Average Crude Protein Content Research Articles

Comparison of yield and quality parameters of different napier bajra hybrid varieties

Several napierbajra varieties are cultivating different parts of country. The present review is aimed to find out suitablebajra napier varieties for different locations and also compare the yield, quality and nutrient composition of varieties. Most of the researchers concluded that the high yielding varieties in Napierbajra hybrid were BNH-10, DHN-6, TNCH-1280, PBN-233 and CO (BN) 5 for different locations. Average crude protein content higher in varieties of CO-3 and BNH-10.

Grazing season length and stocking rate affect milk production and supplementary feed requirements of spring-calving dairy cows on marginal soils

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of increasing stocking rate (SR) and extending grazing season (GS) length on pasture and animal productivity on a marginal, poorly draining soil type. The study was a multiyear (2017 to 2020, inclusive) whole farm systems evaluation with a 2 × 2 factorial experimental arrangement of treatments. The systems evaluated comprised 2 GS lengths, average (AGS; 205 d) and extended (EGS; 270 d), and the 2 whole farm stocking rates were medium (2.5 cows/ha) and high (2.9 cows/ha). We used this study design to create 4 grazing system intensities (500, 600, 700, and 800 cow grazing days per hectare per year). In 2017, cows were randomly allocated to 1 of the 4 whole farm systems precalving and remained on the same treatments for the duration of the study. We found no significant differences in total average annual pasture production [14,133 ± 538 kg of dry matter (DM) per hectare] or sward chemical composition between GS and SR treatments over the 4-yr period, with the exception of average crude protein content, which was lower for EGS (211 g/kg DM) compared with AGS (218 g/kg DM). Grazed pasture production was significantly increased in EGS treatments (+758 kg of DM/ha) compared with AGS (9,917 kg of DM/ha), whereas conserved silage DM production was greater for AGS (+716 kg of DM/ha) compared with EGS (3,583 kg of DM/ha). Neither GS nor SR had a significant effect on daily or cumulative lactation milk and fat plus protein production per cow (5,039 and ±440 kg, respectively). Increasing SR resulted in increased milk fat plus protein yield per hectare based on increased grazed pasture utilization. These results add further credence to the important additive contributions of both extended grazing and SR intensification to achieve high levels of grazed pasture utilization and milk production per hectare while reducing supplementary feed requirements within spring-calving grazing systems.

THE EFFECT OF MIXED CROPPING OF Brachiaria decumbens WITH THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF LEGUMES IN ULTISOL SOILS ON CP, CFib, Ca AND P CONTENT OF GRASS

Research on mixed cultivation of Brachiaria decumbens grass with three different types of legumes on ultisol soils on the PK, SK, Ca, and P content of grass was carried out from April to July 2022 at the Experimental Garden of Animal Food Crops Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Padjadjaran University. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mixed cultivation of Brachiaria decumbens grass with three different types of legumes on ultisol soils on the PK, SK, Ca, and P content of grass. The study was conducted for 3 months with an experimental method using a randomized block design (RAK) with 4 treatments and 6 replications. This experiment consisted of P0 = Brachiaria decumbens grass, P1 = Brachiaria decumbens grass + Arachis pintoi grass, P2 = Brachiaria decumbens grass + Canavalia gladiata legume, P3 = Brachiaria decumbens grass + Centrosema pubescens legume. The results showed that the mixed cropping treatment of Brachiaria decumbens grass with three types of legumes significantly affected the PK, SK, and P content of the grass, but did not significantly differ on the Ca content of the grass. Mixed cultivation of Brachiaria decumbens grass with sword koro beans (Canavalia gladiata) resulted in the highest average crude protein content and the lowest crude fiber, namely 12% and 23.32%, respectively. Planting a mixture of Brachiaria decumbens grass with Arachis pintoi produced the highest average phosphorus content of 0.57%.

