class significantly influenced their choice of either luxury (e.g., hotels and resorts) or inexpensive accommodation (e.g., traditional Mongolian ger camps). Specifically, office workers were about 4.24 times more likely to stay in hotels or resorts than unskilled laborers, and the probability of staying at a hotel or resort increased by 1.45 times with each increment in subjective social stratification. In regard to tourists' dining choices (i.e., eating at hotel or resort restaurants vs. bringing their own food or eating at regular restaurants), average monthly household income and subjective social class had significant effects. However, education level influenced neither accommodation nor dining choices. Finally, tourists’ choices of some experiential activities (e.g., Tsaatan experience and Sukhbaatar ship travels) were influenced by their occupation and other control variables such as gender and age. The study findings and their implications were further discussed at the conclusion of this article.

The Beehives of Stingless Bees in Manipur, India and Their Ecological and Economic Impact to Farmers

Stingless bees (Trigona spp.) are important pollinators in tropical and subtropical ecosystems, playing a vital role in maintaining biodiversity and agricultural productivity. In Manipur, traditional bamboo beehives are used to house these bees, reflecting a culturally significant and sustainable approach to beekeeping. This study examines the ecological and economic impacts of stingless bee beekeeping with bamboo hives in Manipur, using data from field surveys, interviews, and honey production analysis. The results show that stingless bees contribute to a 25-30% increase in crop yield through enhanced pollination. Bamboo beekeeping also generates an average household income increase of 20-35% from the sale of honey and other products. The demand of stingless bee honey is becoming high due to its unique medicinal properties. Despite these benefits, challenges such as habitat loss, climate change, and technical limitations persist. The findings suggest that integrating traditional knowledge with modern beekeeping practices could address these challenges and optimize the ecological and economic potential of stingless bee conservation in the region. This paper emphasizes for supportive policies and further research to fully realize the potential of bamboo beekeeping in Manipur.

Economic cost of a case of diarrhoea in Uvira, Democratic Republic of the Congo: A cost of illness study.

Diarrhoea is one of the leading causes of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) among children below five years, though the proportion of the burden occurring amongst those aged over 70 is increasing. The cost of treating and managing diarrhoea can place a burden on individuals, their households, and society in general. The cost can be high but is often undocumented, and many studies focus on children or hospitalised patients only. This study aimed to estimate the economic cost per case of diarrhoea amongst individuals of any age in Uvira, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The study was cross-sectional and retrospective, and based on a household survey approximately representative of the city undertaken in September 2021. Data on quantities and prices of resources were collected in the survey, as well as from interviews with staff at the Cholera Treatment Centre in the Uvira general hospital and their records on resource use and patient numbers. Direct and indirect costs were measured from the societal perspective, and generalised linear regression used to identify factors associated with higher costs. Of 2,820 members of the 528 households surveyed, 175 people (6.2%) were reported to have had diarrhoea in the previous seven days. The majority sought care (91%) of which most (64%) visited a pharmacy. The average economic cost of illness (COI) for an episode of diarrhoea was 33,816 Congolese Francs (CDF) (US$ 17.0) in 2021 prices. The median was CDF 14,000 (US$ 7.0). The average out of pocket COI to patients was CDF 15,579 (US$ 7.8), representing 9% of the estimated average monthly income of households. On average caregivers and patients lost 4 days per episode. A concentration index suggested a lower economic COI among poorer households (p=0.099). A regression analysis identified that being older than 5 years (p=0.001) or being water insecure (p=0.032) were associated with higher COI. Households in Uvira experience many diarrhoeal episodes per year, and the COI is an important burden for them and society. These costs could be avoided if diarrhoea were prevented through public health interventions to reduce prevalence and care-seeking was better managed to avert this public health burden.

The association between the mental health disorders, substance abuse, and tobacco use with head & neck cancer stage at diagnosis.

