Average Shoot Height Research Articles

KOMPOSISI BERBAGAI KOMPOSISI BERBAGAI MEDIA TANAM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN PORANG (Amorphophallus onchophyllus)

This study aims to find out the effect of the composition of various planting media on the growth of porang plants with the observed parameters consisting of bud growth time, the number of shoots, shoot height, and root volume. This study employed a Randomized Block Design with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments given were P0 (without treatment), P1 (2,000 g of soil + 1,000 g of goat manure + 1,000 g of husk charcoal), P2 (2,000 g of soil + 1,000 g of goat manure + 1,000 g of banana midrib), and P3 (2,000 g of soil + 1,000 g of goat manure + 1,000 g bamboo leaf charcoal). This study was followed by extension activities which were evaluated at the beginning (the initial evaluation) and the end (the final evaluation). Results indicated that the use of various compositions of effective growing media had a significant effect on the outcomes. The planting media composition on P2 with 2,000 g of soil, 1,000 g of goat manure, and 1,000 g of banana midrib gave the best results for all parameters in which the average shoot growth time was 5 DAP, the average number of shoots was 5 and 6 shoots after 60 DAP, the average shoot height was 2.9 cm at 60 DAP, and the average root volume was 19.9 ml. Furthermore, the results of the evaluation of the extension activities carried out at the beginning and the end showed an increase in the knowledge, attitudes, and skills of farmers by 30.6%, 33.6%, and 33.6%, respectively, with the effectiveness reaching 56.14%, classified in the effective category

Plant Growth Regulator-based Tissue Culture System Optimization for Cymbidium faberi Rolfe

Cymbidium faberi, a member of the Cymbidium genus known for its fragrant blooms and graceful foliage, has recently become endangered in the wild due to reproductive challenges. This study aimed to establish systematically a tissue culture system for Cymbidium faberi Rolfe (wild species) by evaluating the effects of various plant growth regulators its propagation stages, including rhizome proliferation, differentiation, shoot strengthening, and rooting. The results showed that 0.5 mg·L−1 thidiazuron significantly promoted rhizome proliferation, achieving a proliferation coefficient of 6.08 after 60 days of culture. For adventitious bud induction, 1.92 mg·L−1 brassinolide was most effective, inducing 6.43 buds per rhizome with an average bud height of 5.25 mm after 90 days of culture. The optimal strategy for shoot growth was using 3.0 mg·L−1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, resulting in an average shoot height of 6.47 cm after 60 days. The highest rooting rate of 87.5% was achieved with 0.5 mg·L−1 zeatin, producing an average of 3.5 roots per shoot with an average root length of 3.06 cm. This study successfully developed a propagation system for C. faberi and highlighted the significant role of BL in promoting rhizome differentiation. In conclusion, this study provides a robust propagation method to support the conservation and industrial development of C. faberi.

Barren to green in a single application: Revitalizing brownfield soil with simulated root exudates

Barren, metal-contaminated soils lack plants and root exudate inputs, exhibit low microbial abundance and functioning, and often require soil revitalization to revegetate. While the effects of simulated root exudates (SRE) have been investigated in uncontaminated, vegetated soils, their potential for remediating post-industrial barren, contaminated soils has not been examined or leveraged. We asked whether priming brownfield soils with a laboratory-prepared SRE solution stimulates native soil microbial metabolism and functioning and how long the effects last. Moreover, we compared a cost-effective single SRE addition to repeated SRE additions. We collected soils from a metal-contaminated, abandoned industrial rail yard (barren and vegetated sites) and a vegetated agricultural reference site, established microcosms, and treated the soils with either a single or repeated SRE addition/s. By day 30, SRE-enriched barren, brownfield soils showed significantly higher soil respiration rates than the untreated control soils. Phosphatase activities were significantly higher even 210 days after a single SRE addition. Plants were introduced 282 days after the single SRE addition. The average shoot height (16 ± 0.3 cm) and total plant biomass (0.5 ± 0.02 g) of plants grown in single addition SRE enriched barren soil were significantly higher than the controls (9 ± 0.9 cm and 0.3 ± 0.02 g, respectively). The increased soil microbial functioning and productivity indicate that a single SRE application holds promise as a field-ready technology to revitalize barren, poorly functioning brownfield soils. SRE application may also be a pragmatic and innovative approach to enable successful phytoremediation and re-greening of industrial barrens.