Production and nutritional value of wheat and triticale cultivars in different harvest times in the Minas Gerais semiarid

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the productive performance and nutritional value of forage of wheat and triticale cultivars at different harvest times in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais. Eight wheat cultivars and two triticale cultivars harvested at three stages of plant development were evaluated: Rubberization, grain at the stage of soft mass and harvest maturation. The experimental design adopted was a randomized block in a factorial scheme 10 × 3, with three replicates, 10 cultivars and 3 developmental stages for plant collection. The main agronomic characteristics and nutritional value were evaluated of forage of the cultivars under study. The study demonstrated the potential of wheat and triticale cultivation for forage in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais. The mean dry matter yield of wheat cultivars was 5.90 t ha-1, 7.85 t ha-1 and 7.98 t ha-1 and triticale 6.47 t ha-1, 9.97 t ha-1 and 10.5 t ha-1 for the rubber harvesting stages, grain at the stage of soft mass and harvest maturation, respectively. For the average crude protein content, the wheat cultivars showed 15.07%, 9.13%, 10.60% and the triticale cultivars showed 14.4%, 9.31% and 10.05% for the harvest stages of rubber formation, grain at the stage of soft mass and harvest maturation, respectively. When evaluating the average levels of total digestible nutrients, the wheat and triticale cultivars showed an average of 48.90% and 48.67% in the rubber harvesting stage and 42.68% and 49.60% in the grain in the mass stage suave and 44.43% and 42.90% at harvest maturation. The highest yield of digestible dry matter was observed with the cultivars harvested at the grain stage at the soft mass stage. Triticale IPR 111 and Wheat IPR PANATY had greater productive potential and better nutritional quality for use as forage.

Morphological and Chemical Characterization of a Collection of Mountain Clover Natural Populations

With climate change evident, the possibility opens up of introducing into production a species that, although not characterized by high yield, nevertheless offers some other benefits for both the environment and man. One of these species is mountain clover (Trifolium montanum L.), a species widespread around European in the past, but due to agricultural activities its habitat has become fragmented and areas of mountain clover impaired. In the present study, the collection of nine natural populations of mountain clover originating from different parts of the hilly-mountainous areas of Serbia was tested in field conditions. We analysed different morphological traits (green plant biomass, stem length, internode number, number of lateral branches, leaf length and leaf width), dry matter quality traits (content of crude proteins, crude fibre and crude fat) as well as secondary metabolites (total phenolic content, flavonoid contents and antioxidative activity). We collected morphological data and plant samples during 2011 and 2012. We performed descriptive statistics to provide basic information about variables in the dataset, then calculated Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H’) and performed two-way ANOVA and principal component analyses (PCA). Analysing the broad range of data collected during two years, we found considerable morphological and chemical diversity amongst the collection of mountain clovers from central Serbia. Mean coefficient of variation (CV) in the morphological dataset ranged from 18% (stem length) to 57.6% (plant biomass) in 2011 and from 16.5% (leaf length) to 70.6% (stem number) in 2012. Dry matter (DM) parameters displayed the lowest CV, ranging from 6.1% (crude proteins) to 14.8% (crude fat), indicating that these parameters were less discriminative within the study collection. Over all populations, average crude protein content was 19.5%, and average crude fibre content was 27.3%. Total phenolic contents (expressed as gallic acid equivalent, GAE) ranged from 49.8 to 89.7 mg GAE g-1 DM, and flavonoid contents (expressed as rutin, Ru, equivalent) ranged from 66.8 to 142 mg Ru g-1 DM. Average antioxidative activity expressed in terms of IC50 values ranged from 177 to 426 mg ml-1 of methanol extract.