Mental health disorders, substance abuse, and tobacco use are prevalent in the US population. However, the association between these conditions and head and neck cancer (HNC) stage is poorly understood. This research aims to uncover the relationship between pre-existing mental health disorders, substance abuse, and tobacco use and HNC stage at diagnosis in patients receiving care in an integrated, public safety-net healthcare system. This study was a secondary data analysis of linked hospital tumor registries and electronic health record (EHR) data. The study's primary independent variables were the comorbidities of mental health disorders, substance abuse, and tobacco use. The dependent variable was HNC stage at diagnosis, operationalized as early stage (i.e., stages I, II, and III) and advanced stage (stage IV, IVA, IVB, or IVC). The analysis included multivariable logistic regression adjusted for covariates of demographic variables, tumor anato RESULTS: The study population consisted of 357 patients with median age of 59years, and was primarily male (77%), diverse (Black or African American 41%; Hispanic 22%), and from neighborhoods with low income (median average annual household income $39,785). Patients with a history of mental health disorders with or without tobacco use had significantly lower odds of advanced stage HNC at diagnosis (adjusted OR = 0.35, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.17-0.72.) while patients with a history of substance abuse with or without tobacco use had significantly higher odds of advanced stage HNC at diagnosis (adjusted OR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.01-1.98) than patients with no history of mental health disorders, substance abuse, or tobacco use. The relationship between HNC stage at diagnosis and the comorbidities of mental health disorders, substance abuse, or tobacco differs depending on the type and co-occurrence of these comorbidities. These findings demonstrate the need for innovative care delivery models and education initiatives tailored to meet the needs of patients with mental health disorders, substance abuse, and tobacco use that facilitate early detection of HNC.

Relationship between socioeconomic status and stroke: An observational and network Mendelian randomization study

BackgroundThe relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and stroke remains controversial, and the underlying mediator is unclear. This study aimed to assess the causal relationship of SES with stroke and its subtypes and to identify potential modifiable risk factors responsible for this relationship. MethodsThe study included 372,437 participants from the UK Biobank. Over an average period of 12.13 years, 6,457 individuals (2.7 %) were recorded as having experienced a stroke. Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the relationship between SES (average annual household income before tax and age at the end of full-time education) and stroke, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was employed to assess the causal relationship between SES and stroke and its subtypes. Furthermore, network MR was utilized to evaluate the potential mediating role of modifiable risk factors for stroke in this causal relationship. ResultsAfter adjusting for factors such as sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, health status, and past medical history, participants in the second highest income group showed the lowest risk of stroke, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.780 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.702–0.866), and for ischemic stroke, the HR was 0.701 (95 % CI: 0.618–0.795). Those who completed full-time education at the latest age group(>18 years) had the lowest risk of stroke (HR: 0.906, 95 % CI: 0.830–0.988) and ischemic stroke (HR: 0.897, 95% CI: 0.811–0.992). MR analysis showed that higher income and education were both associated with a lower risk of stroke (income: inverse-variance-weighted odds ratio [ORIVW] =0.796, 95 % CI: 0.675–0.940, education: ORIVW = 0.631, 95 % CI: 0.557–0.716) and ischemic stroke (income: ORIVW = 0.813, 95 % CI: 0.684–0.966, education: ORIVW = 0.641, 95 % CI: 0.559–0.735). Additionally, hypertension had the highest mediating effect on this relationship. It accounted for 57.12 % of the effect of income on stroke, 51.24 % on ischemic stroke, and 27 % and 24 % for education. ConclusionHigher SES was associated with a lower risk of stroke and ischemic stroke, and hypertension had the highest mediating effect on this causal relationship. The results have significant public health implications, emphasizing the importance of early intervention to reduce the risk of stroke in low SES populations.

Contribution of provisioning ecosystem services of homestead trees to rural livelihoods in Kashmir Himalaya, India

Aim: To quantify provisioning ecosystem services (PES) derived from homestead trees, estimate their economic value and contribution to rural livelihoods, and ascertain socio-economic determinants of household PES income from homestead trees in district Budgam of Kashmir. Methodology: In this study 106 homesteads were selected across 12 sample villages using multi-stage random sampling. Data were gathered through structured interviews, focus group discussions, homestead inventories, non-participant observations, and rapid market assessments. The data were analyzed through descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: The mean value of PES of homestead trees was ₹ 14349.27 per household per year, which was composed of fruits (45.54%), fuel wood (20.50%), tree browse (18.15%), timber (8.06%), and wicker (7.75%). PES of homestead trees constituted 4th important component of rural economy, accounting 16.23% of the average household's income. ANCOVA indicated that social membership, family size, family labour, farm size, livestock holding, main occupation, wealth status and annual income were potent predictors of household PES income from homestead trees. The R2 (0.872) of the ANCOVA model indicated that socio-economic determinants accounted for 87.20% of the variation in homestead trees' domestic PES revenue. Interpretation: Findings suggested that PES income from homestead trees is a vital intervention for socio-economic development, livelihood diversification, and forest conservation; hence, policy must be implicated towards a sustainable supply of PES from homestead trees by promoting homestead tree holdings. Key words: Homestead trees, Kashmir Himalaya, Livelihood, Provisioning ecosystem services

