Average Concentrations Of Copper Research Articles

Determination of concentration and risk assessment of toxic metals in the settled dust from school yards of Mashhad metropolis.

The present study aims to measure the values of metal pollutants in the dust of schools in Mashhad metropolis, determine the source of metal pollution, evaluate the degree of pollution, assess the health risk (carcinogenicity/non-carcinogenicity) and evaluate the potential ecological risk. For this purpose, after measuring the concentration of metals using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer, from various indices including Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Contamination Factors (CF), Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI), Enrichment Factor (EF), and Health Risk Indices such as Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), Carcinogenic Risk (CR) were used. The average concentrations of iron, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, vanadium and zinc (Fe, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) were 6361.50, 5.96, 0.59, 61.89, 37.13, 61.31, 28.93, 25.64 and 142.00µgg-1, respectively. Based on CF, PLI and Igeo indices, most of the findings for the studied elements were at the low pollution level. The results also showed that the most likely origin of the studied metals was anthropogenic sources. The results of PERI indices showed that potential ecological risk at only one of the collection sites. In contrast, a high ecological risk was obtained for Cd. Hazard Index values were below safe levels for all studied elements. CR levels for elements were also classified as negligible and acceptable or tolerable risk, although the highest CR value for Cr indicated possible harm to humans. The findings showed the need for more attention and continuous monitoring of the concentration of metals, especially chromium, to announce a possible warning and prevent their harmful effects. It should be noted that the present study is the first research with mentioned objectives in Mashhad city and also in Khorasan Razavi province.

Risk assessment of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, and Ni) in the edible tissue of Oncorhynchus mykiss trout in the rivers of the southern Caspian Sea and the northern and southeast coast of Iran

The study aims to monitor and compare the concentration of heavy metals viz., zinc, copper, lead and nickel in the edible tissue of Oncorhynchus mykiss trout in the southern coast of Caspian Sea and the rivers of Khash city in the north-southeast coast of Iran. The average concentrations of zinc, copper, lead and nickel for the Stations in the north of Iran and the southeast of Iran were found 10.1, 8.1, 5.9, 4.7 and 6.5, 6.1, 3.5, 3.2 μg/g dry weight, respectively. Lead exceeded was the recommended standard limits by WHO, FAO, NHMRC, EC and UKMAFF. Based on the results, the average nickel metal was higher than the allowed concentration of international standards in all the studied stations, which indicates that more control should be done on the sources producing this metal around the target areas. furthermore, the daily intake (EDI) of the studied metals in all age groups were lower than the reference dose determined by the EPA organization and the tolerable intake (TI) provided by the FAO/WHO organization. The lowest frequency of daily consumption of Oncorhynchus mykiss was reported for the group of adult males and based on nickel metal (1.67 μg/g) and lead metal (1.14 μg/g) in the rivers located in the south of the Caspian Sea and the rivers of Khash city located in the southeast of Iran, respectively. The risk potential and risk index for non-cancerous diseases for all age groups in the muscle tissue of this fish was less than one, which shows that the consumption of this type of fish for human consumption will not cause a problem from the point of view of health and public health. However, management measures are necessary to prevent and control pollutants, especially in the southern shores of the Caspian Sea.

Microplastic and heavy metal contamination in sediments of the high-altitude Nundkol Lake of northwestern Himalayas-Kashmir

This study investigates heavy metal and microplastic contamination in the sediment of Nundkol Lake, a high-altitude glacial lake in the northwestern Himalayas. Sediment analysis revealed heavy metal concentrations significantly exceeding background levels, with average concentrations of cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and chromium (Cr) recorded at 40.991 ppm, 54.434 ppm, 87,843.59 ppm, 1544.566 ppm, 83.288 ppm, 16.312 ppm, 104.571 ppm, and 106.514 ppm, respectively. Notably, the highest levels of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Pb were observed in sample GL2, indicating potential local geochemical anomalies. The trace elements were quantified using a Graphite Furnace - Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer-PinAAcle 900AA) for high precision.Microplastic analysis revealed an average abundance of 76±12.08 items/kg dry weight, predominantly fibers. The microplastics were mostly red (55.26 %), blue (36.84 %), orange (5.26 %), and green (2.63 %). Raman spectroscopy identified Polyamides (PA) as the predominant type (86.5 %), with the remainder being Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP). The results suggest tourism, fishing, and trekking activities as major contributors to microplastic presence. This study uniquely combines the assessment of heavy metal and microplastic contamination in a high-altitude lake, providing a comprehensive view of pollutant dynamics. The findings highlight the need for tailored mitigation strategies and comprehensive monitoring programs to protect this fragile region. Applications include informing environmental policy, guiding pollution mitigation efforts, and promoting sustainable tourism practices. This study offers valuable insights into the environmental health of high-altitude lakes and underscores the need for efforts to mitigate anthropogenic impacts.

