Average Bandwidth Research Articles

Telementoring of in-home real-time laparoscopy using whatsapp messenger: An innovative teaching tool during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cohort study

BackgroundCOVID-19 pandemic has decreased worldwide surgical activity, thus impairing the training of surgical residents. As a coping strategy, we opted for laparoscopic simulation with endotrainer; however, due to social distancing rules, a face-to-face tutoring training method is unfeasible. In this context telementoring using WhatsApp® Messenger (owned by Facebook Inc., Menlo Park, CA) with a Smartphone aims to train surgical residents in laparoscopy from their homes during the pandemic. MethodsTrainers and surgical residents who were at home participated in this study. They used endotrainers with Smartphone cameras and were trained by video calls using WhatsApp. The baseline and final score of intracorporeal knotting was measured, according to the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) methodology, measuring the difference in means with the paired t-test. Recommendations for virtual surgical tutoring were followed and user satisfaction was measured using the Likert scale. Results40 surgical residents participated. The average distance between the mentor and the trainee was 12.87 km. Average bandwidth was 32.5 Megabits per second (Mbits/s), latency was 424.5 ms (ms), good quality image with immediate feedback was achieved. The statistically significant difference between basal and final measurement was 23.7 points (p < 0.001). All participants found telementoring a good educational tool. ConclusionSmartphone telementoring using WhatsApp® Messenger is an effective educational tool for acquiring laparoscopic skills with a statistically significant difference. This type of training represents a new teaching resource in the light of the recommendations of social distancing during a pandemic.

A parallel cross-connection recovery scheme for dual link failure in elastic optical networks

Abstract In this paper, we proposed a fast recovery strategy for a dual link failure (DLF) in elastic optical network (EON). The EON is a promising solution to meet the next generation higher bandwidth demand. The survivability of high speed network is very crucial. As the network size increases the probability of the DLF and node failure also increases. Here, we proposed a parallel cross connection backup recovery strategy for DLF in the network. The average bandwidth blocking probability (BBP), bandwidth provisioning ratio (BPR), and recovery time (RT) for our proposed Intermediate node cross-connect backup for shared path protection (INCB-SPP) for ARPANET are 0.38, 2.71, 4.68 ms, and for DPP 0.70, 6.02, 8.71 ms and for SPP 0.40, 2.87, and 16.33 ms respectively. The average BBP, BPR, and RT of INCB-SPP for COST239 are 0.01, 1.71, 3.79 ms and for DPP are 0.39, 3.50, 8.20 ms and SPP are 0.04, 1.75, and 12.47 ms respectively. Hence, the proposed strategy shows lower BBP, fast connection recovery, and BPR when compared with the existing shared path protection (SPP) and dedicated path protection (DPP) approaches. Simulation is performed on ARPANET and COST239 topology networks.

Characteristics of the Global Radio Frequency Interference in the Protected Portion of L-Band

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA’s) Soil Moisture Active–Passive (SMAP) radiometer has been providing geolocated power moments measured within a 24 MHz band in the protected portion of L-band, i.e., 1400–1424 MHz, with 1.2 ms and 1.5 MHz time and frequency resolutions, as its Level 1A data. This paper presents important spectral and temporal properties of the radio frequency interference (RFI) in the protected portion of L-band using SMAP Level 1A data. Maximum and average bandwidth and duration of RFI signals, average RFI-free spectrum availability, and variations in such properties between ascending and descending satellite orbits have been reported across the world. The average bandwidth and duration of individual RFI sources have been found to be usually less than 4.5 MHz and 4.8 ms; and the average RFI-free spectrum is larger than 20 MHz in most regions with exceptions over the Middle East and Central and Eastern Asia. It has also been shown that, the bandwidth and duration of RFI signals can vary as much as 10 MHz and 10 ms, respectively, between ascending and descending orbits over certain locations. Furthermore, to identify frequencies susceptible to RFI contamination in the protected portion of L-band, observed RFI signals have been assigned to individual 1.5 MHz SMAP channels according to their frequencies. It has been demonstrated that, contrary to common perception, the center of the protected portion can be as RFI contaminated as its edges. Finally, there have been no significant correlations noted among different RFI properties such as amplitude, bandwidth, and duration within the 1400–1424 MHz band.