Effect of Treated Wastewater Irrigation Combined with Manure and Inorganic Nutrients on Fodder Yield and Proximate Parameters of Bajra Napier Hybrid Grass in Cauvery Delta Region of Tamil Nadu

Aim: In arid and semi-arid areas recycling of water may have a greater impact on future usable water supply than any of the other technologies aimed for increasing water supply. Efforts have been taken on maximizing the benefit and minimizing the detrimental effects on people or the environment due to continuous usage of treated wastewater. Hence, the current experiment was aimed to study the effect of treated wastewater in combination with organic and inorganic nutrients on bajra napier hybrid grass on yield and quality parameters.
 Study Design: The field experiment was conducted using secondary treated wastewater, manure and inorganic nutrients in Bajra Napier hybrid grass variety CO(BN) 5 with a strip plot design and four replications.
 Place and duration of study: The experiment was conducted in Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, during 2018-19 (10.62ᵒ N latitude and 79.26ᵒ East longitude).
 Methodology: The five ratios of irrigation water were used in horizontal factor treatments and four different nutrient combination treatments were allotted in the vertical factor. The plot was divided into 27 m2 with 2 m space between the plots. The two budded setts of bajra napier hybrid grass variety CO (BN)-5 were planted at 60 x 50 cm spacing. The flood irrigation and nutrients (basal and top-dressing) were applied as per the treatments.
 Results: The use of treated wastewater for irrigation combined with manure and inorganic nutrients significantly increased the total green and dry fodder yields. Irrigation treatment with treated wastewater alone + 100% inorganic nutrients (I5N1) recorded significantly higher total green and dry fodder yields of 431.0 and 76.7 t ha-1 yr-1, respectively, than all other treatment combinations. Irrigated with groundwater alone (control) without nutrients (I1N4) recorded the lowest total green and dry fodder yields (222.5 and 47.6 t ha−1 yr-1, respectively). The average crude protein content of all total cuttings was significantly higher (13.53%) in I5N1 than all other treatments. On the other hand, the average crude fibre content (28.03%) was significantly lower in the treatment I5N1 as compared to irrigated with groundwater without nutrients (31.18%).
 Conclusion: The perennial fodder crop Bajra Napier hybrid grass variety CO (BN) 5 cultivated under-treated wastewater combined with manure and inorganic nutrients increased the total green and dry fodder yields with beneficial proximates. The use of treated wastewater for fodder cultivation helps conserve groundwater and effectively utilize available nutrients in treated wastewater.

Determining the effect of replacing composite flour mixture with cassava starch on nutritional and physical properties of chicken sausages

Cassava starch extracted from cassava roots (Manihot esculanta) is a highly used ingredient for most commercial food products and has a high viscosity, water holding capacity, and binding abilities. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of replacing composite flour mixture with cassava starch on the nutritional and physical properties of chicken sausages. A scientific experiment was designed for the sausage formulation to incorporate 50% to 100% with cassava modified and native starch compared to the control sample. These samples were evaluated for sensory and textural properties. Nonparametric data obtained through sensory evaluation were analyzed using the Friedman ranking test. According to the test results, the best sample was analyzed for the nutritional toxicological composition and storage stability. According to the statistical analysis, the sample which was 50% replaced with native cassava starch showed the best sensory profile. The best sample showed average moisture, crude fat, crude protein, total solids, ash, and acid-insoluble ash content of 65.98, 7.19, 8.79, 34.02, 2.36, and 0.32 percent respectively. The starch content of the best-ranked sample was 3.12 and the cyanide content of that sample was 1.54 ppm on a dry basis. According to the microbial analysis results, the sausage sample was coliform negative and zero initial plate count was obtained. Besides, the best-ranked fresh chicken sausage was nutritionally acceptable and could keep for 14 days without adding preservatives.

Van İli İpekyolu İlçesinde Üretilen Yonca Kuru Otunun Hasattan Depolamaya Kadar Besin Madde Kompozisyon Düzeyindeki Değişimin İncelenmesi

