Average Deviation Research Articles

대학생이 인식하는 학습자의 ChatGPT 활용과 교수자의 ChatGPT 활용*

The purpose of this research is to identify the difference in perception of college students between ChatGPT learning use area and ChatGPT teaching use area. A total of 114 respondents were analyzed. The results show that the purpose of ChatGPT use appeared in the order of data research and information collection, curiosity solving, tasks, and idea generation. Second, the advantages perceived by college students were in the order of various information collection, efficient time saving, quick information acquisition, summary and quick answers/problem solving. The limitations in using ChatGPT were in the order of inaccurate answers, difficulty in generating questions, reliability of answers, reduced user thinking skills, and uniform products. Third, the learning areas in which ChatGPT can be used were translation and content summary, while the teaching areas that college students think instructors can use ChatGPT were in the order of vocabulary/grammar correction, and translation. The overall average difference in the use of ChatGPT between instructors and learners perceived by college students was statistically significant. There were significant differences between teaching use and learning use in order or feedback provision, data research and information collection, idea/topic generation, outline writing, translation, and content summary. Therefore, this study is meaningful in that it revealed that there is a difference between the ChatGPT use of learners and that of instructors recognized by college students.

Experimental Investigation of Two-Pass Solar Dryer with V-Corrugated Absorber for Potato Slice Drying

Reducing the moisture level of food items can help prevent bacterial development and deterioration, extend shelf life, reduce packaging, and improve storage for convenient transportation. In this paper, a two-pass solar dryer with V-Corrugated absorber plate is developed. Its experimental performance evaluation in forced convection is carried out for potato chip drying. Various parameters like Hourly Variation of Solar Radiation Intensity, Temperature Distribution Curves inside Solar Dryer, Collector Efficiency Curve, Hourly Mass Loss of Potato Slices and Moisture Removal Comparison with Conventional Open Sun Drying Method are calculated and presented graphically. The peak temperature of the absorber plate reached 69.30C, and the air temperature at the collector outlet recorded the highest value at 57.50C. The average temperature difference of 28.580C is obtained for heat transfer by convection between the modified corrugated absorber plate and the air. An important finding in this experimental investigation was that there is an average 6.50C difference in temperature between the hot air exiting the collector and the air available at the bottom of the lower tray of the drying chamber, which should be reduced by applying means of avoiding heat loss. The highest collector efficiency is calculated as 88.9 % at 2 PM. The lowest efficiency is calculated at 9 AM as 66.8 %. The thermal inertia of the system adds to the collector efficiency in the last 2 hours of the experimentation and hence collector performs better than in the morning hours, though the insolation is nearly the same for the first and last two hours of sunshine. The percentage reduction in drying time was found to be 38.9 % for 50 % moisture removal from potato slices as compared to open sun drying.

Effects of clay grains on the shear properties of unsaturated loess and microscopic mechanism

Different clay grains affect the structural strength of loess through the cementation of skeletal particles. This study investigates both clay-clay grains and quartz-clay grains. Clay-clay grains mixed loess (CM-L) and quartz-clay grains loess (Q-L) samples were prepared, and their unsaturated shear properties analyzed. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) analysis was conducted to determine the types and proportions of clay grains. Ball mill grinding and laser particle size analysis were employed to ensure comparable sizes of clay grains, while mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests confirmed similar pore characteristics. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and unsaturated triaxial consolidation and drainage tests explored the impact of different clay grains on loess shear characteristics, assessing both microscopic and macroscopic performance. The results indicate that CM-L loess exhibits higher cohesion and a lower internal friction angle at the same matric suction level. The cohesion and internal friction angle of both CM-L and Q-L loess exhibit a linear relationship within the range of 50–200 kPa matrix suction. The cohesive force ranges for CM-L and Q-L loess are 60.31–80.07 kPa and 43.01–69.60 kPa, respectively, while the ranges for internal friction angles are 19.95°-19.59° and 25.91°-25.06°, respectively. Compared to Q-L loess, CM-L loess exhibits an average difference in cohesion of 23.18 kPa and in internal friction angle of -5.72°. The microscopic variation in shear strength can be attributed to the “fish scale-like” interlocking state between clay-clay grains and the “tower-like” scattering arrangement of quartz-clay grains. In conclusion, the effect of different clay-grain types on the shear strength of loess varies significantly. The present study elucidates the relationship between the influence of different clay grains on the mechanical properties of loess and their microscopic structural characteristics, thereby providing crucial data for investigating the microscopic effects on the structural strength of loess.