Exploring cervical cancer mortality in Brazil: an ecological study on socioeconomic and healthcare factors

ObjectiveTo evaluate the correlation between socioeconomic and healthcare factors and cervical cancer mortality rates, as well as the accessibility to prevention and treatment across Brazilian states and macroregions. The aim...

The intersection of socioeconomic status and wildfire risk: Insights from California

Wildfires in California have increased over the past 20 years, raising serious concerns. Due to the significant damage these fires cause to the environment, infrastructure, and communities, it is essential for policymakers and researchers to find effective ways to reduce their impact. This study aims to improve our understanding of wildfires by examining the relationship between population density, wildfire severity, and socioeconomic factors like average household income. The research uses socioeconomic data from the California State Geoportal (CA.gov) and fire severity zones from ArcGIS Hub. Statistical methods, such as ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and correlation analysis, were applied using ArcGIS Pro software from the Environmental Systems Research Institute. This study confirms earlier findings that there is no correlation between population density and wildfire severity. This conclusion is based on a more detailed analysis that moves from the county level to the census tract level. Additionally, we found no connection between socioeconomic status and fire severity, though we did observe a clear link between socioeconomic status and the likelihood of fires starting. Both OLS and correlation analysis supported these results. However, a hot-spot analysis showed that areas with the lowest-income households are also the regions with the most severe wildfires. This suggests a concerning relationship between lower-income communities and increased vulnerability to wildfires. The findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions and a fair distribution of resources to address the socioeconomic inequalities that contribute to wildfire risk.

Manajemen Risiko Usahatani Cabai Rawit: Studi Kasus Di Kawasan Gunung Merapi

Cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L) is a common horticultural commodity cultivated by farmers in the Mount Merapi area. Farmers in this region face the risk of fluctuating productivity due to unpredictable volcanic eruption activities. This study aims to describe the types, sources, and levels of risk, analyze and examine risk management in bird's eye chili farming based on risk levels, risk mapping, and the total household income analysis of bird's eye chili farmers in Mount Merapi. The sample consists of 100 farmers selected through simple random sampling, with the criteria being residents who have been farming cayenne pepper for 10 years in the Mount Merapi area, growing cayenne pepper as the main commodity on their farmland, and farmers with and without additional income sources outside of farming. Data analysis includes risk analysis, total household income analysis, and descriptive quantitative analysis. In Pakem Subdistrict, the coefficient of variation values for production, price, and profit risks are 0.67, 0.08, and 1.20, respectively. In Dukun Subdistrict, these values are 0.55, 0.14, and 2.40, respectively. Lastly, in Selo Subdistrict, the values are 0.45, 0.07, and 0.84, respectively. Household income analysis is divided into two categories: farmers with additional income sources outside of farming and those without additional income sources in each district. The highest average total household income of cayenne pepper farmers is found in Selo Subdistrict. Important considerations in agricultural risk management include providing insurance for cayenne pepperi, market development, and land diversification.

The health and economic dimensions of honey production in Imo state, Nigeria

A study was conducted on honey production in Imo state of Nigeria, with a focus on the health and economic dimensions of the industry. The research was carried out using a multi-stage sampling procedure, and a sample size of 80 honey-producer respondents was selected. Data was collected through a well-structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that honey producers in the area had a mean age of 51 years, 11 years of education, 21 years of farming/bee-keeping experience, and a household size of 6 persons. The average annual household income was €709.10, with a farm size/number of hives kept of 72 hives per farmer and a quantity of honey produced per annum of 145 litres. The cost and returns analysis showed that the cost of production of honey per litre and profit per litre were €0.40 and €2.40, respectively. The study also determined the nutritional uses and health benefits of honey (e.g. healing wounds, treating ulcers, controlling sore throats and colds, boosting immunity, and as an antibacterial agent). Several factors, including uncontrolled bush burning, bee forage shortage, deforestation, theft of beehives, colony absconding, and poor agricultural practices which strongly constrain honey production has been observed. It is concluded that honey production is a very profitable venture with numerous uses and health benefits and venturing youths into honey production as a source of livelihood should be encouraged, and extension education should be tailored to technologies in beekeeping and the identification of genuine honey to minimize the success of adulteration, among others.

