Average Fasting Blood Glucose Level Research Articles

Comparison of Fast and Time Blood Glucose Levels in Chronic Disease Management Program Patients (Proalnic) and Non-Prolanic with Diabetes Mellitus in Praya Health Center

Glucose is the most important carbohydrate which is mostly absorbed into the bloodstream as glucose and other sugars are converted into glucose in the liver. Blood glucose levels are closely related to DM. Prolanic (Chronic Disease Management Program) is a health service system that involves participants from Health Facilities and BPJS health in the context of health care for participants suffering from chronic diseases including diabetes mellitus to achieve optimal quality of life with cost-effective and efficient health services. To determine the comparison of fasting and intermittent blood glucose levels in prolanic and non-prolanic patients suffering from DM at Praya Health Center. : This type of research is Analytical Observation, the sample is taken purposively. A sample of 30 respondents, in this study were 15 respondents who took prolanis and 15 respondents who did not follow prolanis who had a history of diabetes mellitus and underwent blood glucose level checks at the UPTD BLUD Laboratory of Praya Health Center. Based on research that has been done, the average fasting blood glucose level in prolanis is 158 mg/dl and fasting glucose is 204 mg/dl. Meanwhile, non-prolanic fasting glucose levels are 156 mg/dl and fasting glucose levels are 204 mg/dl.

Role of Pathology and Point of Care Testing in the Estimation of Fasting Blood Glucose Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health concern with significant morbidity and mortality. Effective management of type 2 DM necessitates accurate monitoring of fasting blood glucose levels. Traditional laboratory methods, while accurate, are not always convenient for patients, leading to a growing interest in reliable point-of-care testing. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of fasting blood glucose measurements between point-of-care testing using a glucometer and traditional laboratory methods (hexokinase and end-point) to determine the feasibility of home-based patient monitoring. Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study included 150 type 2 DM patients from Farooq Hospital Westwood, Lahore. Participants underwent fasting blood glucose testing using three methods: the hexokinase method, the end-point method, and a glucometer (Accu-check instant S Meter). The Pearson correlation was employed to assess the linear relationship between the methods, while multivariate ANOVA was used to compare the means. Results: The Pearson correlation coefficients indicated a strong positive correlation between the glucometer readings and both laboratory methods, with coefficients of 0.994 for hexokinase and 0.997 for the end-point method. The average fasting blood glucose levels measured were 128.43 mg/dL (±61.257) for hexokinase, 128.59 mg/dL (±61.110) for the end-point method, and slightly lower at 123.59 mg/dL (±58.920) for the glucometer. Conclusion: The study concluded that glucometer readings are highly correlated with traditional laboratory methods, indicating that point-of-care testing can be a reliable alternative for patients to monitor fasting blood glucose levels at home.

Does Ramadan Intermittent Fasting Affect the Fasting Blood Glucose Level among Type II Diabetic Patients?

The level of fasting blood glucose (FBG) is influenced by several factors, including health status, genetics, and diet. Some studies have reported a beneficial effect of Ramadan Intermittent Fasting (RIF) on diabetic patients. However, clinical observations have shown that diabetes is exacerbated in some patients. This study aims to investigate the influence of RIF on the FBG level, a biomarker of hyperglycemia and diabetes, and to identify factors associated with variations in FBG levels during RIF among diabetic patients. This study is a cross-sectional study. We monitored the FBG levels of 181 type II diabetic patients over a two-month period, from 20 February to 20 April 2023, which represents the Islamic lunar months of Shaban (8th month) and Ramadan (9th month). Ramadan provides a prominent month of intermittent fasting practice for studying its physiological effects on diabetes. We collected clinical data from each participant, including demographic information, co-morbidities, and medications used during this period. Based on our findings, diabetic patients were classified into three groups depending on the influence of RIF on FBG levels: the positively affected group (44%), whose average FBG levels were reduced; the neutrally affected group (24%), whose average FBG levels did not change; and the negatively affected group (32%), whose average FBG levels increased during the fasting month of Ramadan compared to the previous month. Furthermore, we found that the positive effect of RIF was more frequent among obese, non-geriatric, and male diabetic patients, while the negative effect of RIF was more frequent among patients who were not adhering to the medication. This study concludes that RIF affects FBG levels differently among diabetic patients. These findings should be taken into consideration when treating diabetic patients during the fasting month of Ramadan, and further studies are needed to identify (1) factors associated with inter-individual variation in the response to RIF and (2) those who are great candidates for RIF.