An Electronically-Tunable, Flexible, and Transparent Antenna With Unidirectional Radiation Pattern

In this paper, a frequency reconfigurable, conformal, durable, optically transparent, and unidirectional antenna design is demonstrated for the first time. In the demonstrated design, continuous frequency tuning is achieved by integrating a varactor diode in a folded dipole radiator, which is backed by a water-filled reflector to produce unidirectional radiation pattern mimicking the radiation characteristics of microstrip patch antennas. The radiating component of the explored antenna is manufactured from transparent conductive fabric, which has about 72% optical transparency and occupies a small fraction of the entire antenna. The water-filled reflector is located underneath the dipole radiator. Water is contained inside a rectangular box made from flexible-transparent-hydrophobic polymer, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Both water and PDMS are highly transparent, moreover, PDMS has excellent flexibility and water is a liquid, thus, the demonstrated antenna exhibits excellent transparency and durability against physical deformation. The tiny varactor diode integrated in the folded dipole radiator has insignificant effect on the overall transparency and flexibility of the antenna. The explored design has been numerically investigated and experimentally validated through measurements. Measurements show continuous frequency tuning from 2.38 GHz to 2.67 GHz with an average 10-dB return loss bandwidth of about 170 MHz. Moreover, the antenna maintains good front-to-back ratio in the entire operating band.

Functionality-Based Processing-in-Memory Accelerator for Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Processing-in-memory (PIM) architectures show the advantage of handling applications that generate complicated memory request patterns; usually, those kinds of memory streams degrade the application’s performance in conventional memory hierarchy systems. In particular, deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) processing that consists of several functionalities could be highly optimized if PIM cores can extend the processing capability and data accessibility. In this work, we propose a functionality-based PIM accelerator for DCNNs. We design several modules in addition to the conventional PIM system based on a hybrid memory cube (HMC). First, we compose a new buffer module, namely, a shared cache, in which PIM cores are provided DCNN functionalities and pre-trained weights. The PIM cores subsequently enhance computational utilization and data accessibility. Second, an efficient replacement method complements the shared cache to optimize the data miss rate of DCNN processing. Third, we compose dual prefetchers that can deal with DCNN’s memory access patterns, thereby reducing the system’s overall latency. Fourth, we compose a PIM scheduler for PIM core-level autonomous request control. The PIM scheduler relieves the host processor of significant computational loads, achieving the overall latency of the system and reducing the energy consumption. By the performance evaluation based on the trace-driven HMC simulator, our proposed model improves average latency and bandwidth by 38.9 and 27.9 % with only 18.7 % more energy consumption compared with conventional HMC-based PIM systems. Our system also achieves scalable processing performance because when the DCNN becomes deeper, it processes faster than conventional PIM systems.

Communications-Caching-Computing Resource Allocation for Bidirectional Data Computation in Mobile Edge Networks

A novel bidirectional computation task model has emerged as an important use case of 5G. For example, interactive AR/VR gaming service needs to render the live scene by jointly computing user features such as 3D positions and video data generated from the Internet. In this article, we consider the bidirectional computation task model, where each task is served via three mechanisms, i.e., local computing with local caching, local computing without local caching, and computing at the mobile edge computing server. To minimize the average bandwidth, we formulate the joint caching and computing optimization problem under the latency, cache size and average power constraints. In the homogeneous scenario, we derive the optimal policy and analytical expression for the minimum bandwidth. In the heterogeneous scenario, to reduce the computation complexity of the NP-hard problem, we relax some constraints of the original problem and propose a Lagrangian relaxation (LR) suboptimal solution, which may be infeasible. We then reformulate the original problem as an auxiliary problem based on the LR solution and solve this via Concave-Convex Procedure (CCCP), which outputs feasible local optimal solution. Simulation has shown that LR-based algorithms outperform the baselines including greedy and CCCP algorithms in the bandwidth performance and time efficiency.