Evaluation of Heavy Metals Pollution in the Sediments of Diyala River Lower Reaches, Eastern Iraq

Investigating the heavy metals in soil is important to the life of humans and living organisms. Diyala River Lower Reaches was chosen due to the changes in environmental characteristics that took place in recent years. Twelve sediment samples were collected from four different sites. The physical, and chemical properties and the concentrations of nine heavy metals were indicated. The results showed that the average concentrations of arsenic, copper, chromium, cobalt, iron, manganese, nickel, lead, and zinc are 8.5, 45.7, 538.5, 12.2, 5.07, 991.7, 183.5, 16.07, 136.5 ppm, respectively. They reflect contamination with arsenic, chromium, and nickel, while they are free of lead, and zinc contamination, according to the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) sediment quality guidelines. The measured contamination indices (the enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), degree of pollution (Cdeg), geographical accumulation index (Igeo), and pollution load index (PLI)), reflected high contamination factor for arsenic and chromium, and medium for manganese, nickel, lead, and zinc, while low for copper and cobalt. Based on all the results in all sampling sites indicate the presence of heavy element contamination in the sediments of the Diyala River Lower Reaches.

Analysis of Zinc and Copper Content in Selected Tissues and Organs of Wild Mallard Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos L.) in Poland.

The research material included selected muscles and liver of mallard ducks obtained in two research areas. A total of 28 mallards were obtained for the study-six males and six females from the Siedlce hunting district and eight males and eight females from the Leszno hunting district. Zinc and copper concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). It was concluded from the study that the Leszno hunting district is more polluted than the Siedlce hunting district. Among the examined tissues of mallard ducks from both hunting districts, the highest content of zinc and copper was found in the liver. In this organ, birds shot in the Leszno hunting district were characterized by a significantly higher content of these elements compared to birds shot in the Siedlce hunting area. The significantly higher average zinc and copper concentrations in the liver of mallards harvested in this hunting district may have been influenced by fertilization of crop fields in this area with fertilizers containing these elements and by extraction of ore containing zinc and copper minerals in the Legnica-Głogów Copper District. This is an important problem with regard to the safety of consumers of game meat. It was shown that the tissues of male mallards were characterized by higher average levels of zinc and copper than those of females, but the differences were statistically significant only in the case of the average copper content in the leg muscles.

Potential Bioabsorbent Extract of Skin and Leaves Ananas Comosus on reduction of Copper, Mercury, and Lead in Anadara granosa

Kenjeran sea waters were polluted by several types of heavy metals such as copper (0.015mg/L), lead (0, 0036 mg/L), and mercury (0.001mg/L). Consuming Anadara granosa containing heavy metals exceeding the standard is very dangerous. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pineapple leaf and peel extract on reducing levels of copper, lead, and mercury in Anadara granosa in Kenjeran. Methods: Treatment without giving pineapple leaf and peel extract (Control) and treatment with pineapple leaf and peel extract using 0% and 3% concentrations. The results of heavy metal levels were in the form of numbers indicating the content of heavy metal levels in Anadara granosa determined in mg/kg using AAS. Results: The average copper concentration of 0% was 5.037mg/kg, and the 3% concentration was 2.563mg/kg, the average lead concentration at 0% concentration was 2.4333mg/kg and the concentration of 3% is 1.4433mg/kg, the average mercury concentration of 0% is 0.963mg/kg, and the concentration of 3% is 0.323mg/kg (4) Conclusion: there is an effect of pineapple peel and leaf extract on the decrease in copper levels by 50.88%, lead levels by 59%, and 33.54% decrease in mercury levels.