The effect of Cocoa Fruits (Theobroma cacao L.) extracts on serum blood glucose levels in white rats (Rattusnovergicus)

Checking blood glucose levels supports healthy lifestyle and pattern changes to avoid foods that contain high glucose, which can increase blood glucose levels. This study aims to analyze the administration of cocoa pod extract (Theobroma cacao L.) to describe serum blood glucose levels in white rats (Rattusnovergicus). This study used an RCT (randomized controlled trial) design involving five groups of cocoa pod extract samples through an evaporation process using a rotary vacuum evaporator after going through the maceration process for 3 x 24 hours divided into three concentrations of 50 mg/Kg body wt, 100 mg/Kg body wt, 150 mg/Kg body wt. Furthermore, serum blood glucose levels will be measured on the 3rd, 7th, and 14th day after administration of metformin and waste extract of cocoa pod shell (Theobroma cacao L.). Analysis of the research data used a paired t-test. The results showed that the average fasting blood glucose levels of K1 rats (Mus musculus) to the average fasting glucose levels in K2, K3, K4, and K5, respectively, were as follows: 0.037 (p <0.05); 0.000 (p < 0.05); 0.028 (p < 0.05); and 0.015 (p <0.05). This shows that the average fasting blood glucose level is significantly different (p <0.05). The average fasting blood glucose levels of K2 (metformin group) to the average glucose levels in K3 (extract group 50 mg/kg body wt), K4 (extract group 100 mg/kg body wt), and K5 (extract group 150 mg/kg body wt) respectively are as follows: 0.157 (p > 0.05); 1.000 (p > 0.05); and 0.995 (p > 0.05). This shows that the average blood glucose levels between K2, K3, K4, and K5 did not differ significantly (p <0.05) after measuring cocoa pod extract for two days. Based on the results of data analysis from this experimental study, it can be concluded that there is an effect of giving cocoa pod extract (Theobroma cacao L.) on fasting blood glucose levels of mice (Mus musculus) with type 2 diabetes mellitus hypercholesterolemia model. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Cacao; Blood Glucose; Rats

Kombucha tea as an anti-hyperglycemic agent in humans with diabetes - a randomized controlled pilot investigation.

Kombucha is a popular fermented tea that has attracted considerable attention due, in part, to its suggested health benefits. Previous results from animal models led us to hypothesize kombucha may reduce blood sugar levels in humans with diabetes. The objective of this pilot clinical study was to evaluate kombucha for its anti-hyperglycemic activities in adults with diabetes mellitus type II. The study was organized as a prospective randomized double-blinded crossover study at a single-center urban hospital system. Participants (n = 12) were instructed to consume either a kombucha product or a placebo control (each 240 mL) for 4 weeks. After an 8-week washout period, participants consumed the alternate product. Fasting blood glucose levels were self-determined at baseline and at 1 and 4 weeks during each treatment period. Secondary health outcomes, including overall health, insulin requirement, gut health, skin health, mental health, and vulvovaginal health were measured by questionnaire at the same time points. The kombucha microbiota was assessed by selective culturing and 16S rRNA gene (bacteria) and ITS (fungi) sequencing. Fermentation end products were assessed by HPLC. Statistical significance of changes in fasting blood glucose was determined using paired, two-tailed student's t-tests. Kombucha lowered average fasting blood glucose levels at 4 weeks compared to baseline (164 vs. 116 mg/dL, p = 0.035), whereas the placebo did not (162 vs. 141 mg/dL, p = 0.078). The kombucha microbiota, as assessed by cultural enumeration, was mainly comprised of lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria, and yeast, with each group present at about 106 colony forming units (CFU)/mL. Likewise, 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed that lactic acid and acetic acid bacteria were the most abundant bacteria, and ITS sequencing showed Dekkera was the most abundant yeast. The primary fermentation end products were lactic and acetic acids, both less than 1%. Ethanol was present at 1.5%. Although this pilot study was limited by a small sample size, kombucha was associated with reduced blood glucose levels in humans with diabetes. Larger follow-up studies are warranted. ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT04107207.