Cultivar-Specific Growth and Yield of Mukunuwenna (<em>Alternanthera sessilis</em>) in the Low Country Wet Zone, Sri Lanka

Joyweed/Mukunuwenna (Alternanthera sessile) is a globally significant leafy vegetable, yet its maximum yield potential remains largely unrealized due to the limited genetic diversity of existing varieties. Farmers frequently lack precise knowledge about the yield potential, growth characteristics, and quality of the produce. Few attempts of research attentions were given to assess its growth characteristics, susceptibility to diseases and pests, consumer acceptability, and yield potential. Therefore, this study aims to comprehensively evaluate growth and yield traits, sensory qualities and morphological features of eight carefully selected Mukunuwenna cultivars. Thus, identifying the most suitable Mukunuwenna cultivars for the Low Country Wet Zone, Sri Lanka. In this investigation, we assessed four Mukunuwenna selections, including one wild (red) variety, alongside three local Mukunuwenna cultivars, focusing on their growth, yield and morphological characteristics under upland field conditions at the Agriculture Research Station, Thelijjawila, Sri Lanka. The study followed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Data were meticulously collected for eight growth parameters and two yield parameters including average internodal distance, average leaf length, average leaf width, average number of shoots per unit area, average number of leaves per stem, average number of flowers per stem, average shoot height, average chlorophyll content, average leaf to stem ratio, and average yield per plot. The results, analyzed through ANOVA and mean separation demonstrated significant differences (P< 0.05) among Mukunuwenna cultivars across various attributes, To assess the diversity in growth and yield, a principle component analysis was conducted. A sensory evaluation was performed to assess the consumer preference. Notably, the Piliyandala selection exhibited the most promising growth and yield traits, particularly excelling leaf to stem ratio and gaining the highest consumer preference. Other notable performers were the Colombo selection, Weda Mukunuwenna and Cultivar M7 showing preferable growth and yield traits with strong consumer appeal. Considering these findings, we conclude that Piliyandala selection, Colombo selection, and Cultivar M7 exhibit preferable growth and yield traits for commercial cultivation, while Weda Mukunuwenna stands out as an ideal choice for home garden cultivation under upland conditions in the Low Country Wet Zone, following recommended agronomic practices. This study’s outcomes hold significant promise for further research endeavors, focusing on enhancing desirable growth and yield traits.

Differential response of maize genotypes to low and normal nitrogen supply at seedling stage

High nitrogen (N) efficiency crop genotypes utilize resources rationally and reduce N losses. To evaluate the extent of genotypic variation in response to N supply, twenty-four maize genotypes were grown in Soilrite (peat mass, vermiculite and pearlite mix) supplied with low N level (2mM) or normal N level (25mM) in Hoagland solution. At 21 DAS the average shoot height (SH), leaf area (LA), stem dry weight (SDW), leaf dry weight (LDW), above ground dry weight (ADW), root dry weight (RDW) and total plant dry weight (PDW) were 38.1, 257.5, 67.3, 121.5, 96.9, 49.4, 76.9 and 140.6% higher respectively in seedlings exposed to normal N treatment than those grown under low N level. The shoot N content (SNC), root N content (RNC), above ground N accumulation (ANA), root N (RNA) and total plant N accumulation (PNA) were found to be 1.79, 2.23, 3.51, 3.30 and 3.44-fold increased at normal N supply over low N. Coefficients of variation (CV) varied greatly and ranged from 10.9-37.8 and 9.4-36.7 under low-N and normal-N treatment, respectively. LA, SDW, LDW, ADW, TDW, SNC, RNC, ANA, RNA and TNA showed significant positive correlation both under low N and normal N regime (p< 0.05). SDW, LDW, ADW, PDW, SNC, RNC, ANA, RNA and PNA were significantly correlated and had high CVs reflecting the difference of N in different maize genotypes and these parameters were selected for calculation of N efficiency comprehensive index. According to the N efficiency comprehensive index scatter map under low and normal N conditions, genotypes HKI-164-D4, HKI-325-17 AN, HKI-1332, DTL-3, DTL-2, DHM-117 and DTL-1 were efficient under both low and normal-N conditions and genotypes DTL-10, SNJ-2011-96, PSRJ-13099, NSJ-211 and Z59-17were inefficient under both low and normal-N conditions

Study on gibberellin and gibberellin-like substances from endophytes and their effect on maize plants