Copper surface acts as good surface for biofilm attachment

The drinking water distribution system is a huge network of pipes that travel miles before reaching the household. The age of the pipe and the material affect the water quality. The water monitoring and testing parameters are limited to water quality and not pipe health. The pipe material highly impacts the biofilm formation. Copper is commonly used for its anti-microbial property, but also aids for the attachment of bacteria onto the surface. This study was aimed at analyzing the formation of biofilm on copper in a drinking water. Copper coupons were immersed in a drinking water system for a period of six months and analyzed for biofilm formation. Microbiological enumeration were done by Heterotopic plate count and found an average of 35 CFU/ml in water and 50 CFU/ml on the copper coupon. The average copper content in water was 0.01 mg/ml. SEM analysis revealed the formation of bacterial growth and found that cocci shaped bacteria were predominating on the surface of the coupons. The copper coupon serves as a surface for the attachment of bacteria and aids in the formation of biofilm.

RETRACTED: Sixteen years of canine hepatic copper concentrations within normal reference ranges in dogs fed a broad range of commercial diets.

To examine the effects of age, sex, breed, liver histopathology, and year of death/sample collection on liver copper concentrations in dogs fed various commercial dog foods throughout their lives. During necropsy, 336 samples were collected between the years 2006 and 2022 from dogs that were fed a variety of commercial dog foods on the market. This study utilized all liver samples available and did not require specific criteria for sample selection. Liver samples (n = 336) were analyzed as dry weight for copper concentration by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The potential effects of animal age and year of death/collection (scatterplots and linear regression), sex, liver histopathology (t test), and breed (ANOVA) on liver copper concentration were assessed. Labrador Retrievers had lower liver copper concentrations than Beagles, but mixed breeds did not differ from Beagles or Labrador Retrievers. Analysis of year of death showed that liver copper concentrations decreased from 2006 through 2011, increased in 2012, decreased in 2013, and peaked in 2016, decreasing thereafter. Mean copper concentration of abnormal liver histopathology samples was lower than mean copper concentrations of normal liver histopathology samples. Age (12.9 ± 2.6 years) and sex had no effect on liver copper concentrations. Of note, some samples showed abnormal hepatic pathology. Liver copper concentrations varied significantly with breed and year of death; however, average liver copper concentrations of each year were within normal. However, this was a retrospective population study and diet histories of the dogs were unknown, requiring further investigation.

Accumulation of copper and lead in ruminants grazing on a contaminated shooting range in Nordland County, Norway

Shooting ranges contain copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) contamination, which can be a risk for grazing ruminants. This study examines the accumulation of lead and copper in blood of lambs and calves, as well as in the liver of lambs. It compares these results with those of a previous study, which calculated the ingested dose of copper and lead based on soil ingestion and concentration in soil and plants. Blood samples were collected both before and after the grazing period that lasted from late May to mid-September. Liver samples were obtained during the slaughter of the lambs in the fall. Out of 61 liver samples, only one (3.7 mg Pb/kg dw) exceeding the presumed normal level in lamb liver of 3 mg/kg (dw). Copper concentrations exceeding the normal (300 mg/kg dw) concentration was found in 14 of the liver samples (341–1877 mg Cu/kg dw). Among these, two liver samples (1069 and 1877 mg Cu/kg dw) exceeded the level at which sheep are poisoned (1000 mg/kg dw). There was no statistically significant difference in the copper and lead concentration in liver of lambs that did and did not have the shooting range as part of their pasture. The average concentration of copper (lamb: 1.1 ± 0.37 µg Cu/g, calves: 0.6 ± 0.16 µg Cu/g) and lead (lamb: 0.010 ± 0.008 µg Pb/g calves: 0.01 ± 0.014 µg Pb/g) in the blood samples collected from the lambs and calves did not exceed the upper limit of what is considered normal (sheep: 1.35 mg Cu/kg and 0.3 mg Pb/kg, cattle: 1.7 mg Cu/kg and 0.35 mg Pb/kg). Copper concentration in the blood was notably higher in samples collected from the sheep before (1.3 ± 0.35 µg Cu/g) compared to after (0.8 ± 0.22 µg Cu/g) the grazing period. No statistically significant difference was found in lead and copper concentrations in the blood of lambs and calves grazing inside (lamb: 0.7 ± 0.21 µg Cu/g and 0.01 ± 0.008 µg Pb/g, calves: 0.6 ± 0.16 µg Cu/g and 0.02 ± 0.020 µg Pb/g) and outside (lamb: 0.9 ± 0.21 µg Cu/g and 0.13 ± 0.008 µg Pb/g, calves: 0.6 ± 0.17 µg Cu/g and 0.009 µg Pb/g) the shooting range. Grazing on areas contaminated by shooting activity did not appear to have any major implications for the accumulation of copper and lead in blood of cattle and sheep, as well as in the liver of sheep. The findings from this study indicate that employing site specific risk assessments for ruminants incorporating soil ingestion represents a viable approach.