Relationship between the level of anti-diabetic medication adherence and fasting blood glucose levels among patients with type II diabetes mellitus at RSUD Subang

Background: Diabetes mellitus is known as the "mother of all diseases" because of the many complications it causes. One effort that can be made to reduce these complications is to control blood glucose levels by maintaining adherence to medication. Purpose: To analysis relationship between anti-diabetic medication adherence and fasting blood glucose level in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Method: This cross-sectional studied was conducted on 69 patients with type II diabetes mellitus who were recruited used a purposive sampling technique at RSUD Kabupaten Subang. Data collection on adherence anti-diabetic medication was carried out used MMAS-8 and Easy Touch GCU was used to collect data fasting blood sugar levels. The collected data were analyzed used the Spearman's rho test. Result: The findings of this study showed that the average level of adherence to taking anti-diabetic medication was 4.56 and the average fasting blood glucose level in type II diabetes mellitus patients was 176.13 mg/dL. This study founded that there is a relationship between the level of adherence to taking anti-diabetic medication and fasting blood glucose level in patients with type II diabetes mellitus (p <0.001) with a positive correlation coefficient, the greater the medication adherence score, the more normal the fasting blood glucose level, Conclusion: Medication adherence has significantly a relationship with fasting blood glucose level in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Findings suggest that it is important to adhere to anti-diabetic medication for patients with type 2 diabetes, as it potentially enables patients to deal with their diabetes journey and requires further research.

BLOOD LEPTIN LEVELS IN HYPERTENSION PATIENTS WITH ABDOMINAL OBESITY

The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in blood leptin level of patients with arterial hypertension, who has or has no concomitant abdominal obesity. The study included 87 patients (45 men and 42 women), aged from 32 to 71 years; among them 47 patients had abdominal obesity, and 40 patients had normal body weight. Arterial hypertension stage 2 was diagnosed in 46 (53%) people, stage 3 – in 41 (47%) people, abdominal obesity class 1 was found in 56 (64%) people, class 2 – in 31 (36%) people. Among the patients included in the study, burden of hereditary risk factors was found in 67 patients (77%). The control group included 25 healthy individuals who had normal body weight (body mass index <25 kg/m²), waist circumference <88 cm (in women) and <102 (in men), normal levels of glucose, triglycerides and fasting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The study has found out the patients with arterial hypertension and concomitant obesity have significantly higher levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, significant disorders of lipid, purine, and carbohydrate metabolism, disorders of leptin synthesis; leptin resistance, insulin resistance occurred in significantly higher number of cases than compared with the group of patients with arterial hypertension and normal body weight. The studied groups of patients differed in terms of carbohydrate metabolism: the average fasting blood glucose level was significantly higher in people with arterial hypertension with obesity than in patients with hypertension without obesity. A statistically significant difference remained when comparing with the control group, where the average blood glucose was by 0.9 mmol/l (16.1%) lower than in hypertensive patients with abdominal obesity. A statistically significant increase in the level of blood leptin was found in the group of women suffering from arterial hypertension with abdominal obesity, in comparison with women suffering from arterial hypertension without obesity and the control group of individuals. There has been revealed a reliable positive correlation between the level of blood leptin and the level of blood uric acid.