Plant growth promoting endophytes were isolated from the roots of rice, sugarcane, corn, maize, sunflower and chili. The biochemical characterization of those isolated endophytes was carried out according to Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. The best gibberellin production of all isolates was found at the concentration of (55.12 ppm, 50 ppm, 38.06 ppm, 90.41 ppm, 58.65 ppm and 63.65 ppm, respectively) on the 12th day of the incubation period. Among all isolates, the A4 isolate produced more GA concentration (90.41 ppm) on the 12th day of the incubation period. In the maize seed germination test, A1, A4, A5 and A6 showed the best results. In the pot trial test, A4, A5 and A6 showed the best results in shoot length (37.5 cm, 35.4 cm and 36.9 cm per ten replicates, respectively). Among them, the A4 isolate was the best GA producing isolate for plant growth promoting activity in maize seedlings. It was found in an average shoot height of 37.5 cm; average shoot fresh weight of 56.7 g and an average shoot dry weight of 7.9 g per ten replicates after one month cultivation which was sprayed by A4 treatment, compared with an average shoot height of 27.80 g, an average shoot fresh weight of 25.08 g, an average shoot dry weight of 3.42 g which were sprayed by water treatment. The qualitative analysis of plant growth regulators (GAs) production of bacterial isolate A4 was determined by using TLC method and FTIR spectroscopy analysis. Chemical fertilizers should not be used not to harm effective endophytes.

Role of Sucrose and Benzyladenine in Stevioside Content of Stevia Rebaudiana Leaves in Temporary Immersion Bioreactor

The experiment was carried out in the plant tissue culture laboratory of the Department of Horticulture and landscape gardening from October 2021 to January 2023. micropropagation experiments were conducted using concentrations of BA 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg L, and an experiment with the addition of three levels of sugar (30, 60 and 90 g L) with two levels of BA (0.0 and 1.0 mg L). The results of the micropropagation showed that the concentration 1.0 mg L giving the highest average number of shoots of 3.5 shoots per plant, and giving the highest average number of leaves of 16.8 leaves of the shoot and the superiority of the comparison treatment in giving the highest average height of shoots amounting to 4.5 cm. The results showed that concentration 60 interacted with BA giving the highest average height of the shoots amounting to 4.3 plant shoots. and the concentration 60 interacted with the comparison treatment in giving the highest average shoot height of 4.4 cm and the concentration 90 interacted with BA in giving the highest average number of leaves amounting to 14.1 leaf shoot. The results indicated that the concentration 90 sucrose interacted with 1.0 mg L BA in giving the highest content of stevioside amounting 171.02

Growth Response of Amorphophallus muelleri Blume Tuber to Etawa Goat Manure Fertilizer Application

Amorphophallus muelleri Blume, commonly known as Porang, is a glucomannan-producing plant with extensive benefits. To boost its production, proper fertilization methods are essential. However, excessive use of inorganic fertilizers can negatively impact soil fertility. Adopting environmentally friendly agriculture, this study explores the effect of etawa goat manure on the growth of Amorphophallus muelleri Blume tuber shoots. Conducted from September 2022 to February 2023, the research used a Completely Randomized Design with five treatments: P0 (control), P1 (100 g), P2 (200 g), P3 (300 g), and P4 (400 g), each replicated four times. Data analysis involved the SPSS 24.0 program, employing one way ANOVA test and 5% BNT test. Results indicated that etawa goat manure did not significantly affect sprouting age and shoot height, but significantly influenced shoot diameter of tubers. The most optimal dose was 400 g (P4), producing the highest average shoot height (5.61 cm) and shoot diameter (9.70 mm). The fastest sprouting age (7 days after planting) occurred with 200 g of manure (P2), while the slowest growth (31.50 days after planting) was observed in the 100 g dose treatment (P1). In conclusion, environmentally friendly practices, especially applying 400 g of etawa goat manure, enhance the growth of Amorphophallus muelleri Blume tuber shoots. These findings offer valuable insights into sustainable agricultural approaches to cultivate this valuable plant.