Miniaturized on-chip spectrometer enabled by electrochromic modulation.

Miniaturized on-chip spectrometers with small footprints, lightweight, and low cost are in great demand for portable optical sensing, lab-on-chip systems, and so on. Such miniaturized spectrometers are usually based on engineered spectral response units and then reconstruct unknown spectra with algorithms. However, due to the limited footprints of computational on-chip spectrometers, the recovered spectral resolution is limited by the number of integrated spectral response units/filters. Thus, it is challenging to improve the spectral resolution without increasing the number of used filters. Here we present a computational on-chip spectrometer using electrochromic filter-based computational spectral units that can be electrochemically modulated to increase the efficient sampling number for higher spectral resolution. These filters are directly integrated on top of the photodetector pixels, and the spectral modulation of the filters results from redox reactions during the dual injection of ions and electrons into the electrochromic material. We experimentally demonstrate that the spectral resolution of the proposed spectrometer can be effectively improved as the number of applied voltages increases. The average difference of the peak wavelengths between the reconstructed and the reference spectra decreases from 1.61 nm to 0.29 nm. We also demonstrate the proposed spectrometer can be worked with only four or two filter units, assisted by electrochromic modulation. In addition, we also demonstrate that the electrochromic filter can be easily adapted for hyperspectral imaging, due to its uniform transparency. This strategy suggests a new way to enhance the performance of miniaturized spectrometers with tunable spectral filters for high resolution, low-cost, and portable spectral sensing, and would also inspire the exploration of other stimulus responses such as photochromic and force-chromic, etc, on computational spectrometers.

Synthesized economic evidence on the cost-effectiveness of screening familial hypercholesterolemia

BackgroundFamilial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a prevalent genetic disorder with global implications for severe cardiovascular diseases. Motivated by the growing recognition of the need for early diagnosis and treatment of FH to mitigate its severe consequences, alongside the gaps in understanding the economic implications and equity impacts of FH screening, this study aims to synthesize the economic evidence on the cost-effectiveness of FH screening and to analyze the impact of FH screening on health inequality.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review on the economic evaluations of FH screening and extracted information from the included studies using a pre-determined form for evidence synthesis. We synthesized the cost-effectiveness components involving the calculation of synthesized incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) and net health benefit (NHB) of different FH screening strategies. Additionally, we applied an aggregate distributional cost-effectiveness analysis (DCEA) to assess the impact of FH screening on health inequality.ResultsAmong the 19 studies included, over half utilized Markov models, and 84% concluded that FH screening was potentially cost-effective. Based on the synthesized evidence, cascade screening was likely to be cost-effective, with an ICER of $49,630 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). The ICER for universal screening was $20,860 per QALY as per evidence synthesis. The aggregate DCEA for six eligible studies presented that the incremental equally distributed equivalent health (EDEH) exceeded the NHB. The difference between EDEH and NHB across the six studies were 325, 137, 556, 36, 50, and 31 QALYs, respectively, with an average positive difference of 189 QALYs.ConclusionsOur research offered valuable insights into the economic evaluations of FH screening strategies, highlighting significant heterogeneity in methods and outcomes across different contexts. Most studies indicated that FH screening is cost-effective and contributes to improving overall population health while potentially reducing health inequality. These findings offer implications that policies should promote the implementation of FH screening programs, particularly among younger population. Optimizing screening strategies based on economic evidence can help identify the most effective measures for improving health outcomes and maximizing cost-effectiveness.

Field-grown tomato yield estimation using point cloud segmentation with 3D shaping and RGB pictures from a field robot and digital single lens reflex cameras

The aim of this study was to estimate field-grown tomato yield (weight) and quantity of tomatoes using a self-developed robot and digital single lens reflex (DSLR) camera pictures. The authors suggest a new approach to predicting tomato yield that is based on images taken in the field, 3D scanning, and shape. Field pictures were used for tomato segmentation to determine the ripeness of the crop. A convolution neural network (CNN) model using TensorFlow library was devised for the segmentation of tomato berries along with a small robot, which had a 59.3 % F1 score. To enhance the accurate tomato crop model and to estimate the yield later, point cloud imaging was applied using a Ciclops 3D scanner. The best fitting sphere model was generated using the 3D model. The most optimal model was the 3D model, which gave the best representation and provided the weight of the tomatoes with a relative error of 21.90 % and a standard deviation of 17.9665 %. The results indicate a consistent object-based classification of the tomato crop above the plant/row level with an accuracy of 55.33 %, which is better than in-row sampling (images taken by the robot). By comparing the measured and estimated yield, the average difference for DSLR camera images was more favorable at 3.42 kg.