Perbedaan kadar glukosa darah berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan spektrofotometer dengan glukometer di UPTD Puskesmas Sukajaya Kota Sabang

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders with typical symptoms of hyperglycemia. Blood glucose examination can use a spectrophotometer and a glucometer (Point of Care Test). Although both are used to check blood glucose, these two tools have some differences when viewed from the working principle, the samples used, and their benefits. Both tools have advantages and disadvantages. The cost factor, a spectrophotometer is more expensive and requires more blood and a long time. Compared to glucometers, which are cheaper, easier to use, and have faster results. However, the level of reliability in measuring the value of fasting blood sugar levels is not yet significantly known.Objectives: This study aims to measure the difference in fasting blood sugar levels based on a spectrophotometer examination with a glucometer examination at Sukajaya Health Center, Sabang City.Methods: The analytical descriptive research uses a cross-sectional design. The research was conducted at the Sukajaya Health Center in Sabang City in October 2019. The object of this study was 24 patients. The examination is carried out through a Duplo process to avoid errors. The tools used to check fasting blood sugar levels are Spectrophotometer and Glucometer. Data analysis used non-parametric statistical tests, namely Kruskal Wallis, at 95% CI.Results: The average fasting blood glucose level using a spectrophotometer with repetition twice (Duplo) is 146.83 mg/dl (minimum= 77 mg/dl and maximum= 404 mg/dl). While the average value of fasting blood glucose levels examined using a glucometer is 158,25 mg/dl (minimum = 66 mg/dl and maximum= 424 mg/dl). The results of statistical tests indicate a difference in the average fasting blood glucose levels in patients examined using a spectrophotometer with a glucometer (p= 0,019; p < 0,05) at UPTD Puskesmas Sukajaya Sabang City.Conclusion: Using a glucometer, the results of checking blood glucose levels show a higher value than a spectrophotometer. There are differences in fasting blood sugar levels in patients examined with a spectrophotometer and glucometer.

Diabetic foot exercise training for diabetes mellitus patients to control blood glucose during the COVID-19 pandemic

Physical activity restriction during the pandemic increases the risk of developing diabetic foot ulcers in patients with diabetes mellitus. Community service activities in the form of diabetic foot exercise training aim to increase knowledge and blood glucose control of diabetic mellitus patients' during the pandemic. The activities were carried out in the Tlogorejo and Madulegi villages in Sukodadi Primary Health Care for 60 patients with diabetes mellitus who are members of prolanis. Community service activities include health education about diabetes and foot care, foot exercise training and physical examination, and fasting blood glucose testing. Post-test results showed that 80% of the participants had good knowledge, 15% had sufficient knowledge, and 5% lacked knowledge. Most participants could do foot exercises, and the average fasting blood glucose level of the participants after being given counseling and training was 171.60 mg/dL. Foot exercise training can increase participants' knowledge and can be used as a way to control blood glucose during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Genetic activation of glucokinase in a minority of pancreatic beta cells causes hypoglycemia in mice

AimsGlucokinase (GK) is expressed in the glucose-sensing cells of the islets of Langerhans and plays a critical role in glucose homeostasis. Here, we tested the hypothesis that genetic activation of GK in a small subset of β-cells is sufficient to change the glucose set-point of the whole islet. Material and methodsMouse models of cell-type specific GK deficiency (GKKO) and genetic enzyme activation (GKKI) in a subset of β-cells were obtained by crossing the αGSU (gonadotropin alpha subunit)-Cre transgene with the appropriate GK mutant alleles. Metabolic analyses consisted of glucose tolerance tests, perifusion of isolated islets and intracellular calcium measurements. Key findingsThe αGSU-Cre transgene produced genetically mosaic islets, as Cre was active in 15 ± 1.2 % of β-cells. While mice deficient for GK in a subset of islet cells were normal, unexpectedly, GKKI mice were chronically hypoglycemic, glucose intolerant, and had a lower threshold for glucose stimulated insulin secretion. GKKI mice exhibited an average fasting blood glucose level of 3.5 mM. GKKI islets responded with intracellular calcium signals that spread through the whole islets at 1 mM and secreted insulin at 3 mM glucose. SignificanceGenetic activation of GK in a minority of β-cells is sufficient to change the glucose threshold for insulin secretion in the entire islet and thereby glucose homeostasis in the whole animal. These data support the model in which β-cells with higher GK activity function as ‘hub’ or ‘trigger’ cells and thus control insulin secretion by the β-cell collective within the islet.