Bu çalışmada, Van ili İpekyolu ilçesine bağlı farklı köylerde üretimi yapılan yoncanın hasattan depolanıncaya kadar geçen süreçteki besin madde değişimleri incelenmiştir. Araştırma alanı olarak 208 işletme içerisinden tabakalı tesadüfî örnekleme yöntemi ile 30 işletme belirlenmiştir. Karagündüz köyünde hasat edilen yoncaların ortalama kuru madde miktarı % 40.90 olup Ağzıkara köyü hariç diğer köylere göre yüksek bulunmuştur (P<0.05). Hasat sonrası kapalı ortamda kurutulan yoncaların ortalama ham protein (HP) içeriği % 15.30 iken, bu değer tarlada kurutma sonrasında % 12.67’ye, depolamada ise % 11.82’ye düşmüştür (P<0.05). Hasat sonrası kapalı ortamda kurutulan yoncaların ortalama % 9.89 olan Asit Deterjan Lignin (ADL) içerikleri, depolamada % 11.61’e yükselmiştir (P<0.05). Hasat sonrası kapalı ortamda kurutulan yoncaların ortalama % 140.86 olan toplam karoten ve % 1.66 olan kalsiyum içerikleri tarlada kurutma ve depolamada düşmüştür (P<0.05). Hasatta, tarlada kurutmadan sonra ve depolama sürecinde alınan yonca kuru otu örneklerinde Aflatoksin B1, B2, G1 ve G2’ ye rastlanılmamıştır. Sonuç olarak, hasatla birlikte yoncanın HP, Ca ve toplam karoten düzeylerinde bir miktar kayıplar görülmekle birlikte, yemlerde aflatoksin düzeyine rastlanılmaması yem kalitesi açısından önemli bir sonuç olarak görülmektedir.

Dry matter productivity and bromatological quality of ryegrass genotypes cultivated in southern Brazil

ABSTRACT The goal of this work was to assess the biomass production and bromatological quality of ryegrass genotypes in ten municipalities of the Western and North Plateau regions of the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The cultivars La Estanzuela 284 (diploid), Bar HQ, Barjumbo, INIA Escorpio, Potro, and Winter Star (tetraploids) were compared, distributed in a randomized block design, in which the municipalities constituted the blocks, with three replications. The cuts were performed when the plants reached 30cm, leaving a residue of 10cm. In three cuts, the cultivars Barjumbo and Bar HQ were the most productive, exceeding 4.6 t ha-1 of dry matter. In the places in which five cuts were performed, the production of these cultivars exceeded 7.3 t ha-1, placing them again ahead of the others. The average crude protein content in three cuts was greater than 25% in all cultivars. There was no difference between the genotypes in the content of neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients. There was a significant correlation between quantitative and qualitative productive variables. The assessed cultivars represented good options for composing short-term or long-term winter-feeding systems, adjusted to the integration with annual crops or warm-season pastures.

Agromeliorative methods of cultivation of a new variety of soybeans Volgogradka 2 under irrigation conditions

The Volgogradka 2 variety is highly responsive to irrigation water, especially under differentiated irrigation regimes with an average of 3.18-3.23 t/ha compared to the control (2.87 t/ha). In favorable years, it provides grain harvesting up to 3.52 t/ha, in dry years – less (up to 3.28 t/ha). The average crude protein content is high - 39.5…41.6%, especially in 2014 - 40.6…43.9%. The process of fat accumulation is less subject to variability over the years – 14.6…19.5%. Complex-valuable indicators, such as the gross collection of protein, fat and their total output significantly increases in the options of fractional irrigation mode compared to the control – by 5.8-7.3%. Over the years of research, the productivity potential of the new soybean variety Volgogradka 2 has been significantly realized, which contributes to improving water management, increasing productivity, grain quality, and spreading the area under cultivation. Thus, a fundamentally new soybean variety with a complete type of stem growth during the period of mass flowering, a low lodging-resistant stem and high attachment of lower beans, a short growing season was developed using traditional breeding methods, which contributes to a significant increase in the yield and quality of grain in terms of protein content relative to standard varieties VNIIOZ 76 and VNIIOZ 86. The introduction of the new variety will expand soybean crops in the Lower Volga region and increase the production of domestic soybeans.