Experimental and numerical investigations of a diffusion bonded flat-type loop heat pipe for passive thermal management

Previous diffusion bonded loop heat pipes have been researched due to the benefits of this manufacturing technique, which includes direct sealing and maintaining material properties. The previous single-material diffusion bonded loop heat pipes were made of copper, leading to a high heat leak due to high thermal conductivity, causing a reduction in efficiency. This research used a new approach that separated the evaporator from the loop heat pipe while using diffusion bonding to manufacture a loop heat pipe using two materials, copper and stainless steel. This separation allowed for lower thermal conductivity materials to be used to help reduce the heat leak. Two evaporators with different wicks were tested, one made of copper and the other made of polytetrafluoroethylene. Both designs were tested in multiple orientations and operated for a range of 15 W to 45 W with an evaporator to condenser thermal resistance ranging from 2.18 °C/W to 0.004 °C/W. Additionally, a numerical model was developed to predict the performance of both evaporators, with an average temperature difference ranging from 5.5 °C to 6.6 °C for all thermocouple locations. The heat leak ratio was analyzed using the model, and a heat leak ratio of 7.6% to 8.0% and 13.6% to 16.0% for the copper wick and polytetrafluoroethylene wick loop heat pipe was calculated, respectively. This research demonstrates that diffusion bonding copper with a lower thermal conductivity material and using low thermal conductivity sealing material can help reduce the heat leak within diffusion bonded loop heat pipes.

أبرز المشكلات الشائعة في مكونات القراءة لدى الطلبة ذوي صعوبات التعلم

The current study aimed to identify the most common problems in the reading components among students with learning disabilities from the perspective of Arabic language course's teachers in government primary schools that contain learning disabilities programs in the education departments in Makkah Al-Mukarramah region, and to study the differences in knowledge levels according to the study variables. The final study sample consisted of (224) male and female teachers. To achieve the objectives of the current study, a descriptive survey approach was used, where a questionnaire was prepared as a tool for collecting data. The questionnaire consisted of (36) statements distributed over five dimensions. The results of the current study showed that the most common problems in the reading components among students with learning disabilities came at a level of (medium) agreement in general, with a general arithmetic mean of (3.155), while at the level of the sub-dimensions of the questionnaire, they all came at a level of (medium) agreement. The results also showed statistically significant differences in the total score averages of the questionnaire according to the gender variable in favor of male teachers, the number of years of experience variable in favor of male teachers who have experience from (1-5 years), and the workplace variable in favor of the education departments in the governorates of Makkah Al-Mukarramah and Taif, while the results showed no statistically significant differences in the total score averages of the scale according to the academic qualification variable. Based on the results reached, the researcher recommended several research recommendations and proposals, the most important of which is that the curriculum should include methods that motivate students to return to linguistic dictionaries and glossaries to search for the meanings of new vocabulary, and conduct additional studies aimed at discovering more scientific facts about the phenomenon of reading problems.

Association between automatic milking system parameters and intramammary infections in dairy cows at dry-off