THE EARLY DETECTION OF METABOLIC SYNDROME USED NCEP ATP-III METHOD IN WAAI VILLAGE COMMUNITY CENTRAL MALUKU REGENCY

Metabolic syndrome is a metabolic disorder that complexly includes carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism disorders which are known to be the main cause of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and coronary heart disease. Waai Village, Central Maluku Regency is one of the villages affected by the earthquake for a long time so that social assistance in the form of fast food is consumed in the long term which is thought to be one of the causes of metabolic syndrome. The purpose of this research is to detect the presence of metabolic syndrome with the NCEP ATP-III criteria consists of measuring blood pressure, fasting blood glucose levels and serum triglyceride levels using the photometric method. This type of research is descriptive research with a cross sectional approach. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling, in accordance with the predetermined sample criteria. The results showed that 29 of 50 subjects (58%) had metabolic syndrome with an average blood pressure of 148/94 mmHg, an average fasting blood glucose level of 158 mg/dL, and an average triglyceride level of 198 mg/dL.

Investigation of the role of sleep quality and sleep duration on fasting blood glucose level in acute ischemic stroke patients: A preliminary study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the sleep quality and sleep duration with the level of fasting blood glucose in patients with acute ischemic stroke. A cross-sectional study was conducted among acute ischemic stroke patients admitted to Dr. Soetomo Hospital and Universitas Airlangga Hospital from May to October 2021. Patients who met the inclusion were enrolled. To assess the sleep quality, Pittsburgh Sleeps Quality Index (PSQI) was applied. To determine sleep duration during the nocturnal period, Fitbit Charge 2 HR device was used. Evaluation of plausible confounders was assessed through physical examination, interviews, and a set of validated questionnaires. A total of 30 acute ischemic stroke patients were included in this study. The mean age of the participants was 56.40±9.77 years and 60% were males. There were 63.3% patients classified as mild stroke and 36.7% moderate-severe stroke. The average PQSI score was 5.57±2.59, while the average sleep duration was 319.8±108.7 minutes. The average fasting blood glucose level was 89.03±14.71 mg/dL. Significant positive correlation was obtained between sleep duration and fasting blood glucose level (r=0.533; p=0.002). Similarly, there was no statistically significant correlation between sleep quality with the level of fasting blood glucose (r=-0.167; p=0.377). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study assessing the correlation between sleep quality and sleep duration with the level of fasting blood glucose levels in patients with acute ischemic stroke. This study therefore might be of great interest to provide insights on the importance of sleep management in acute ischemic stroke patients.

Risk of metformin failure in the treatment of women with gestational diabetes.

To estimate the metformin failure rate in women with gestational diabetes. The study was designed as a retrospective cohort of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes by the 75g 2h oral glucose tolerance test. Women were placed into two groups: metformin success (107 patients not requiring insulin therapy) or metformin failure (15 patients requiring the addition of, or, transition to insulin). Primary outcome: rate of metformin failure. Secondary outcomes: maternal and neonatal factors. The failure rate of metformin was 15% (19/122 women) in the study. The failure group was more likely to have 3 abnormal values on a 2-h 75g oral glucose tolerance test (37% (n=7/19) vs. 15% (n=15/103), p=0.02). Patients who failed had higher average fasting blood glucose levels on the glucose tolerance test as well as on pretreatment fasting finger stick values. Those who failed metformin were diagnosed with gestational diabetes and started on metformin earlier in gestation. Overall low rate of metformin failure in treatment of gestational diabetes.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D Serum Levels Unrelated to Fasting Blood Glucose Levels of Premenopausal Women in Padang

Low serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels in premenopausal women result in the impaired release of insulin from the pancreas and reduce glucose tolerance which causes the body's metabolism to slow down resulting in weight gain leading to insulin resistance and resulting in diabetes mellitus (DM).The incidence of DM occurs at premenopausal ages compared to productive ages, the percentage of women experiencing diabetes is higher than men. This study aims to determine the relationship between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D serum levels and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels of premenopausal women in Padang. Method: This study was conducted in the city of Padang, is observational, cross-sectional design. The study sample was 62 premenopausal women. Measurement of serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and FBG levels were measured by the GOD-PAP method. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation test. Results: The average serum level of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D respondents was 30.96 ± 10.96 ng/ml. The average FBG level of respondents was 107.03 ± 13.74 mg/dl. There was no significant relationship between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D serum levels and FBG levels (r = -0.038, p = 0.769). Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D serum levels and FBG levels of premenopausal women in Padang.