A retrospective study on the regional benefits and spillover effects of high-speed broadband networks: Evidence from German counties

This study aims to assess the economic benefits of high-speed broadband within and across neighboring counties in Germany. Utilizing a balanced panel dataset of 401 German counties with data from 2010 to 2015 as well as different panel estimation techniques, we find that an increase in average broadband speed has a significantly positive effect on regional GDP in the average German county. Furthermore, we find that broadband deployment in German counties induces not only substantial economic benefits in terms of direct effects within counties but also positive regional externalities across counties. According to our estimation results, an increase in average bandwidth speed by one unit (1 Mbit/s) induces a rise in regional GDP of 0.18%. This effect is almost doubled if we also take regional externalities into account (0.31%). Moreover, we find that regional agglomeraton effects are of particular relevance for rural counties. Our cost-benefit analysis of subsidies based on conservative estimates suggests efficiency gains, as the total economic per capita benefits (€164) of subsidy programs to encourage broadband expansion exceeded their associated per capita costs (€114).

Latency of Waveform Data Delivery from the Southern California Seismic Network during the 2019 Ridgecrest Earthquake Sequence and Its Effect on ShakeAlert

Abstract The occurrence of the 4–6 July 2019 Mw 6.4 and Mw 7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence provided the first full-scale test of the network and telemetry readiness of the Southern California Seismic Network (SCSN), to support the ShakeAlert earthquake early warning (EEW) system in California. ShakeAlert is a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)-led collaboration to detect earthquakes and, when possible, to alert the public before the arrival of the strongest shaking. The SCSN performed well in its regional monitoring role for both the 4 July Mw 6.4 and the 6 July Mw 7.1 earthquakes. In the EEW role, it provided timely delivery of 5 s of P-wave data to ShakeAlert, which issued its first alert 6.9 s after origin time. Data delivery at peak data volumes for many stations exhibited some latency, and, as a consequence, some data arrived too late for analysis by one of the EEW algorithms. We find that the average link bandwidth for each station was sufficient, because all waveform data were delivered automatically to the archive, but link capacity for many stations was insufficient for peak demand. We describe the performance of the data telemetry for the sequence, including cellular, radio, hybrid, and backhaul systems. Cellular-based telemetry systems maintained low latency throughout strong shaking and after, but some stations, even at great distances, experienced subsequent brief increases in latency. Performance of radio links depended mostly on the signal strength of the link, with short-distance direct shots to high-bandwidth backhaul systems showing no latency impact, whereas stations on some long distance or marginal quality links suffered latencies of tens or hundreds of seconds. Improvements are being implemented to move telemetry links onto USGS and partner high-bandwidth microwave systems, and to reduce dependency on less robust long-distance radio shots.

Design of novel super wide band antenna close to the fundamental dimension limit theory

This paper investigates the design and practical implementation of a Super Wide Band (SWB) antenna along with the application of fundamental bandwidth limitation theory of small antennas in the proposed design. The antenna is designed on a material with permittivity, εr = 3 where the patch metallization height is maintained as 0.035 mm. The designed antenna is then modified by enhancing the copper patch with an additional layer of 28.5 mm thickness. The proposed antenna achieves a huge frequency range with a ratio bandwidth starting from 96.96:1 to as high as 115.10: 1. The designed antenna operating band with thinner height starts from 1.65 to 160 GHz while with the added patch metallic height, the antenna operates from a minimum of 1.39 to 160 GHz with an average nominal bandwidth of more than 158 GHz. By enhancing the patch height, the antenna spherical volume is utilized more efficiently. Using this principle, the antenna impedance bandwidth is augmented while a reduction in electrical size is achieved. A comparison with the fundamental theories by Chu and Mclean illustrates that the designed SWB antenna electrical size exceeds Mclean and nearly touches the Chu fundamental limit curve. This eventually offers the maximized bandwidth with the most compact size for an SWB antenna. The designed antenna with thinner patch metallization height is practically fabricated and measured up to 67 GHz using Vector Network Analyzer to provide experimental validation.

Flat Gain Broadband Metasurface Antennas

Modulated metasurface (MTS) antennas can provide a broadside pencil beam at the frequency where the cylindrical surface wave (SW) wavelength matches the period of the impedance modulation. For modulations with constant period, the mismatch between the SW wavelength and the period imposes a limitation on the gain-bandwidth product. However, this limitation can be overcome by shaping the local period as a function of the radial distance. Doing so, we generate an annular active region on the antenna aperture, where the SW-to-impedance interaction mainly occurs. Such active region moves from the antenna center to the circular rim as the frequency decreases. This article shows that one can optimize the profile of the local periodicity function to obtain broadside pencil beams over large bandwidths, while preserving the flatness of the gain versus frequency response and a good stability of the phase center. The antenna performances so obtained are really unique for flat antennas based on printed technology. Finally, we present a simple formula for the product between average gain and bandwidth, which gradually blends into the already known expression for modulations with constant period. This formula establishes an absolute limit of the gain-bandwidth product, which only depends on the wavelength-normalized antenna radius at the central frequency.