IntroductionThe current global concern over increasing antimicrobial resistance among animal and human pathogens has motivated efforts to reduce antimicrobial drug use in food animals and its impact on antimicrobial resistance. One such strategy is to use selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) in dairy cows, which involves treating only cows with intramammary infection (IMI) at dry-off. However, efficient methods are needed to identify cows with IMI at dry-off to implement SDCT. Automatic Milking Systems (AMS) data may help farmers identify cows with IMI when individual Somatic Cell Count (SCC) is not routinely tested. This study assessed the correlation between cow-level and quarter-level AMS parameters and IMI at dry-off.Methods & ResultsA total of 733 udder quarters (comprising both Primiparous [PRIM] and Multiparous [MULT] cows) were sampled and categorized for IMI based on bacterial growth and SCC. Data were aggregated both daily and into 7-day and 15-day intervals preceding dry-off. The quarter-level prevalence of bacterial growth at dry-off was 24.28% overall. When stratified by parity, logistic regression analysis at 15 days to dry-off revealed that the average difference in mastitis detection index (MDi) in PRIM, MDi, and standard deviation milk flow rate in MULT were associated with increased odds of IMI at dry-off. Similarly, data from 7 days to dry-off revealed that average peak milk flow rate in PRIM, and MDi in MULT were associated with increased odds of IMI at dry-off. However, an increase in average milk yield was associated with decreased odds of IMI.Discussion & ConclusionOur findings underscore the significance of MDi, milk flow rate, peak milk flow rate, and milk yield in predicting IMI at dry-off. Notably, stronger associations were observed with data collected 7 days preceding dry-off. Further research is warranted to refine and validate algorithms amalgamating these variables for precise IMI prediction in cows at dry-off.

Predicting pKa Values of Para-Substituted Aniline Radical Cations vs. Stable Anilinium Ions in Aqueous Media

The focus of pKa calculations has primarily been on stable molecules, with limited studies comparing radical cations and stable cations. In this study, we comprehensively investigate models with implicit solvent and explicit water molecules, direct and indirect calculation approaches, as well as methods for calculating free energy, solvation energy, and quasi-harmonic oscillator approximation for para-substituted aniline radical cations (R-PhNH2•+) and anilinium cations (R-PhNH3+) in the aqueous phase. Properly including and positioning explicit H2O molecules in the models is important for reliable pKa predictions. For R-PhNH2•+, precise pKa values were obtained using models with one or two explicit H2O molecules, resulting in a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.563 and 0.384, respectively, for both the CBS-QB3 and M062X(D3)/ma-def2QZVP methods. Further improvement was achieved by adding H2O near oxygen-containing substituents, leading to the lowest RMSE of 0.310. Predicting pKa values for R-PhNH3+ was more challenging. CBS-QB3 provided an RMSE of 0.349 and the M062X(D3)/ma-def2QZVP method failed to calculate pKa accurately (RMSE > 1). However, by adopting the double-hybrid functional method and adding H2O near the R substituent group, the calculations were significantly improved with an average absolute difference (ΔpKa) of 0.357 between the calculated and experimental pKa values. Our study offers efficient and reliable methods for pKa calculations of R-PhNH2•+ (especially) and R-PhNH3+ based on currently mature quantum chemistry software.

The impact of coupled 3D shortwave radiative transfer on surface radiation and cumulus clouds over land

Abstract. Radiative transfer is a 3D process, but most atmospheric models consider radiation only in the vertical direction for computational efficiency. This results in inaccurate surface radiation fields, as the horizontal transport of radiation is neglected. Previous work on 3D radiative effects mainly used 3D radiative transfer uncoupled from the flow solver. In contrast, our current work uses 3D radiative transfer coupled to the flow solver to study its impact on the development of clouds and the resulting impact on the domain-averaged surface solar irradiance. To this end, we performed a series of realistic large-eddy simulations with MicroHH. To improve the level of realism of our radiation, we first included the direct effect of aerosols using aerosol data from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) global reanalysis. Next, we performed simulations with 1D radiative transfer and with a coupled ray tracer for 12 d on which shallow cumulus clouds formed over Cabauw, the Netherlands. In general, simulations with the coupled ray tracer have a higher domain-averaged liquid water path, larger clouds, and similar cloud cover compared to simulations with 1D radiative transfer. Furthermore, the domain-averaged direct radiation is decreased with 3D radiative transfer, and the diffuse radiation is increased. However, the average difference in global radiation is less than 1 W m−2, as the increase in global radiation from uncoupled 3D radiative transfer is counterbalanced by a decrease in global radiation caused by changes in cloud properties.