Antihyperglycemic Effectiveness Test of 96% Ethanol Extract of Soursop Leaves on Mus musculus Induced by Streptozotocin

Annona muricata L. is widely known throughout Indonesia as having great potentials as an antidiabetic agent. This study aimed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effectiveness of ethanol extract 96% from soursop leaves and to compare its effects to metformin and insulin aspart injection as antidiabetic agents. This was a cross-sectional experimental study with random sampling approach which was performed at Phytochemistry and Biopharmacy Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasannudin University, Indonesia, from February 17 to March 3, 2020. Twenty-four Mus musculus subjects induced by streptozotocin were divided into six groups, which received 96% ethanol extract from Annona muricata in various doses. The extract was produced using the maceration process. The fasting blood sugar level was measured using the point of care testing (POCT) method, and data collected were then analyzed using a univariate approach. Results showed that the average fasting blood glucose level (FBG) was decreasing with increasing doses (5 g/kgBW=127 mg/dL, 10 g/kgBW =114 mg/dL, and 15 g/kg BW=97.75 mg/dl with a p-value of 0.000 based on repeated ANOVA. When compared to the positive control 1 (metformin), the decrease in FBG level in this control group (70.67 mg/dL) was better than in the group that received ethanol extract from Annona muricata L. In subjects in positive control 2 (insulin aspart), the average FBG level remained high, which was 473 mg/dL. Hence, 96% ethanol extract of Annona muricata L. can effectively lower fasting blood glucose in Mus musculus.

Potential Protective Effects of Balakka Fruit Extract (Phyllanthus emblica L.) Against Doxorubicin-Induced Pancreatic Toxicity in Rats

The incidence of cancer is still high in the world, regionally and in Indonesia, where the incidence of new cases of breast cancer, uterine cervical cancer and lung cancer is the highest in Indonesia. The use of anthracycline doxorubicin as an anti-neoplastic agent is highly effective in various types of cancer in adults and children, including hematologic and solid tumors, but doxorubicin has serious organotoxicity, including pancreatic toxicity. The content of various compounds from Balakka fruit extract (Phyllanthus emblica L.) which has been identified through various studies, especially its potential as a pancreatic protective agent, through its antioxidant, anti-diabetic/hyperglycemic, and anti-hyperlipidemic activities. To determine the potential protective effect of ethanolic extract of Balakka fruit (Phyllanthus emblica L.) against doxorubicin-induced pancreatic toxicity in rats. This study used an experimental study with a completely randomized design to determine the potential protective effect of the ethanolic extract of Balakka fruit (Phyllanthus Emblica L.) against doxorubicin-induced pancreatic toxicity in rats (Rattus norvegicus). The results of qualitative phytochemical tests on the ethanolic extract of Balakka fruit contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids/triterpenoids, terpenoids and tannins. From the results of the different test results in the mean serial blood glucose levels more than 2 Kruskal Wallis groups, a significance value of p less than 0.05 was found, meaning that there were at least 2 groups that had a significant difference in fasting glucose levels (p = 0.003*) and TTGO test results at the 30th minute, 60th minute and 120th minute (p = 0.000*; p = 0.001*; p = 0.007*). The average fasting blood glucose levels of all treatment groups were in the normal range of 90 – 110 mg/dL. At the 120th minute of OGTT, it was found that the mean blood glucose level in the doxorubicin group reached 149.00 ± 7.99 mg/dL, still higher than the average level of the extract group, treatments 1 and 2 (p less than 0.05). And the mean blood glucose levels in the treatment groups 1 and 2 were significantly lower than the mean blood glucose levels in the doxorubicin group (p = 0.009*; p = 0.009*). The ethanolic extract of Balakka Phyllanthus Emblica L. fruit contains flavonoids, phenols, tannins, triterpenoids, terpenoids and alkaloids. Administration of ethanolic extract of Balakka fruit at a dose of 400 mg/kgBW can overcome pancreatic toxicity by maintaining a balance of glucose levels by decreasing blood glucose levels at the 30th minute, 60th minute, and 120th minute close to normal and can improve the pancreatic tissue of rats in a group of mice with doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity.