Environmental extremes affect productivity and habitus of common reed in intermittent wetland

This article describes the effect of extreme water level events and extreme temperatures on the primary productivity and habitus of the common reed (Phragmites australis) growing in lake and riparian habitats at intermittent Lake Cerknica between 2007 and 2021. At each sampling site, the above-ground biomass, leaf biomass and shoot density per m2, the number of internodes and leaves per plant, average shoot height, shoot basal diameter and the ratio of flowering plants per total plant number were determined. Stand and plant properties varied significantly between the locations, with exception of the basal diameter, that varied less. Biomass per area and per plant showed the trend of decrease across years, but the reed density remained at the same level. Redundancy analysis of the relationships between environmental parameters and productivity and habitus parameters revealed the importance for the lake stand of high-water level parameters in the 4th quarter of the previous year, while the 1st quarter of the current year was important for the riparian stand. High water level variables explained 60% of variance of productivity parameters of the lake stand and 21% of those of the riparian stand. For low water level parameters, the explained variance was 51 and 24%, respectively. In the case of habitus parameters, variances explained by high water level parameters were 66% for lake stand and 34% for riparian stand and of low water level parameters, the corresponding variances were 45% for lake stand and 59% for riparian stand. Temperature extremes can explain the lower variance. The interrelation between wetland hydrological extremes and reed stand/plant properties that was obtained suggests that an ecohydrological approach may provide a basis for successful management of reed-colonised wetlands.

In vitro culture conditions for asymbiotic germination and seedling development of Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) Rich. and Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br.

• Positive influence of MM medium on germination of A. pyramidalis and G. conopsea was determined. • Germination was influenced by full darkness and nutrient medium enriched with organic aditives. • In seedling growth, 2iP initiated the formation of the aboveground part of G. conopsea. • In A. pyramidalis, Kin initiated the leaf formation, while Ba promote root formation. Protocols for asymbiotic seed germination and seedling development of two terrestrial orchid species – Gimnadenia conopsea and Anacamptis pyramidalis are presented in this paper. Detail examination covered nutrient media: Knudson C (KC) and Malmgren (MM); organic supplements: coconut water (CW), pineapple juice (PJ), peptone (PE), casein hydrolysate (CA) and glutamine (A); different lighting conditions – 0/24 Light / Dark (L / D) and 16/8 (L / D) as well as cytokinins: 6-benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (Kin), and 6- (γ, γ-dimethylallylamino) purines (2 -iP) aiming to assess asymbiotic seed germination in controlled in vitro conditions, to define the optimal protocol for their mass propagation. The obtained results indicate that the nutrient medium MM and conditions of complete darkness encourage seed germination in both investigated species, while the organic supplements amendment resulted in a shortened period necessary for seed germination as well as a significantly higher percentage of germination. In Gymnadenia conopsea , the highest percentage of germination (73,79%) accompanied by the highest embryo/protocorm morphometric characteristics (1.40 mm average height, 1.21 mm average width, and 0.30 mm average shoot height) was achieved on MM-CW nutrient medium. A similar result was observed for Anacamptis pyramidalis with 69,88% germinated seeds on MM-CW nutrient medium, while the highest morphometric values were 1.10 mm (on MM-CW) for height, 1.00 mm (on MM-PE) for width and 0.57 mm (on MM-PE) for bud height. On the contrary, the results obtained on nutrient medium KC and under the 16/8 L / D lighting conditions indicate the inhibitory effect of these conditions on the seeds germination in examined species. A experiment with chitokinin treatments indicates that the best result in G. conopsea was achieved on the medium with the addition of 0.3 mg L −1 2iP with 5.33 mm for plant height, 1,13 root numbers and 12.26 mm root lenght, while in A. pyramidalis 0.3 mg L −1 Kin emerged as the most suitable for the development of the upper part of the plant (3.33 mm), while the medium enriched with 0.3 mg L −1 BA had a positive effect on the formation of the root system.

Effect Of Indole Butyric Acid (Iba) And Thidiazuron (Tdz) Concentrations On Explant Growth Planlet Porang (Amorphophallus Muelleri Blume.) In Vitro Culture

Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume.) is a type of tuber plant that is widely available in Indonesia and has tremendous potential and prospects to be developed in Indonesia. Porang is widely exported from Indonesia to several countries. The demand for porang exports continues to increase while the production of porang is still low. In vitro culture is an alternative solution in porang plant propagation to meet the needs of many porang seeds and in a relatively short period of time. Provision of growth regulators in the media can affect the growth of porang. This study aims to obtain information whether there is an interaction between IBA and TDZ in the media, to obtain information on the effect of adding IBA and TDZ with different concentrations on the growth of porang plantlets. This research was conducted using MS medium which was then added with IBA with a concentration of 0.5 ppm, 1 ppm and added ZPT TDZ with a concentration of 0.5 ppm, 1 ppm and 1.5 ppm. The results of this study showed that there was no significant difference between the emergence of shoots and the time of emergence of leaves from all treatments. The I1T3 treatment (IBA 0.5 ppm + TDZ 1.5 ppm) was the best combination treatment in this study by showing the fastest root emergence time (6 MSI), the highest average number of shoots (7.25 shoots), the average number of shoots the highest number of roots (3.67 roots), the highest average number of leaves (6 strands) and the highest average shoot height (1.33 cm).