Growth components and chemical composition of some improved dual-purpose cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) varieties as influenced by manure application

Field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of swine manure application on the growth components and chemical composition of nine varieties of improved dual-purpose cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). The experiment was laid out as a 2 x 9 factorial design with two levels of manure application (0kg ha-1 and 5kg ha-1) and nine varieties of improved dual-purpose cowpea at three replicates. Agronomy parameters and dry matter yield of the cowpea were determined six weeks after sowing. Results showed that unfertilized variety IT- 332 recorded highest leaf proportion (57.27) above others. Varieties IT-193 with manure (80.00 cm) and IT-297 without manure (30) recorded significantly higher (P<0.05) values for plant height and leaf number respectively. Dry matter yield of cowpea ranged significantly higher (P<0.05) from 7.20 t ha-1 in variety IT-817 without manure to 14.85 t ha-1 in variety IT-321 with manure. The average crude protein content of improved cowpea varieties ranged significantly (P < 0.05) from 97.69 g kg-1 dry matter in unfertilized IT-817 and IT-834 to 141.17 g kg-1 dry matter in fertilized IT-819. The study showed that application of swine manure into cowpea increased the dry matter yield and chemical composition which is necessary to provide sufficient feed for ruminants that can be used as a supplement during the dry season.

Advantages of grass-grain crop rotations due to prolonged use of clover-alfalfa-timothy mixture

It is known that significant saving of nitrogen fertilizers are due to perennial legume-cereal grasses use in crop rotations. From 2013 to 2018in the Mari El Republic six-field grass-grain fodder crop rotations were compared on sod-podzolic soils with a very high level of phosphorus and potassium. In the third rotation their productivity and bioenergetic efficiency, changes in several important soil fertility indicators, and crud protein content in the produced fodder were evaluated. The main difference between the crop rotations was based on the duration of the clover-alfalfa-timothy grass mixture (CAG) use: from one year to three years. In given experiment there was also studied the effect of mineral nitrogen (variants N0, N60) against Р60К60 background on the yield of crop rotations. During six years, there was no significant soil acidification in the variants. Each additional year of clover-alfalfa-timothy grass mixture use raised the energy efficiency ratio of crop rotations by 24-47 % (from 1.13-1.24 by one-year use to 2.08-2.25 by three years of use). Three-year CAG use as compared with one- and two-years has given to the crop rotation significant advantages in energy efficiency (up to two times) and productivity (approximately 40-80 %) of cultivated crops. After refusing to apply nitrogen fertilizations in such crop rotation, average crop productivity, soil humus and nitrogen content in the soil were better preserved. The average crude protein content in dry matter of the obtained fodder increased from 12.7 % to 14.6 % when prolonging theca use up to two years. The average energy value of the yield per rotation was recorded low (8.4-8.7 MJ/kg) and did not depend on the studied factors.

Optimizing forage production in double‐annual cropping systems under irrigated Mediterranean conditions

AbstractDouble‐annual cropping systems can increase the productivity of farmland and simultaneously confer environmental benefits, but the optimal combination of crops and cultivation strategies is likely to be region‐specific. For instance, because of the low precipitation and specially in the summer, in Mediterranean environments irrigation is usually needed to grow two crops within a year. In the present 3‐year study, a double‐annual cropping system for forage production (winter crops and maize) was evaluated under irrigated Mediterranean conditions. Eight winter varieties (including barley, Italian ryegrass, oats, oats plus vetch, triticale and wheat) were harvested in April or May. Maize was sown few days after each harvest time. The average forage yield of the winter crops harvested in April was 6.3 Mg/ha dry matter (DM), with an average crude protein (CP) content of 16.4% and a digestibility of 63.4%. The average yield was significantly higher for the crops harvested in May (10.0 Mg/ha DM) but with lower forage quality and digestibility (10.8% CP and 52.8%, respectively digestibility). Maize yields were higher (27.6 Mg/ha DM) in the May than in the April (25.1 Mg/ha DM) sowing date, while the forage quality was similar (7.1% CP, 64.5% digestibility). The total annual forage yield was 31.3 Mg/ha DM for April harvest/sowing date (weighted quality = 8.7% CP, 64.9% digestibility) and 37.6 Mg/ha DM for May harvest/sowing date (weighted quality = 8.2% CP, 60.5% digestibility). Therefore, under conditions of the present research in Mediterranean environments, the May harvest/sowing date was the most convenient strategy to produce forage in double‐annual cropping systems and specially the triticale–maize rotation.