Resource Allocation for GBR Services in D2D-Enabled Communication

In device-to-device (D2D)-enabled communications, a channel can be matched to a cellular user (CU)–D2D user (DU) pair, where either two separate resources can be allocated in a dedicated mode, or a single resource is shared in a shared mode. It affects the channel capacity and the channel bandwidth needed to guarantee the target data rate. The transmit power also needs to be adaptively controlled according to channel bandwidth, as well as channel quality. In this paper, we propose a resource allocation scheme to minimize the total channel bandwidth while guaranteeing the target data rate of guaranteed bit rate services. The original problem is separated into two sub-problems; (1) the channel bandwidth calculation and channel sharing mode selection for arbitrary matching (2) the 3-D matching problem of the CU, DU and channel. To mitigate computational complexity, the 3-D matching problem is transformed into two 2-D matching problems, and a sub-optimal solution is derived using a sub-gradient algorithm. From numerical results, it was confirmed that the average channel bandwidth was almost the same even though the computational complexity of the sub-optimal algorithm was very low compared to the original algorithm. We also investigate the impact of various parameters, such as maximum D2D distance and the number of users.

An integrated arterial coordinated control model considering green wave on branch roads and pedestrian crossing time at intersections

Urban fine management needs scientific traffic management methods and efficient signal control programs. Green wave control is usually used to facilitate the unban traffic. However, maximum bandwidth optimization on arterial traffic signal timing is usually yielded from the sacrifice of the branch road. The green wave on branch roads and pedestrian crossing time at intersections are often neglected. In this paper, an extended integrated green wave control method is presented to solve the coordinated control issue, which considers green time constraints to ensure necessary time for vehicles on branch roads and pedestrian crossing time at intersections. Non-coordinated phase saturation is first introduced to describe the green time on branch roads. Next, the arterial roads are partitioned to enlarge the green wave bandwidth and an extended green wave optimization model with green time constraints is proposed. Combined with the green wave searching method, an improved genetic algorithm is applied. Finally, a real-world case study in Shenzhen, China, is employed to assess the model. Results show the proposed model can (1) reach the same public green time as in the traditional method and (2) increase the average sub-green wave bandwidth to improve the signal control.

Spectral Efficiency Augmentation in Uplink Massive MIMO Systems by Increasing Transmit Power and Uniform Linear Array Gain.

Improved Spectral Efficiency (SE) is a prominent feature of Massive Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output systems. These systems are prepared with antenna clusters at receiver and transmitter . In this paper, we examined a massive MIMO system to increase SE in each cell that ultimately improves the area throughput of the system. We are aiming to find appropriate values of average cell-density (D), available bandwidth (B), and SE to maximize area throughput because it is the function of these parameters. Likewise, a SE augmentation model was developed to attain an increased transmit power and antenna array gain. The proposed model also considers the inter-user interference from neighboring cells along with incident angles of desired and interfering users. Moreover, simulation results validate the proposed model that is implementable in real-time scenarios by realizing maximum SE of 12.79 bits/s/Hz in Line of Sight (LoS) and 12.69 bits/s/Hz in Non-Line of Sight (NLoS) scenarios, respectively. The proposed results also substantiate the SE augmentation because it is a linear function of transmit power and array gain while using the Uniform Linear Array (ULA) configuration. The findings of this work ensure the efficient transmission of information in future networks.

High-resolution micro channel-cut crystal monochromator processed by plasma chemical vaporization machining for a reflection self-seeded X-ray free-electron laser.

A high-resolution micro channel-cut crystal monochromator (µCCM) composed of an Si(220) crystal is developed for the purpose of narrowing the bandwidth of a reflection self-seeded X-ray free-electron laser. Subsurface damage on the monochromator, which distorts the wavefront and broadens the bandwidth of the monochromatic seed beam, was removed by using a plasma etching technique. High diffraction performance of the monochromator was confirmed through evaluation with coherent X-rays. Reflection self-seeding operation was tested with the Si(220) µCCM at SPring-8 Angstrom Compact free-electron laser. A narrow average bandwidth of 0.6 eV, which is five times narrower than the value previously reported [I. Inoue et al., Nat. Photonics13, 319 (2019)10.1038/s41566-019-0365-y], was successfully obtained at 9 keV. The narrow-band X-ray beams with high intensity realized in this study will further expand the capabilities of X-ray free-electron lasers.