Heat Transfer Enhancement in a 3D-Printed Compact Heat Exchanger

The study describes experimental data on thermal tests during the condensation of HFE7100 refrigerant in a compact heat exchanger. The heat exchanger was manufactured using the additive 3D printing in metal. The material is AISI 316L steel. MPCM slurry was used as the heat exchanger coolant, and water was used as the reference medium. The refrigerant was condensed on a bundle of circular tubes made of steel with an internal/external diameter of di/de = 2/3 mm, while a mixture of water and phase change materials as the coolant flowed through the channels. Few studies consider the heat exchange in condensation using phase change materials; furthermore, there is also a lack of description of heat exchange in small-sized exchangers printed from metal. Most papers deal with computer research, including flow simulations of heat exchange. The study describes the process of heat exchange enhancement using the phase transition of coolant. Experimental data for the mPCM slurry coolant flow was compared to the data of pure water flow as a reference liquid. The tests were carried out under the following thermal and flow conditions: G = 10–450 [kg m−² s−1], q = 2000–25,000 [W m−²], and ts = 30–40 [°C]. The conducted research provided many quantities describing the heat exchange in compact heat exchangers, including heat exchanger heat power, heat exchange coefficient, and heat exchange coefficients for working media. Based on these factors, the thermal performance of the heat exchanger was described. External characteristics include the value of the thermal power and the heat exchange coefficient as a function of the mass flow density of the working medium and the average logarithmic temperature difference. The performance of the heat exchanger was presented as the dependencies of the heat exchange coefficients on the mass flux density and the heat flux density on the heat exchange surface. The thickness of the refrigerant’s condensate film was also determined. Furthermore, a model was proposed to determine the heat exchange coefficient value for the condensing HFE7100 refrigerant on the outer surface of a bundle of smooth tubes inside a compact heat exchanger. According to experimental data, the calculation results were in good agreement with each other, with a range of 25%. These data can be used to design mini condensers that are widely used in practice.

The Influence of Legal Nature on Executive Compensation in Brazil

We analyzed the influence of legal nature (publicly traded or privately held companies) on executive compensation. For this purpose, we used data from the Annual Social Information Report (RAIS) of Brazilian publicly traded and privately held companies for the year 2019, totalling 15,397 observations. Through various econometric approaches, it was observed that legal nature has an impact on executive compensation. Using ordinary least squares regression, it was found that executives in publicly traded companies receive, on average, about 30% more than their counterparts in privately held companies. This difference was also evident in estimations using quantile regression, re-centred influence function (RIF)-regression and Oaxaca-RIF. However, the difference diminishes at higher levels of compensation. By means of the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition, the average compensation difference due to legal nature was found to be 26.9% in favour of publicly traded companies. Of this difference, the largest portion is attributed to discretionary factors. When analyzing an economic, institutional and cultural context different from what is commonly researched, this research contributes to the discussion of results in emerging economies and provides new insights that can be valuable in the development of standards encouraging compensation linked to value creation for the company, as well as promoting greater transparency regarding the reasons behind high remuneration.

Penerapan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Web “Genially” Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Pada Materi Mufradāt Bahasa Arab

This research is motivated by Arabic language learning on mufrodat material with the teaching process in class still using conventional methods, lecture methods, and sometimes assisted with powepoint media. However, the media is considered less diverse and innovative so that it still does not attract the attention of students. So that students still have difficulty in learning this mufrodat, because it feels monotonous. Therefore, researchers try to implement Genially web-based learning media on Arabic mufrodat material which has different characteristics from other media because of its interesting gamification features and can give a pleasant impression during the learning process. The purpose of this study is to see the effectiveness and comparison of student learning outcomes before and after the application of genially web-based learning media on mufordat material. This research uses quantitative research with experimental methods with Independent Sample T-Test data analysis, the samples taken in this study were class VIII A as an experimental class with a total of 24 students and class VIII B as a control class with a total of 21 students. The results of this study indicate that the value of a Sig. (2-tailed) 0.003 is smaller than 0.05, which means that there is an influence and significant average difference between learning outcomes with the application of Genially web learning media and those that do not use Genially web application at SMP Muhammadiyah 5 Tulangan.