Evaluation of Physiological and Biochemical Contents in Desi and Kabuli Chickpea

Background: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), a self-pollinating legume being cultivated globally as a rich source of vegetarian protein. It plays an important role in human feed and nutritional security, especially in agricultural-based communities. Chickpea has higher bioavailability of protein, good sources of polyphenols and flavonoids. Besides their nutritional value, chickpea seeds contain various phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds are of particular interest due to their contribution to the seed colour, sensory characteristics and several biological properties. Flavonoids are one of the main groups of phenolic compounds found in grain legumes. Desi and Kabuli chickpeas are being used worldwide and there are few studies where both desi and kabuli chickpeas seed flour for above properties with respect to physiological traits has been reported. Methods: The present investigation has been formulated to compare popular chickpea genotypes of desi and kabuli types for biochemical parameters viz., protein content, amino acid, total flavonoid content, total phenolic contents and RSA as well as two physiological traits i.e., chlorophyll content and leaf area index. The experiment consisted of 44 genotypes () grown in Randomized Block Design with row to row distance of 30 cm, in two replications during Rabi 2018-19. Result: The average crude protein content in desi and kabuli chana varied from 18.2% (Dollar variety) to 26.7% (JG315) and total phenolic content (TPC) ranged 1.22 to 0.74 mg/g. Total Flavonoid content (TFC) varied from 0.39 (ICCV-2) to 0.61 mg/g (JAKI-9218) with mean value of 0.47. Radical scavenging activity (RSA) in chickpea genotypes ranged from 36.2 to 49.5% with mean value of 40.86%. Total amino acid significantly correlated with TPC and TFC and TPC significantly correlated with TFC at 5% significant level.

Çukurova İkinci Ürün Koşullarında Yetiştirilen Silajlık Mısır (Zea mays L.) Çeşitlerinin Verim ve Silaj Kalite Performanslarının Değerlendirilmesi

Araştırma Doğu Akdeniz Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Hacıali işletmesinde 4 tekerrürlü olarak tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 2013-2014 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Denemelerde materyal olarak 13 adet kamu ve 1 adet özel sektör mısır tohumluğu kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre incelenen mısır çeşitlerinin bitkisel özelliklerinde, kuru otunda ve silaj kalitesinde istatistiksel olarak önemli farklılıklar gösterdikleri saptanmıştır. Çeşitlerin bitkisel özelliklerinde ortalama bitki boyu, yaprak sayısı ve oranı, sap çapı, koçan sayısı, sap oranı, koçan oranı ve yeşil ot verimi sırasıyla 249,9 cm, 12,97 bitki/adet, %19,24, 22,08 mm, 0,93 bitki/adet, %42,32, %38,40, 4.251,57 kg/da olarak saptanmıştır. Çeşitlerin kuru otunda ortalama ham protein oranı (HP) %8,80, asit deterjanda çözünmeyen lif oranı (ADF) %34,91, nötr deterjanda çözünmeyen lif oranı (NDF) %59,7, ham kül oranı (HK) %7,2, sindirilebilir kuru madde oranı (SKMO) %61,7, ham protein verimi (HPV) 99,39 kg/da, kuru madde oranı (KMO) %29,4, kuru madde verimi (KMV) 1.164 kg/da ve kuru ot verimi ise 1.257 kg/da olarak saptanmıştır. Çeşitlerin silajında ortalama ham protein oranı (HP) %8,22, ADF oranı %29,27, NDF oranı %50,48, pH 3,57, sindirilebilir kuru madde oranı (SKMO) %66,1, kuru madde oranı (KMO) %28,14, ham protein verimi (HPV) 92,6 kg/da, ve Fleig puanı ise 118,35 olarak saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak Burak, Sasa 1 (AĞA çeşidi) ve Ada 334 çeşitlerinin araştırmada yer alan diğer çeşitlere göre daha iyi performans göstererek dekara daha yüksek yeşil ot verimi (5.365, 5.029 ve 4.563 kg/da) ve kuru madde verimi (1.471, 1.281 ve 1.241 kg/da) sağladıklarını ortaya koymuştur. Söz konusu çeşitler bölgemizde ikinci ürün koşullarında silajlık mısır yetiştirilmesi amacıyla üreticilerimize tavsiye edilebilir.