Effect of Ethanol Extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schum and Thonn) Taub Leaves on Oral Glucose Tolerance in Normal, Glucose‐induced and Normotensive Female Wistar Rats

Traditional Medicine is reported the oldest, widely practiced healthcare system in Africa. This practice has further gained momentum in recent years due to its accessibility, affordability and extensive scientific validation. Leaves of Tetrapleura tetraptera are being used in treatment of diabetes, oxidative stress, hyperlipidemia and managing dysfunctional lipid metabolism (a side effect of the use of sulphonylureas as antidiabetics). However, there has been paucity of information on therapeutic synergy. The present study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of Tetrapleura tetraptera ethanol leaf extract on blood glucose levels (BGL) in glucose‐induced hyperglycemic and normotensive rats. Mature female Wistar rats with average weight of 120 g were fasted for 12 h then placed into six groups of five rats each. The following treatment schedules were applied accordingly: no treatment (vehicle); glucose (2 g/kg, control); three groups of glucose‐induced hyperglycemia treated with 100 (TT100GLU), 200 (TT200GLU) and 400 (TT400GLU) mg/kg ethanol extract doses of Tetrapleura tetraptera leaves (EtTT) respectively; and 400 mg/kg extract dose of EtTT (TT400, normotensive). Blood glucose concentration through femoral vein was evaluated at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes after oral treatment in all cases. Average fasting blood glucose level in all groups at 0 min was 90± 3.71 mg/dL. All treatment groups showed an elevation in BGL at 30 min with values ranging from 86.20 ± 2.22 in vehicle to 107.4 mg/dL in TT400GLU before a progressive decrease in BGL with increase in time. The decline in BGL of treatment groups was generally not significantly different at p<0.05 from control, however, the extract significantly (p< 0.05) reduced blood glucose in normotensive group (TT400GLU) such that at 150 min, BGL dropped to 59.8 mg/dL and animals were showing symptoms of hypoglycemia. Ethanol extract of T. tetraptera leaves possesses the capacity to lower blood glucose levels thus reducing the tendency for hyperglycemic complications. These results further validate its traditional use and it can be proposed that the leaf extract dose should not be administered singly in fasting conditions as it could lead to hypoglycemia.Support or Funding InformationI am a member of American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET) with membership ID 0057705Comparison of fasting blood glucose level of various groups. Data are expressed mean ± SEM for 6 groups of 5 rats each with significant difference tested at p<0.05Figure 1

Evaluation of Guiera Senegalenses on Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Among Sudanese Adult Patients

Guiera senegalensis (GS) reflects the reduced glucose exposure of erythrocytes over a preceding time frame proportional to erythrocyte survival. GS is thus an anti-diabetic function of the glucose-time curve, an educationally useful concept to aid teaching and clinical judgment. Sixty-one newly diagnosed patients with an average age of 48.2 years and weight of 64.9 kg have participated in the study. Participants were significantly different in their educational, socioeconomic levels, and most of them have no family history of diabetes. To evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of GS, the patients were divided into four groups (G1, G2, G3 and G4) and treated with four different doses of the aqueous extract of the herb ( 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 Oz of GS boiled for 10 minutes in 0.5-litre water). The experiment has lasted for five days for each group, and the blood glucose level of the patients was checked using GOD –POD method, at fasting (FBS) and following two hours after the breakfast (RBS). Another group of 30 patients (control) received Douniel drug (5mg/day/person) instead of the GS herb extract and checked for glucose level with the same procedure mentioned above. The results revealed that blood glucose level (mg/dl) for all patients lowered by 9% after every 24 hours of the treatment and by 35% at the end of the treatment. The average fasting and random blood glucose levels were significantly (P<0.001) reduced from 326.21 and 322.95 mg/dl at the start of the treatment to 213.57 and 202.87 mg/dl sequentially at the end of the treatment. The herb significantly (P<0.001) reduced the blood glucose levels, however, with negligible side effects (vomiting on two patients of group G4). Similar hypoglycemic effects on random blood sugar for both the herb extract and Daniel drugs noticed. However, the average fasting blood glucose level of patients treated with herb extract (266.21 mg/dl) was significantly (P<0.001) lower than that of patients treated with the Daniel drug (280.47 mg/dl). Accordingly, the action of this herb may be similar to that of Douniel drug. However, it might have more prolonged action than Douniel. The study strongly recommends GS as a potential herb for the treatment of type II diabetes.