Dietary diversity and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at public hospitals in North Shewa, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2023.

Adequate consumption of diversified food during pregnancy enables adequate intake of 11 important micronutrients. Pregnant women who consume an inadequate amount of diversified food during pregnancy are at a higher risk of delivering preterm babies, stillbirth, low birth weight, and small for gestational age newborns. This study aimed to assess dietary diversity (DD) and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) at public hospitals in North Shewa, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2023. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 pregnant women attending antenatal care. The study participants were selected using a systematic random sampling method. A pre-tested, structured, and interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect information about dietary diversity. The questionnaire was adapted from a validated and modified individual dietary diversity guideline, as recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The household food security level was determined using a standard set of questions derived from the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) measurement guide. The data were entered into EpiData version 4.6 software and exported to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 for analysis. The results from the bivariate analysis of p < 0.25 were moved to the multivariable logistics regression analysis model. Any statistical test with a p < 0.05 at a 95% confidence interval (CI) was considered statistically significant. The study revealed that 55.4% of the pregnant women had adequate dietary diversity. Being an urban dweller [adjusted odds ratios (AOR = 2.4. 95% CI: 1.1, 5.18)], being a housewife (AOR = 3.44, 95% CI: 1.37, 8.68), being employed (AOR = 3.69, 95% CI: 1.12, 12.16), being a merchant (AOR = 3.43, 95% CI: 1.15, 10.24), being a daily laborer (AOR = 3.66, 95% CI: 1.0, 13.45), having a low average monthly household income of <500 Ethiopian birr (ETB) (AOR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.83), practicing home gardening (AOR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.39, 4.5), meal frequency being three or more times per day (AOR = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.64, 5.09), and receiving dietary counseling during antenatal care (AOR = 3.56, 95% CI: 2.0, 6.35) were factors associated with the dietary diversity of the pregnant women. This study found that 55.4% of the pregnant women had adequate dietary diversity. Place of residence, women's occupation, average monthly household income, practicing home gardening, meal frequency per day, and receiving dietary counseling during antenatal care were strong predictors of adequate dietary diversity among pregnant women. Therefore, attention should be paid to pregnant women's diet by healthcare providers during antenatal care.

Relationship between health belief levels and fear of cancer recurrence in breast cancer patients: Development of a predictive model

This study examines the relationship between health beliefs and fear of cancer recurrence among breast cancer (BC) patients and develops a predictive model for cancer recurrence fear. A total of 120 patients from the Breast Surgery Department of a top tertiary hospital, spanning December 2022 to December 2023, were included in the study. Data were collected using general information questionnaires, Champion&amp;rsquo;s Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS) and the Fear of Progression Questionnaire-Short Form (FoP-Q-SF). The analysis revealed that CHBMS and FoP-Q-SF scale scores of BC patients were 94.17 &amp;plusmn; 15.59 points and 34.90 &amp;plusmn; 7.15 points, respectively. The total CHBMS score, perceived benefits, health motivation, and self-efficacy were negatively correlated with the total FoP-Q-SF score and its dimension scores (P &lt; 0.05), whereas perceived severity, perceived susceptibility, type of operation, radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatment, and perceived barriers showed a positive correlation (P &lt; 0.05). Significant differences in FoP-Q-SF scores were observed among patients of different ages, marital statuses, education levels, average monthly household incomes, levels of family caregiving, tumor node metastasis (TNM) stages, and types of medical insurance (P &lt; 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified age, marital status, education level, average monthly household income, family caregiving, TNM stage, chemoradiotherapy treatment, and CHBMS scale scores as significant factors influencing cancer recurrence fear (P &lt; 0.05). A predictive model regression equation was established, and the model&amp;rsquo;s area under the ROC curve was 0.759 (95% confidence interval = 0.702 &amp;ndash; 0.834, P &lt; 0.001). Patients aged 50 years and older exhibited higher fear levels. This fear is also affected by age, marital status, education level, average monthly household income, family caregiving, TNM stage, and chemoradiotherapy treatment. The predictive model based on these factors demonstrates good predictive efficacy for cancer recurrence fear, providing a basis for early identification of high-risk patients and targeted nursing interventions.