NGHIÊN CỨU MỘT SỐ CHỈ TIÊU QUANG HỢP VÀ SINH TRƯỞNG CỦA CÂY CỎ NGỌT (Stevia rebaudiana BERTONI) NUÔI CẤY IN VITRO TRONG HỆ THỐNG CHIẾU SÁNG ĐƠN SẮC VÀ GIAI ĐOẠN NHÀ LƯỚI

This study aims to evaluate the growth and dry matter accumulation of stevia grown in lighting conditions with different spectral ratios, thereby finding the most suitable lighting rate. Materials are stevia stalks cultured in shoot medium, including: MS base supplemented with 20 g\Lsucrose; 8 g\Lagar; 0.15 mg\LBAP, 0.2 mg\LNAA, cultured for 4 weeks under a LED system with different color light ratios, using the following formulas: 40% red + 20% blue + 40% orange (CT1), 20% red + 20% blue + 60% yellow (CT2), 72% red + 14% blue + 14% white (CT3) and 80% red + 20% blue (CT4) and the control formula was the formula of fluorescent lamp irradiation (DC). Formula CT4 gave a result of 100% shoot formation, the average height of shoots was 48.5 mm\shoot and the shoots were the best in quality. Rooting medium included: MS basal supplemented with 15 g sucrose, 8 g\Lagar, 0.2 mg\LNAA for 4 weeks. The results also showed that the CT4 lighting formula was the most suitable for the photosynthesis and growth of cultured stevia in the rooting stage. The seedlings from this lighting system when grown in the net house were able to survive and grow better than the plants from the other lighting conditions.

Plant regeneration of Amomum tsaoko Crevost & Lemarié in vitro

Cardamom (Amomum tsaoko Crevost & Lemarié) is a valuable medicinal herb in both traditional and western medicine. The pharmacological properties of the A. tsaoko seeds make it a useful cure for such ailments as abdominal pain, bloating, hiccups, vomiting, diarrhea, malaria, bad breath, and tooth decay. It has even further value for its use in food processing. Therefore, it is necessary to develop protocols that reduce the time required for the multiplication of cardamom using tissue culture techniques. The research was conducted to initially build up the process of in vitro propagation of cardamom from the rhizome buds. An 8 minutes treatment of HgCl2, with a concentration of 0.1%, is the most efficient for the disinfection of the rhizome buds, resulting in the rate of the disease-free survival explants reaching 18.29%. MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BAP is the most suitable medium in the fast multiplication phase, with a multiplier of 4.54 shoots/explant, average shoot height of 5.45 cm, and good shoot quality after 6 weeks of culture. A suitable rooting medium for cardamom invitro-shoots was MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l IBA with a rooting rate of 100%, the average number of roots was 5.6 roots/shoot and the average root length was achieved 6.2 cm, after 8 weeks of culture.

In vitro studies on Dendrobium fimbriatum Hk.F – An endangered orchid

A protocol for in vitro propagation from protocorms of Dendrobium fimbriatum a distributed in all over world and highly appreciated as an ornamental, was developed. Two different explants, entire protocorms and longitudinal halves of protocorms, were used. In addition, the effect of two different culture media, Murashige and Skoog (MS) and modified Knudson (KCm), supplemented with N6- benzyladenine (BA) (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 5 mg_L–1) and/or a-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 0, 0.1, and 0.5 mg_L–1 was investigated. Adventitious shoot formation by direct organogenesis was obtained in all treatments; in some cases, the formation of protocorm like bodies was induced. Shoot formation was greater for entire protocorms; the best treatment was MS medium containing at BA 1 to 2 mg_L–1 in combination with at NAA 0.1 mg_L–1. The average height of shoots was three times greater in MS medium than in KC m medium. Sub culturing individual shoots in MS medium without plant growth regulators, but with 1 g_L–1 activated charcoal, allowed further development and rooting. An ex vitro survival rate of almost 100% was achieved. This study represents a comprehensive application for propagation, conservation, and sustainable use of this valuable natural resource.