A General On-Orbit Absolute Radiometric Calibration Method Compatible with Multiple Imaging Conditions

On-orbit absolute radiometric calibration is not only a prerequisite for the quantitative application of optical remote sensing satellite data but also a key step in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of satellite observation data. Due to the diversity of imaging conditions for optical remote sensing satellite sensors, on-orbit absolute radiometric calibration usually requires a large number of imaging tasks and manual labor to calibrate each imaging condition. This seriously limits the timeliness of on-orbit absolute radiometric calibration and is also an urgent problem to be solved in the context of the explosive growth of satellite numbers. Based on this, we propose a general on-orbit absolute radiometric calibration method compatible with multiple imaging conditions. Firstly, we use a large amount of laboratory radiometric calibration data to explore the mathematical relationship between imaging conditions (row transfer time, integration level and gain), radiance, and DN, and successfully build an imaging condition compatibility model. Secondly, we combine the imaging condition compatibility model with cross calibration to achieve a general on-orbit absolute radiometric calibration method. We use cross calibration to obtain the reference radiance and corresponding DN of the target satellites, which calculates the general coefficient by using row transfer time, integration level, and gain, and use the general coefficient to calibrate all imaging conditions. Finally, we use multiple imaging tasks of the JL1GF03D11 satellites to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The experiments show that the average relative difference was reduced to 2.79% and the RMSE was reduced to 1.51, compared with the laboratory radiometric calibration method. In addition, we also verify the generality of the proposed method by using 10 satellites of the Jilin-1 GF03D series. The experiment shows that the goodness of fit of the general coefficient is all greater than 95%, and the average relative difference between the reference radiance and the calibrated radiance of the proposed method is 2.46%, with an RMSE of 1.67. To sum up, by using the proposed method, all imaging conditions of optical remote sensing satellite sensor can be calibrated in one imaging task, which greatly improves the timeliness and accuracy of on-orbit absolute radiometric calibration.

Augmentation of communicative skills among rural high school students in India

IntroductionThis study aims to focus on government school students, who struggle hard to express themselves in English.MethodsA two-group simple randomized design was used for this study, and an experimental study was carried out among 60 rural high school students. ‘Captivating activities’ (listening, speaking, reading, and writing) have been used to find the effect on learners’ communication skills. Furthermore, a pre-test and a post-test were conducted between groups, and their scores were analyzed. A paired sample t-test was carried out to identify the difference between controlled and experimental groups.ResultsThe results showed that there was a significant average difference observed between the pre-test and post-test scores (t28 = 8.327, p = 0.000, p < 0.01) of the experimental group.DiscussionAs an outcome of the tested strategy, it was understood that an English-speaking environment can help students improve their language skills to some extent. It was concluded that the captivating activities (listening, speaking, reading, and writing) are effective for augmenting learners’ communication skills.

Coherent long-term average indoor radon concentration estimates obtained by electronic and solid state nuclear track detectors

Despite the rapid development of consumer-grade electronic radon monitors, their capabilities to assess long-term average radon concentrations are not systematically investigated. We present the results of a year-long measurement campaign in 32 dwellings and workplaces in two areas with typical and high radon concentrations in Bulgaria. A systematic comparison was made between electronic monitors and the gold standard — solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs). RadonEye Plus2 (RE) monitors were used, calibrated and metrologically tested at the three participating laboratories. Two SSNTD-based detectors were utilized: passive radon detectors (PRDs) developed by UKHSA, and CDs/DVDs, developed at SU. Two PRDs for quarterly radon measurements, a RE, a CD and a DVD were placed at each location. Additional old CDs/DVDs were collected for retrospective radon estimates. The results for the annual average radon concentrations, estimated by the four methods are presented. The average difference between the REs and PRDs estimate was 8% (median 4%), between the REs and CDs was 5% (median 0.4%) and between REs and DVDs was −10% (median −12%). The Z-score, representing the difference normalized to its uncertainty, in most cases fell within −1 and 1, indicating excellent agreement. The retrospective estimates also demonstrated excellent agreement with the other data. However, in some cases, small but statistically significant biases were identified between REs and SSNTDs or between different SSNTDs, requiring an inclusion of a reference instrument in future studies. Overall, the results imply that with sound metrological assurance, RadonEye Plus2 monitors can assess long-term average radon concentrations with sufficient accuracy.

Diagnostic performance of pupil perimetry in detecting hemianopia under standard and virtual reality viewing conditions.