Electrospark deposition of Fe–Cr–Cu coatings on St3 steel

It is well-known that chromium in metallic compositions forms dense passivating films that slow down corrosion. The new Fe–Cr–Cu coating was applied on St3 steel through electrospark deposition in an anode mixture consisting of copper and titanium granules, with the addition of chromium powder ranging from 4.85 to 13.26 wt. %. The weight gain of the cathode increased nearly twofold with the addition of chromium powder to the anode mixture. The structure of the coatings was analyzed through X-ray phase analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectrometry. The phase composition of the coatings consists of ferrochrome and copper. It is demonstrated that the proposed method of electrospark processing allows for the creation of Fe–Cr–Cu coatings with an average chromium concentration ranging from 55 to 83 at. %. The average copper content in the prepared coatings varied from 5 to 16 at. %. The highest concentration of chromium was observed in the coating prepared with the addition of 13.26 wt. % Cr to the anodic mixture. The corrosion behavior of the coatings was investigated using potentiodynamic polarization and impedance spectroscopy in a 3.5 % NaCl solution. Polarization tests have shown that applying Fe–Cr–Cu coatings to St3 steel can increase its corrosion potential by 12 to 19 % and reduce the corrosion current by 1.5 to 3.4 times. The microhardness of the coating surface ranged from 3.08 to 4.37 GPa, and the coefficient of friction ranged from 0.75 to 0.91. The maximum hardness and the lowest coefficient of friction were observed in the coating with the highest chromium content. It has been demonstrated that Fe–Cr–Cu coatings can enhance the wear resistance of the surface of St3 steel by 1.5 to 3.8 times.

Effects of Soil Properties on Pb, Cd, and Cu Contents in Tobacco Leaves of Longyan, China, and Their Prediction Models.

Longyan City in Fujian Province is one of China's top-quality tobacco-producing areas and plays an essential role in local economic development. To determine the correlation between heavy metal content in tobacco leaves and soil factors, soil physical and chemical properties and heavy metal contents of lead, cadmium, and copper in tobacco leaves were measured and analyzed by the correlation regression method. The content of lead, cadmium, and copper in soil was determined using hydrochloric acid extraction-AAS and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry was used to determine heavy metal in tobacco leaf. The findings revealed that the average concentrations of lead, cadmium, and copper in the soil were 12.1, 0.092, and 3.88 mg/kg, respectively. In contrast, the average levels of lead, cadmium, and copper in tobacco leaves were 2.33, 4.89, and 4.35 mg/kg, respectively. The cadmium enrichment coefficient of 54.3 was higher than lead and copper, indicating a greater health risk. Soil pH value was negatively correlated with lead content in tobacco leaf, while potassium and phosphorus nutrient levels were negatively correlated with copper content. In contrast, a positive correlation was established between the presence of organic matter with cadmium content in tobacco leaves. The prediction models of lead, cadmium, and copper in tobacco leaves can be expressed by the regression equation corresponding to each heavy metal as follows: YPb=2.33 - 0.005∗ XK+0.007∗XN - 0.271∗XpH+0.065∗XPb (R2 = 0.787), YCd=1.55+0.012∗XOM - 0.014∗XCu+34.6∗XCd (R2 = 0.891), and YCu=4.64 - 0.029∗XP - 0.007∗XK+0.245∗XCu (R2 = 0.724), respectively. The prediction models above provide an effective predictive tool for assessing heavy metal risk in tobacco leaves using soil properties in the study area.

Occurrence and patterns of metals in mangrove forests from the Oman Sea, Iran

Concentrations of selected metals were investigated in roots, stems, leaves and sediments from mangrove forests situated along the coast of the Oman Sea, Iran. Results showed that the overall average concentrations of lead, nickel, copper, and zinc in sediments were 47.90, 54.12, 42.13 and 44 μg/g dry weight (dw) and 3.81, 16.41, 29.23 and 25 μg/g dw in plant tissues, respectively. In addition, the bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of root, stem and leaf ranged from 0.5 to 1.7, 0.2 to 1.5, and 0.4 to 1.3, respectively. Pollution indices showed that all investigated sites were in the category of low to moderate pollution (pollution load index: 1.5–0.11), with a 21 % probability of biological toxicity.