Regulatory T Cells in the Context of New-Onset Diabetes After Renal Transplant: A Single-Center Experience

BackgroundNew-onset diabetes mellitus after transplant (NODAT) is a well-known complication of renal transplant that severely affects graft and patient survival. It is necessary to explore further risk factors and reveal the underlying pathomechanism. MethodsRenal transplants performed between January 2010 and June 2018 were involved. Exclusion criteria were the recipient age younger than 18 years, follow-up period less than 6 months, and patients with diabetes at the time of transplant. Only primary kidney transplants were involved in our study, which totaled 223 cases. Besides donor and recipient demographic data, the type of immunosuppression, the average fasting glucose level, and T-subset profiles were compared. ResultsOf 223 cases there were 33 patients (14.8%) with NODAT (17 female; mean age, 54.2 [SD, 10.3] years; mean body mass index [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared], 27.8 [SD, 5.1]; mean follow-up, 43.3 [SD, 25.5] months). The control group consisted of 190 patients. The average fasting blood glucose level was higher in the NODAT group vs the control group (P < .001). The average fasting blood glucose level above diabetic threshold (≥7 mmol/L) was in association with a 6-fold higher risk of NODAT (odds ratio, 5.86; 95% CI, 2.46–13.97; P < .001). Absolute value of CD4+CD25brightCD127dim regulatory T cells was lower in the NODAT group at the first month after transplant (P = .048) Immunosuppressive protocol and survival data did not differ. ConclusionsIntensive management of the carbohydrate excursions during the early post-transplant period may decrease the incidence of NODAT. Further investigations will be required to decide whether the reduced CD4+CD25brightCD127dim/regulatory T-cell count contributes the development of NODAT.

Abstract TP368: Effectiveness and Safety of Luseogliflozin, Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter2 Inhibitor, to Treat Hyperglycemia in an Acute Stroke Stage

Introduction: Hyperglycemia found at arrival or after admission must be treated as soon as possible in acute stroke patients, because hyperglycemia impairs their clinical outcome. However, it hasn’t been established how to treat it. Hypothesis: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors can lower blood glucose level soon and safely in an acute stroke stage. Patients and Methods: We included acute stroke patients 1) who were admitted between September 2015 and June 2017, 2) who could orally take food after admission, 3) who presented fasting blood glucose level of higher than 150 mg/dl on the 3rd day, and 4) who received the SGLT2 inhibitor of luseogliflozin 2.5mg on the 3rd day to lower blood glucose level. We excluded patients undergoing enteral feeding or insulin therapy. We didn’t use sulfonylureas nor glinides. We provided food with appropriate calorie, determined according to Harris-Benedict equation, including carbohydrates (carbo) adjusted to 40% of the target calorie. We evaluated blood glucose level, urine glucose and urine ketones at arrival and on the 6th day. Results: Fifty-six patients matched our criteria. On admission, their average age was 71 years, average body mass index was 24.1 kg/m2, their average HbA1c was 7.6 %, blood glucose level was 192 mg/dl and creatinine clearance was 64.6 ml/min. Patients take food with average 1400 kcal including carbo of 140 g/day. Average three days after starting luseogliflozin treatment, their average fasting blood glucose level was improved to 117 mg/dl, 54 patients (96%) presented positive urine glucose and 29 patients (52%) positive urine ketones. No symptoms of hypoglycemia or ketoacidosis occurred. Conclusion: Luseogliflozin coupled with food including carbo of average 140 g/day could lower blood glucose level soon and safely in acute stroke patients with appropriate conditions.