Identifying potential causal effects of Parkinson’s disease: A polygenic risk score-based phenome-wide association and mendelian randomization study in UK Biobank

There is considerable uncertainty regarding the associations between various risk factors and Parkinson’s Disease (PD). This study systematically screened and validated a wide range of potential PD risk factors from 502,364 participants in the UK Biobank. Baseline data for 1851 factors across 11 categories were analyzed through a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS). Polygenic risk scores (PRS) for PD were used to diagnose Parkinson’s Disease and identify factors associated with PD diagnosis through PheWAS. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was employed to assess causal relationships. PheWAS results revealed 267 risk factors significantly associated with PD-PRS among the 1851 factors, and of these, 27 factors showed causal evidence from MR analysis. Compelling evidence suggests that fluid intelligence score, age at first sexual intercourse, cereal intake, dried fruit intake, and average total household income before tax have emerged as newly identified risk factors for PD. Conversely, maternal smoking around birth, playing computer games, salt added to food, and time spent watching television have been identified as novel protective factors against PD. The integration of phenotypic and genomic data may help to identify risk factors and prevention targets for PD.

Effects Of Rural Agriprenuership Investment On Income Generation And Poverty Reduction In Southeast, Nigeria

The study assessed the effects of rural agriprenuership investment as nexus for poverty reduction and income generation in southeast Nigeria using 200 respondents selected through random sampling technique. Data were collected using questionnaire administered in the form of interview schedule. Data collected were analyse using descriptive statistics such as frequencies percentages, and multiple regression. Results indicated that agriprenuership investors were mainly male (63%) investors with average age of 41years and were married with average household size of 6 persons. Furthermore, the agriprenuers investors’ had 10 years average experience in agriprenuership investment that earned average annual household income of N676,176.00, and were members of co-operative societies. Result also showed that the income distribution of female agriprenuerial households was at high inequality as seen in the convex nature of the Lorenz curve to the line of equality. Results also showed that the income distribution of male agriprenuers where evenly distributed as it was almost parallel to the line of equality. Result further showed agricultural enterprises accounted for 72% changes in income generation of agriprenuers as evident from the R2 of 0.72 that income from livestock production (3.390), crop production (2.710) and processing sector (1.301) were positive and significantly related to the income generation. Similarly, agricultural enterprises accounted for 84% changes in poverty reduction as production (1.674) and processing sector (3.688) were positive and significantly related to poverty reduction. From the finding, it was concluded that rural agripreneurship investment had positively and significantly influenced agriprenuers income generation and poverty reduction in Southeast, Nigeria. The study recommended for the creation of environment that favours investment in the rural areas especially in linking rural areas with microfinance

Understanding and Explaining Recent Changes in Income, Consumption and Poverty Among Agricultural Households Across Major States of India

The study, using unit level data from two nationally representative surveys, examines changes in levels and sources of household income, consumption expenditure, incidence of poverty and determinants of household income and poverty among agricultural households. The study shows that across most of the states, there has been a significant decrease in the per cent share of income from cultivation coupled with an equally significant increase in the share of income from wages and salary; average annual household income of such households is higher than their average annual consumption expenditure and there has been a significant decrease in the incidence of poverty among them. The results of regression analysis show that household size, head of the household being male, literacy, farm size, income from cultivation, awareness of minimum support price (MSP), access to technical training, engagement in non-farm business and engagement in wages and salary have significant positive effect on households income and lower the probability of a household being poor across major states. JEL Codes: Q1, C1, C2, D1, R2

Determination of Fish Consumption Habits and Preferences of Teachers Working in Bingöl Province