Determination of the Concentration of Heavy Metals in Artisanal Cheeses Produced in the Mexican States of Tabasco and Chiapas.

Cheese consumption provides humans with minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, and vitamins. In Mexico, several cheese varieties are produced, each with its texture, scent, and flavor. The artisanal cheeses made in the states of Tabasco and Chiapas-including, among others, the varieties named crema (cream), doble crema (double cream), oaxaca, panela, fresco, bola, poro, cotija, and asadero-have a high demand in the domestic and foreign markets. The intensification of anthropic activity in these states causes an increased emission to the environment of contaminants like heavy metals, which could reach human foodstuffs through the food chains. In particular, heavy metal contents in cheeses consumed daily by these states' local populations might represent a public health risk. Because of that, our objectives in this work were to determine the concentrations of lead, cadmium, nickel, copper, zinc, and iron in artisanal cheeses produced in the states of Tabasco and Chiapas and to determine the values of the hazard quotient (HQ), total hazard quotient (THQ), and cancer risk total (CRT) for adult and young men and women. The results of our analyses of cheese samples from the states of Tabasco and Chiapas showed that the average concentrations (mg kg-1) of cadmium (0.0023 ± 0.002, 0.0023 ± 0.002 mg kg-1, respectively, for each state), lead (0.0047 ± 0.00, 0.0051 ± 0.002), nickel (0.0039 ± 0.0046, 0.0031 ± 0.0039), copper (0.0199 ± 0.021, 0.0202 ± 0.022), zinc (0.1611 ± 0.18, 0.194 ± 0.21), and iron (61.84 ± 4.23, 65.76 ± 6.61 mg kg-1), the first three values lower than the limits established by the FAO/WHO and Codex Alimentarius. The value of THQ that we obtained was less than one, and that of CRT was within the limits established by the US-EPA, which means that the consumption of artisanal cheeses from Tabasco and Chiapas by humans does not imply a risk of disease or cancer.

Geochemical and Environmental Evaluation of the Copper Element in the Surface Soil and Its Health Effects in Selected Areas of Kirkuk Governorate

To assess the extent of copper contamination in the surface soil and its effects on human health in selected areas of Kirkuk Governorate, several geochemical analyzes and environmental assessments were performed. Twenty-two (22) surface soil samples were collected and analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The results showed that the average concentration of copper in the study area was (42.64 ppm), and its highest value was in the (H19) site represented in the Benji Ali area (129.7 ppm). In (H11) site, with a concentration of (88.8 ppm), which represents an industrial neighborhood area, and the reason is due to it being a polluted industrial area, which is higher than the permissible natural values, amounting to (20 ppm). In the soil, the element copper, which indicates a potential danger to the environment, as well as the average values of the soil accumulation index showed that it is unpolluted to medium pollution, while the value of the average enrichment factor was medium enrichment, and also the average of the environmental hazard index showed potential moderate environmental risks, and it was found Exposure through inhalation (CDIinh) is more effective in adults and children with copper than through skin contact (CDIdermal) and ingestion (CDIing). And it was found that the values (HI) are greater than one for the studied copper element for both children and adults, which indicates The presence of carcinogenic health risks of the copper element on humans in the study area, and it was found that children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of copper because they are still developing.

DETERMINATION OF MICRONUTRIENTS IN DIABETIC WOMEN: A SERUM ANALYSIS OF SEVEN ELEMENTS

Background: The human body needs minerals and micronutrients. It is important to estimate the micronutrients (Fe+2, Mg+2, Mn+2, Zn+2, Cu+2, K+, Na+) in the serum of female patients with diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as needed for insulin and glucose metabolism, especially zinc, manganese, and magnesium, which activate insulin receptor sites. Aim: Estimate the micronutrient concentrations by (µg/mL) and determine their effects on insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. Methods: The study was conducted at Maysan Province Endocrinology and Diabetes Center from January to April 2023. It included 120 women aged (20 – 65) years separated into two groups. The control group included 40 healthy women, and the patient group included 80 women with diabetic mellitus (T2DM). The IBM SPSS Statistics and the t-test were used to compare the two groups. Results: The results showed a statistically significant difference at the level (P?0.05) for the average concentration of Magnesium, Manganese, Zinc, Copper, Potassium, and Sodium, while Iron concentration was a non-significant decrease at (P?0.05) in the patients with (T2DM) compared with the control group. The concentration of micronutrients in diabetes mellitus and healthy groups was Na+ > Cu+2 > Zn+2 > Mn+2 > Fe+2 > K+ > Mg+2 and Na+ > Cu+2 > K+ > Mg+2 > Fe+2 > Zn+2 > Mn+2 respectively. In the T2DM group, the trace element with the highest observed concentration was the Sodium ion, while Manganese (Mn+2) had the lowest concentration. Conversely, in the control group, Sodium (Na+) showed the highest concentration and Magnesium (Mg+2) the lowest. Discussion: Sodium had the greatest micronutrient content in both the control and T2DM groups. Micronutrient differences may affect insulin resistance and diabetes. Conclusions: The variation in the micronutrient concentration was statistically significant between the diabetes mellitus and control groups, except for Iron, demonstrating the complex relationship between micronutrient levels and metabolic disorders