Propiedades físicas y químicas de cultivares de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) de Ecuador y Perú

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las propiedades físicas y químicas de los granos de cacao Nacional fino de aroma y CCN 51 procedentes de Ecuador, así como ICS 6 y CCN 51 originarios de Perú para la elaboración de chocolate de calidad. Se determinaron índice de grano (g), porcentaje de testa, dimensiones de grano (mm), porosidad (%), índice de fermentación (%), índice de blancura, acidez (%), pH y análisis proximal (%), y se utilizaron los métodos AOAC y los usuales en calidad del cacao. Referente al análisis proximal: el contenido de proteína cruda promedio del cacao peruano fue 78.8 % superior; el contenido de grasa cruda promedio del cacao de Ecuador fue 10.1 % superior; el contenido de fibra cruda del cacao ICS 6 peruano destaca entre los demás granos de cacao con 7.10 ± 0.28 %. Los demás componentes tienen un grado de similitud entre ambos países, por lo que ambos son aptos para ser utilizados en la producción de chocolate de alta calidad, debido a sus atributos químicos y sensoriales, lo cual genera un producto de calidad y competitivo a escala internacional, reafirma el interés desde otras latitudes, impulsa el proceso de exportación y el beneficio económico para cada nación.

Comparison of cultivated and wild chickpea genotypes for nutritional quality and antioxidant potential.

Fifteen cultivated (Ten desi, five kabuli) and fifteen wild species of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) were compared for nutritional traits, antinutritional factors and antioxidant potential. The average crude protein content in desi, kabuli and wild species was found to be 25.31%, 24.67% and 24.30%, respectively; total soluble sugars in these genotypes were 38.08, 43.75 and 33.20mg/g, respectively and total starch content in these genotypes was 34.43, 33.43 and 28.77%. Wild species had higher antioxidant potential as compared to cultivated genotypes due to higher free radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power and reducing power. Kabuli genotypes had lower antioxidant potential than desi genotypes. Desi genotype, GL 12021 had high crude protein and total starch content, lower phytic acid and saponin content and higher antioxidant potential. GNG 2171 had high crude protein and total soluble sugar content and lower tannin and phytic acid content. Kabuli genotype L 552 possessed high total soluble sugar and total starch content, high Zn and Fe content and lower tannin, saponin and trypsin inhibitor content. Wild species C. pin ILWC 261 had high crude protein, lower phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor content and higher DPPH radical scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. The observed diversity for quality traits in cultivated and wild genotypes can be further used.

Produtividade e valor nutritivo de gramíneas tropicais em monocultivo e em consórcio com milho na segunda safra

This study aimed to assess productivity and nutritional value of the tropical grasses Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã, Xaraés, and Marandu, Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça, and B. ruziziensis cv. Kennedy in the interseason of an integrated crop-livestock (ICL) system since alternatives are needed for forage production for animal grazing in Autumn and Winter. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a split-split plot scheme with four replications. The treatments of plots consisted of five grasses, subplots consisted of three cropping systems (monoculture, intercropping with corn and unsuppressed grass, and intercropped with corn and suppressed grass), and sub-subplots consisted of four cutting intervals of grasses (50, 90, 125, and 195 days after emergence - DAE). The experiment was carried out from February to September 2014. Dry matter (DM) productivity, obtained at 195 DAE for the three cropping systems (monoculture grass, unsuppressed and suppressed grass in intercropping), were 18.45, 7.15, and 3.05 t ha?1, respectively, and average crude protein contents of leaf blades of grasses decreased linearly between the cutting intervals of 50 to 195 DAE from 19.95 to 9.70%, respectively. Under integrated systems, the studied grasses showed better yields and nutritional quality when compared to traditional grazing systems. Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça and Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés and Piatã had the highest leaf and crude protein yields when compared to Brachiaria ruziziensis cv. Kennedy and Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. In terms of nutritional value, Brachiaria ruziziensis cv. Kennedy was superior to Mombaça and Xaraés grasses but had lower total dry matter yield. Finally, Xaraés, Piatã and Mombaça grasses are recommended choices ICL systems when fodder grass production is the goal.