This study aimed to determine the socio-demographic and economic characteristics, monthly expenditures, and meat and fish consumption patterns of teachers working in the city center of Bingöl Province. The data for the study were collected through face-to-face interviews conducted with teachers working in the city center of Bingöl between May 2023 and July 2023. According to the findings of the study, the average monthly net household income was calculated as 23984.596₺, the average monthly expenditure was 14906.215₺, the average monthly food expenditure was 5783.475₺, and the average monthly fish expenditure was 436.57₺. It was determined that the monthly fish consumption quantity of the surveyed teachers ranged from 1 kg to 2.66 kg, with an average of 2.54 kg, and they purchased trout from a fixed vendor during the winter months and consumed them baked in the oven, but this consumption amount was not sufficient for them. It was concluded that the tendency of the surveyed teachers to increase fish consumption was more strongly related to the decrease in fish prices rather than an increase in income. In other words, teachers expect a decrease in fish prices rather than an increase in their income to increase fish consumption. In conclusion, increasing the consumption of aquatic products, both in Bingöl and throughout Türkiye, is an important step that could have positive effects on health, and collaboration among various stakeholders is necessary to achieve this goal.

Factors Affecting Socio-Economic Status of the Residents of Mbeere North; Embu County Kenya

Mbeere North, a rural constituency in Embu County, Kenya, faces significant socio-economic challenges despite its potential for agricultural productivity and resource utilization. The region, inhabited predominantly by the Mbeere community and characterized by diverse ethnic groups, suffers from inadequate infrastructure, limited access to quality healthcare and education, and a reliance on subsistence farming. These issues are exacerbated by environmental degradation and climate change, leading to high poverty rates and economic instability. This study assessed the socio-economic status of Mbeere North's residents by identify the factors influencing their well-being. The research employed a descriptive design, targeting a sample of 150 residents, including households, community leaders, business owners, and providers of education and healthcare. Data collection methods included questionnaires and interviews, with a focus on key areas such as infrastructure, health, education, and economic activities. The findings revealed a population with low levels of education, limited healthcare access, and average monthly household incomes of KES 15,000. Infrastructure development is rated moderately, with significant variability in perceptions among respondents. The theoretical framework integrated Gary Becker's Human Capital Theory and Structural Functionalism. The paper presents analysis of descriptive statistics on socio-economic indicators, alongside the results of regression analysis. This analysis sheds light on the relationships between various independent variables, including education, health, economy, infrastructure, social services, and welfare, and the dependent variable, socio-economic status. Regression analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between the independent variables (education, healthcare, and infrastructure) and socio-economic status, with an R value of 0.75 and an R Square of 0.5625. In conclusion, Mbeere North requires targeted interventions to improve infrastructure, diversify agriculture, and enhance healthcare and education services. Recommendations include promoting agro-processing industries, investing in modern farming techniques, and developing eco-tourism. These strategies are essential for fostering economic growth, improving living standards, and achieving sustainable development in the region. Keywords: Effects of Socio-Economic Status on the Residents of Mbeere North; Embu County Kenya.

Are Neighborhood Greenspaces Associated with Leisure-time Physical Activity? Results from ELSA-Brasil Eight-year Follow-up.

We investigated whether neighborhood greenspaces were associated with physical activity in adulthood over 3 cohort visits after considering perceived safety and neighborhood contextual factors. We also evaluated whether the association with greenspace varied by neighborhood socioeconomic status. Participants (N = 4,800) from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) residing in two Brazilian state capitals were evaluated in Visits 1 (2008-2010), 2 (2012-2014) and 3 (2017-2019). Greenspaces were categorized by quintiles of positive Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) scores. Physical activity frequency was given by the number of visits at which participants reported moderate/vigorous physical activity (none, 1 or 2, and 3 visits). We used multinomial logistic regression. After adjustment for age, sex, education, research center, residence in slums, individuals in the 4th and 5th NDVI quintiles showed 73% higher odds of physical activity over 3 visits than those in the 1st quintile (4th quintile: 95%CI = 1.24-2.43; 5th quintile: 95%CI = 1.24-2.41). The strength of the association was attenuated after adjustment for perceived safety. After adjustment for contextual factors quantity of sidewalks and streetlights, the OR for the 4th and 5th NDVI quintiles decreased to 1.66 (95%CI = 1.18-2.33) and 1.62 (95%CI = 1.16-2.28), respectively. Finally, after including average household income per capita, the OR for physical activity in 3 visits for the 4th and 5th NDVI quintiles decreased to 1.48 (95%CI = 1.04-2.12) and 1.43 (95%CI = 1.00-2.04; p = 0.053), respectively. Greater greenspace contributed to sustained physical activity during the eight years of follow-up, indicating the potential contribution of public greenspaces to reducing health-related inequalities.