To determine the diagnostic performance and reliability of two pupil perimetry (PP) methods in homonymous hemianopia. This cross-sectional monocenter cohort study performed gaze-contingent flicker PP (gcFPP) and a virtual reality version of gcFPP (VRgcFPP) twice on separate occasions in all patients suffering from homonymous hemianopia due to neurological impairment. The main outcomes were (1) test accuracy and (2) test-retest reliability: (1) was measured through area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) calculation of (VR)gcFPP results with comparators being SAP and healthy controls, respectively; (2) was evaluated by comparing tests 1 and 2 of both methods within patients. Both gcFPP and VRgcFPP were performed in 15 patients (12 males, MAge = 57, SDAge = 15) and 17 controls (6 males, MAge = 53, SDAge = 12). Mean test accuracy was good in separating damaged from intact visual field regions (gcFPP: Mauc = 0.83, SDauc = 0.09; VRgcFPP: Mauc = 0.69,SDauc = 0.13) and in separating patients from controls (gcFPP: Mauc = 0.92,SDauc = 0.13; VRgcFPP: Mauc = 0.96,SDauc = 0.15). A high test-retest reliability was found for the proportion intact versus damaged visual field (gcFPP: r = 0.95, P < .001, VRgcFPP: r = 1.00, P < .001). Overall, these results can be summarized as follows: (1) the comparison of pupil response amplitudes between intact versus damaged regions per patient indicate that gcFPP allows for cleaner imaging of intact versus damaged visual field regions than VRgcFPP, (2) the comparisons of average differences in intact versus damaged amplitudes between patients and controls demonstrate high diagnostic performance of both gcFPP and VRgcFPP, and (3) the test-retest reliabilities confirm that both gcFPP and VRgcFPP reliably and consistently measure defects in homonymous hemianopia. KEY MESSAGES: What is known Standard automated perimetry is the current gold standard for visual field examination, but not always suited for the evaluation of the VF in neurologically impaired patients. Pupil perimetry consists of the measurement of pupillary responses to light stimuli as a measure of visual sensitivity. What is new This study reports the highest diagnostic accuracy of pupil perimetry so far in patients with homonymous hemianopia. Gaze-contingent flicker pupil perimetry reliably and consistently measures defects in homonymous hemianopia under standard and virtual reality viewing conditions.

Anisogrid lattice structure in thermoplastic composite by filament gun deposition

A new method to manufacture thermoplastic composite parts has been used to produce anisogrid lattice structures. Filament gun deposition consists of a hot-melt gun loaded with narrow thermoplastic prepreg tapes. Anisogrid lattice structures have been prototyped with 3 different geometries and 5 different numbers of layers (from 4 to 8) by using a metallic pattern and E-glass/polypropylene prepregs. Scanning calorimetry and bending tests of multi-layer samples have been used to characterize thermoplastic prepregs. Anisogrid lattice structures have been tested under tensile loads. A finite element model has been used to predict mechanical stiffness of these structures by using material properties coming from the sample characterization. Numerical models have been developed with a batch-type parametric approach to rapidly evaluate the combined effect of geometric and material parameters. A good agreement has been found between experimental and numerical data with an average difference about 4%.

Numerical Study on the Lateral Load Response of Offshore Monopile Foundations in Clay: Effect of Slenderness Ratio

To meet growing energy demands, offshore wind turbines (OWTs) with higher energy outputs are being developed, presenting increased challenges for their foundation design. Over the past decade, extensive research on the design optimization of OWT support structures has significantly reduced the anticipated costs of offshore wind farm development. Various design methods have been developed and applied in practice, each with its own advantages and limitations. In this study, 3D finite element (FE) modeling, validated against the measured response of a large-scale test monopile, is used to investigate the lateral load response of monopiles with different geometries and slenderness ratios in smaall and large displacements. The results are compared to the standard p–y method, and specific behavioral and design aspects of large-diameter monopiles, such as the moment contribution ratio from different resisting components and the minimum embedment length criteria, are evaluated and discussed. The results showed that the maximum and minimum differences between the 3D FE modeling and one-dimensional (1D) DNV p–y method are 41% and 11% for large displacements, and 32.5% and 13.3% for small displacements, respectively. As the slenderness ratio increases, the discrepancy between the finite element (FE) modeling results and the 1D DNV p–y method decreases, with an average difference of about 13% across all monopile diameters at an L/D ratio of 10, in both small and large displacements, indicating the reasonable accuracy of the 1D method for slenderness ratios of 10 and above. Among the three minimum embedment length criteria examined, the DNV recommended and vertical-tangent criteria offered shorter embedment lengths. The primary resisting moment across all slenderness ratios comes from the distributed lateral load along the monopile shaft (MCRp−y), which increases as the L/D ratio increases.