Human health risk assessment of trace elements in commonly consumed herbs in Ibadan, Nigeria

Elemental contamination of medicinal herbs is a major barrier to its general use. This study assessed the concentrations and health risks of Manganese, Iron, Copper, Zinc, Chromium, Cadmium, Cobalt, Nickel, Lead and Selenium via consumption of commonly sold medicinal herbs in Ibadan, Nigeria. Exactly 180 medicinal herb samples, purchased from 10 markets across Ibadan, were digested using aqua-regia. Quantification via Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP–OES) was done and validated via recovery (99.6–101%) and linearity (R2 > 0.999) procedures. The health risk associated with the consumption of medicinal herbs was estimated as Chronic Daily Intake (CDI), Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI) and Target Carcinogenic Risk (TCR). The concentrations (mg kg-1) of Iron, Manganese, Copper, Zinc, Chromium, Selenium and Cobalt ranged from 65.4 to 369, 32.7–184, 17.0–96.0, 36.1–203, 5.41–30.5, 0.028–0.159 and 0.675–3.81 respectively. The average concentrations of Iron, Copper, Zinc and Chromium exceeded the WHO permissible limits. Although some elemental HQ values <1, all medicinal herbs had HI values > 1. Likewise, TCR values exceeded the 1 × 10–4 USEPA limit for cancer suggesting that consumption of these medicinal herbs is not safe for both adults and children.

Evaluation of pollution with some heavy metals for soils and plants of agricultural Locations in Basrah province

To Evaluate the state of pollution with heavy metals (Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb), ten Locations with different chemical and physical properties were selected from the agricultural Locations of Basrah province: 1/Al-Qurna, 2/Al-Madina, 3/Al-Dair, 4/Al-Haritha, and 5/Karmat Ali (University). ), 6/ Al-Tanuma, 7/ Abu Al-Khasib, 8/ Al-Siba, 9/ Al-Faw and 10/ Al-Zubayr (Al-Burjisiya station) and a site was chosen for comparison, where soil samples were collected from agricultural Locations close to the source of pollution, while plant samples were collected from near and far from the source Pollution and the necessary analyzes were Carried out for the study. The results showed an increase in the concentration of total heavy metals in the soils of most of the study Locations, and they were polluted compared to the comparison treatment. The soils of most agricultural Locations exceeded the internationally permissible limits. The results indicated that the total average concentration of lead, Nickel, copper, chromium and zinc in the Hartha area (the fourth site) was 615.88, 165.55, 390.40, 48.45, 465.83 mg kg-1 soil sequentially, which is higher compared to the average concentration in other agricultural sites, as well as the concentrations of heavy metals increased (Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr, Zn) in plants grown in locations close from the source of pollution. The concentrations of these elements decreased in plants far from the source of pollution. It is noted that the pollution factor (CF) values of Pb and Zn in all study Locations ranged from moderate contamination to very high contamination. Keywords: PLI, pollution Factor (CF), oil installations, soil pollution, plant pollution.