The effect of soil-climate conditions on yielding parameters, chemical composition and baking quality of ancient wheat species Triticum monococcum L., Triticum dicoccum Schrank and Triticum spelt L. in comparison with modern Triticum aestivum L.

ABSTRACTTriticum monococcum L., Triticum dicoccum Schrank and Triticum spelt L. nowadays offer an alternative to Triticum aestivum L. We analyzed grain and straw yield, yielding parameters, chemical composition and bakery quality of these species and compared them with modern T. aestivum at three sites with different soil-climate conditions. The average grain yield varied from 0.41 t ha−1 (T. monococcum) to 5.17 t ha−1 (T. aestivum), straw yield varied from 1.50 t ha−1 (T. dicoccum) to 5.83 t ha−1 (T. aestivum). The yielding parameters and chemical composition of the grain were significantly influenced by soil-climate conditions and wheat species. The highest average crude protein content was recorded in T. spelta (20.55%), while the lowest in T. aestivum (11.20%). The Zeleny’s sedimentation test ranged from 9.0 ml (T. monococcum) to 34.5 ml (T. aestivum) and the value of the Gluten index varied from 7.45 (T. dicoccum) to 89.75 (T. aestivum). According to the results, ancient wheat species provides lower grain and straw yields, higher protein content and mineral concentrations. Concentration of proteins and grain’s baking quality strongly depends on wheat species and soil-climate conditions.

Alfalfa Water Use and Yield under Different Sprinkler Irrigation Regimes in North Arid Regions of China

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is one of the major crops grown in Northern China in recent years, however, the current serious water shortage conditions present a challenge to the growth of this crop, especially if efficient use of water is considered in forage production for sustainability. This study aimed to evaluate alfalfa productivity and water use efficiency (WUE) under different sprinkler irrigation levels. This experiment was conducted at Shiyanghe Experimental Station for Water-Saving in Agriculture and Ecology of China Agricultural University in Wuwei, Gansu, China, over a period of two years. There were three irrigation treatments: A1: 100% measured evapotranspiration (ETc) of alfalfa; A2: irrigation amount was 66% of A1; A3: irrigation amount was 33% of A1; and a control of A4: no irrigation during the growing season. A randomized block design with three replications were applied. The results showed that the ETc and forage yield of alfalfa decreased, while WUE and crude protein (CP) increased with the decreasing irrigation amounts. The seasonal average ETc and yield ranged from 412 mm to 809 mm and from 11,577 to 18,636 kg/ha, respectively, under different irrigation levels. The highest yields were obtained from the first growth period in all treatments in both years, due to the winter irrigation and the longest growth period. Alfalfa grown under lesser irrigation treatment conditions had higher variability in ETc and yield, mainly due to the variability in the amount of rainfall during the growth period. The seasonal average WUE of treatments ranged from 22.78 to 26.84 kg/(mm·ha), and the highest WUE was obtained at the first growth period, regardless of treatments. Seasonal average CP content ranged from 18.99% to 22.99%. A significant linear relationship was found between yield and ETc or irrigation amount, and the fitting results varied between growth periods and years. The present results also implied that winter irrigation provided the space for saving water and should be applied at the end of each growing season to fill the soil profile, and to maintain a greater yield in the next growing season. During the growing season, more irrigation should be concentrated in the early growth period, especially in the second growth period.