Regenerative In Vitro Capacity of Rare Species Rhodiola rosea L. from Various Habitats

The morphogenetic potential of in vitro culture of the valuable medicinal plant Rhodiola rosea from six natural habitats was evaluated as a basis for developing effective methods for the reproduction and conservation of the rare species. The influence of different quality seeds from different habitats on germination in vitro, the dependence of the regenerative capacity of R. rosea shoots on the concentration and combination of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and α-naphthylacetic acid (NAA), and the effect of shoot precultivation on media with growth regulators on the development parameters of regenerants on a hormone-free medium 1/2 MS were studied. The dependence of in vitro germination of R. rosea seeds on the habitat of samples and shelf life is shown. It was noted that the introduction of growth regulators into the nutrient medium led to an increase in the multiplication factor by 1.9–2.8 times and a decrease in the height of the shoots by 2.4–3.3 times. Variant no. 2 from Sakhalin oblast was characterized by the highest average shoot height and breeding rate. For variant No. 4 from Kamchatka krai, various morphogenic reactions (sprouting, callus formation, and flowering of plants) have been noted in an in vitro culture. For all studied variants, 100% rooting on a 1/2 MS medium is typical. For variants nos. 1 and 5, the positive effect of precultivation of explants on media containing 1 mg/L BAP alone or in combination with 1 mg/L NAA is shown to obtain optimal indicators of rhizogenesis and the development of regenerants. Significant differences in the parameters of growth and development of explants in in vitro culture depending on the composition of the nutrient medium and habitat of R. rosea are shown.

MULTIPLIKASI TUNAS Begonia Salaziensis WARB. SEBAGAI UPAYA KONSERVASI TUMBUHAN TERANCAM PUNAH SECARA IN VITRO

Begonia salaziensis Warb. is categorized critically endangered based on the IUCN Red List ver. 2.3. and need to be propagated to conserve. This study aims to investigate the effect of using BA and IAA plant growth regulator type and concentration on the growth and development of B. salaziensis culture. The study was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) factorial consisting of 2 factors, i.e. the concentration of BA: 0 mg/l; 1 mg/l; 2 mg/l; and IAA concentration: 0 mg/l; 1 mg/l; 2 mg/l. Each treatment was repeated 10 times. To determine B. salaziensis germination the cultures were observed after 12 weeks. The results showed that the combination of BA with IAA on multiplication media had a significantly different effect on the number of shoot, average shoot height, and average number of shoot. The percentage of seed germination on media MS0 was 85%. The best multiplication of B. salaziensis shoots (9.3 ± 1.15) was obtained in MS media supplemented with 2 mg/l of IAA and 1 mg/l of BA. The lowest shoot multiplication (3.6 ± 0.84) was obtained on the control media (MS0) without addition of plant growth regulators, while the highest average length of shoots (1.87 ± 0.26 cm) was obtained on MS media with the addition 1 mg/l of IAA and BA 2 mg/l of BA. The lowest average length of shoots (0.67 + 0.25 cm) obtained on MS media with the addition of 2 mg/l of BA. The percentage of surviving planlets on acclimatization stage was 88.28%.

Pertumbuhan Tunas Pisang Barangan (Musa Acuminata Colla.) akibat Pemberian Benzyl Amino Purin dan Arang Aktif secara In Vitro.

Pertumbuhan Tunas Pisang Barangan Akibat Pemberian Benzyl AminoPurin dan Arang Aktif secara In Vitro Accretion of Barangan Banana Shoot Effect of (BAP) and Activated Charcoal Explant by In VitroAbstrak. Banana as a superior product of horticultural crops, has not achieved high productivity and has several obstacles in its multiplication. Tissue culture is one solution to overcome this problem. This study aims to determine the composition of PGRBenzil Amino Purine (BAP) and activated charcoal that are appropriate in the multiplication of barangan banana shoots. This research was conducted at the Tissue Culture Laboratory Faculty of Agriculture Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam Banda Aceh. The design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two treatment factors. The first factor is BAP concentration consisting of 3 levels, namely 4 mg/L, 6 mg /L, and 8 mg/L. The second factor is activated charcoal concentration consisting of 3 levels, namely control, 1 g/L and 2 g/L. In this study, from 9 treatment combinations, only 4 treatment combinations were not contaminated. Of the 4 treatment combinations the combination of BAP concentration of 6 mg/L and control (without activated charcoal) showed the fastest shoot growth time of 29 days after multiplication, the most shoot growth was 6 shoots and the average shoot height was 15.9 mm

Efficient protocol for mass micropropagation of Artemisia annua L.