Distributions of Chromium, Copper, and Cadmium in the estuary-coastal surface sediment of Tin-Rich Island

Belitung Island known as one of the tin producer in the world, as it lied in the South East Asian tin belt. The study was conducted in the North Belitung Island to investigate some metal elements concentration of sediment along the estuary river and coastal area near to carbonate reef environment system. Thirteen sediment samples were collected from estuarine riverbed, shoreline, and offshore of North Belitung. The concentrations of metal elements were analysed to assess the environmental pollution characteristics by using flame AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. The result indicated that the average concentrations of chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd) were 1.62-18.26, 5.72-80.07, and 1.4-4.59 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. The calculation of geo-accumulation index (Igeo) was adopted in this study to evaluate the heavy metal pollution. The Igeo values revealed that this research area has been moderately polluted by Cr and Cu, and unpolluted-moderately polluted by Cd. Based on the contamination level to adverse biological effect, the heavy metals concentration in this research area has the low potential to adverse biological effect by Cr and Cu, and low-moderately potential by Cd. This information is important to lead the study about any other elements and heavy metals to evaluate the risk assessment in the tropical area.

Geochemical evaluation and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals: A case study from Ireland using Tellus stream sediment data (2011–2017)

A comprehensive assessment of the distribution, spatial mapping and ecological risk of heavy metals in stream sediments of 17 counties of Ireland based on the Tellus geochemical survey programme in Ireland was carried out. Average trace metal concentrations of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), vanadium (V), cobalt (Co), arsenic (As), and major and minor oxides iron oxide (Fe2O3), manganese oxide (MnO) in the stream sediments were above the background values, but lower than Irish sediment quality guidelines for livestock and Canadian sediment quality guidelines (ISQG); threshold effect level (TEL) and probable effect level (PEL). 69.65% of Ni, 22.13% of Zn, and 96.7% of Pb samples exceeded the low-effect-range (ERL) values, whereas only 21%, 1.80% and 0.69% of the same elements exceeded the median effect range (ERM) values. Hotspots of Zn (>12000 mg kg−1), Pb (>10,000 mg kg−1), Fe2O3 (61.38%), MnO (26%), Cr (>2300 mg kg−1) and Ni (874.2 mg kg−1) were observed at Wicklow, Dublin, Mayo, Galway and Cavan counties. Catchment geochemistry was identified for the presence of heavy metals in the stream sediments. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) indicated Kildare to be the least contaminated county with Igeo < 0 for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb and As for 50% of the samples. The enrichment factor (EF) indicated that some sites located in Mayo and Donegal were highly contaminated. PInemerow followed the trend, Tipperary > Dublin > Waterford > Monaghan > Donegal > Wexford > Galway > Wicklow > Cavan > Meath > Kilkenny > Leitrim > Mayo > Louth > Sligo > Kildare > Carlow. Based on potential ecological risk index (PERI), 83.1% of the sites posed low ecological risk (PERI <150), 11.9% sites posed moderate risk (150 < RI < 300) and high ecological risk was posed by 0.3% (PERI >1200) of the sites. Lithology, topography and anthropogenic factors influenced the distribution and ecological risks of heavy metals. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk for adults and children were above the recommended value.

Multidecadal heavy metals and microplastic deposition records in an urban lake: the ecological risk assessments and influencing factors.

With the development of urbanization and economic growth, the urban lake ecosystem faces many challenges derived from external factors. As pollutants in the aquatic environment, heavy metals and microplastics negatively influence the urban lake ecosystem due to their intrinsic properties. To understand the distribution patterns and multidecadal deposition characteristics of heavy metals and microplastics, six sediment cores were collected in March 2021 from a Chinese urban lake, Xinghu Lake, and the isotopic composition of cesium-137 and lead-210 was analyzed for the chronology of the sediment core. Here, the classifications of comprehensive ecological risk evaluation methods for heavy metals and microplastics were adjusted further. Meanwhile, the correlations among heavy metals, microplastics, sediment grains, and natural and social factors were further analyzed. The results showed that the sediments of Xinghu Lake were mainly fine silt (39%), and the average surface area of sediment was 1.82 ± 0.60 m2/g. The average concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, vanadium, and zinc were 0.268 ± 0.077, 59.91 ± 16.98, 23.29 ± 6.48, 52.16 ± 13.11, 36.83 ± 11.78, 119.57 ± 26.91, and 88.44 ± 29.68mg/kg, respectively. The average comprehensive potential ecological risk indexes of heavy metals and microplastics in sediment cores were 46.59 ± 9.98 and 105.78 ± 23.32 in Xinghu Lake, and their risks were projected to reach high and very high levels by 2030 and 2050. The annual average temperature was the key natural factor for the abundances of heavy metals and microplastics, and the small sediment grain had a significant correlation with these. Agricultural activities were major pollution sources of heavy metals and microplastics, while the chemical fibers and plastic products were closely related to the abundance of microplastics.