An efficient protocol for mass micropropagation of Artemisia annua L. was developed. The shoots were in vitro cultivated on a full and half strengths MS supplemented with BAP and IBA for shoot and root induction from stem tip explants. Maximum number of shoots (19.1) with an average shoot height of 3.6 cm was achieved at full MS medium + 1.0 mg/L BAP, after four weeks of cultivation. The best plant rooting (100%), with 7.4 average roots’ number per explant and average root length of 15.1 cm, was obtained at ½ MS medium + 0.1 mg/L IBA + 2.0% sucrose, after five weeks of cultivation. Under these growing conditions, an increase of total phenolic and flavonoid content of A. annua tissues was registered. The multiplied plants were successfully ex vitro adapted and 65% survival was achieved on the mixture of soil, perlite and sand (2: 1: 1 v/v/v) used for acclimatization. The amounts of phenols and flavonoids, as well as total antioxidant activity of ex vitro plants, were significantly higher compared to those in the in vitro plants, but similar to the levels measured in vivo. The effective protocol for shoot micropropagation that was developed, could enable a large scale commercial production of A. annua.

Thidiazuron induced in vitro morphogenesis for sustainable supply of genetically true quality plantlets of Brahmi

An effective and rapid method for propagating genetically true plantlets of a pharmaceutically important plant Bacopa monnieri L. was developed from thidiazuron (TDZ) pulse treated nodal segment explants. Explants treated for 24 h with different concentration of 0.0, 5.0, 10, 20 or 40 μM thidiazuron (TDZ) prepared in liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium induces multiple shoot on MS basal medium without growth regulators. The highest frequency 95.3 ± 2.3% of regeneration and maximum number 43.7 ± 2.0 of shoots per explants with an average shoot height of 5.4 ± 0.29 cm were achieved after 08 weeks of culture from the explants treated with 20 μM TDZ. Simultaneously, the regenerated microshoots were rooted on the same growth regulator free media. Elongated shoots with roots were successfully acclimated to ex vitro condition with a 97% survival rate. Genomic stability of in vitro developed plants of B. monnieri was first time determined using flow cytometry and single primer amplification reaction (SPAR) methods viz., random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), intersimple sequence repeat polymorphic DNA (ISSR) and directed amplification of minisatellite DNA (DAMD) and compared with donor plant. Nuclear DNA (nDNA) content of in vitro propagated B. monnieri plants has been estimated as 2.08 pg/2C based on the flow cytometric investigation of nuclei isolated from leaf tissues. No significant variations in nDNA content, plant genome size and ploidy level were observed between micropropagated plants and field grown donor plants. Likewise, the SPAR markers also revealed monomorphic banding profiles in micropropagated plantlets of B. monnieri and similar with to that of the donor plants verifying their genomic stability.

PLANT REGENERATION FROM SHOOT TIPS IN TRIPLOID LOQUAT

Triploid loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) was regenerated for the first time using shoot tips as explants. Several experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of time of sampling and size of the explants, growth regulators on shoot tip sprouting, elongation, rooting and transplantation. Results showed that sampling in spring and shoot-tip size of 0.7 cm were appropriate, resulting in a survival rate of 77.5%. Appropriate initial culture medium was MS + 6-BA 1.0 mg L-1 + NAA 0.5 mg L-1 + NAA 1.5 mg L-1, in which the sprouting rate reached 91%. Suitable medium for shoot elongation was MS + 6-BA 0.5 mg L-1 + NAA 0.3 mg L-1 + GA3 0.3 mg L-1, which resulted in an average shoot height of 4.9 cm. The most suitable medium for shoot proliferation was MS + 6-BA 1.0 mg L-1 + NAA 0.3 mg L-1 + Tryptone 750 mg L-1, in which a high multiplication coefficient of 7.7 was obtained. The most suitable medium for rooting was ½ MS + NAA 0.25 mg L-1 + IBA 2.0 mg L-1, in which the rooting rate was 73.3%. The rooted plantlets, after hardening, survived at a rate of 93.67% in a transplantation substrate composed by organic fertilizers, garden soil, and sawdust (1:2:1).