Abstract 4250: Multispectral imaging of brightfield multiplex immunohistochemistry

Abstract Introduction. Brightfield microscopy is the current gold standard for tissue-based cancer diagnoses and has long been the choice of pathologists. Accordingly, the clinical use of brightfield-based immunohistochemistry (IHC) far exceeds immunofluorescence (IF), except in multiplexing applications for which IF is predominately used. Brightfield multiplex imaging is currently limited by 1) the broad spectral absorbance of conventional chromogens and 2) color cameras that only have three broad and overlapping color channels. In this work, we combine narrowband covalently deposited chromogens (CDCs; Day et al., Lab Invest 2017 vol.97 p.104) with matched narrow illumination channels and monochrome imaging to demonstrate that high-order multiplexing is possible in brightfield. Material and Methods. Multiplex IHC was performed using 4 or 5 CDCs and hematoxylin (htx) nuclear staining on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. Spectral widths of 5 CDC absorbance bands ranged from 69 to 85 nm (FWHM), and 150 nm for a 6th broader CDC. Illumination was provided with a tungsten lamp/filter wheel combination (average bandwidth = 28nm) or filtered light emitting diodes (LEDs; average bandwidth = 23nm). Images were recorded on microscopes fitted with either illumination source and monochrome CCD or CMOS cameras. Furthermore, a custom-designed 12 wavelength LED illuminator facilitated high-speed multispectral imaging with short exposure times (average Δt=10ms). On-slide spectra of all chromogens were measured. Spectral unmixing was used to calculate protein abundances, which were pseudo-colored to render a visualization. Results. Multiple assays were tested on FFPE sections of lung, prostate, and colon tumors with up to 5 IHC markers (5 CDCs + htx). Spectral cross-talk between chromogen signals was significantly reduced with spectral unmixing (SNR≈30). Biomarker concentrations were pseudo-colored to produce customizable visualizations of each assay. Brightfield renditions of each assay were nearly identical to a traditional visualization. Multiplex staining results were concordant with single stain DAB IHC of serial sections. Automated control and image acquisition using the 12 LED illuminator permitted acquisition of all 12 wavelengths in 700 ms per 1 mm2 of tissue. Conclusion. Feasibility of brightfield IHC multiplexing was achieved by matching narrowband CDCs with specific light channels to enable detection of up to six analytes (5 CDCs plus nuclear stain), approaching the capabilities of IF. Our 12-color system is expandable to even higher-order multiplexing and boasts imaging speed roughly comparable to that of a clinical brightfield scanner. This system presents an attractive alternative to IF by combining high-order multiplexing with the speed, pathologist familiarity, and broadly established clinical utility of brightfield microscopy. Citation Format: Daniel R. Bauer, Mark Lefever, Torsten Leibold, Lauren Behman, Esteban Roberts, Julia Ashworth-Sharpe, Larry Morrison. Multispectral imaging of brightfield multiplex immunohistochemistry [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 4250.

A transparent robust quasi‐isotropic circularly polarized antenna for Cub‐Sat and outdoor wireless

AbstractIn this article, a highly robust antenna is proposed for omnidirectional circular polarized communications in harsh environments at 2.45 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical frequency band. Circular polarization is realized by utilizing a combination of two magnetic and electric dipoles. The proposed antenna is based on a transparent structure and covered by a quarter wavelength thick layer of plexiglass to achieve desired robustness and visible light transparency. Meanwhile, because of the high transparency of the glass, it can integrate with solar cells to simultaneously propagate signals and harvest energy. The average gain and bandwidth of the antenna are 1.7 dBic and 300 MHz, respectively. The antenna's axial ratio is achieved less than 3 dB within the bandwidth, showing circular polarization behavior. The proposed compact antenna is numerically and experimentally analyzed and the results have a great agreement. In another viewpoint, the structure delivers promising possibilities to improve the propagating and radiating properties, which bring in significant advantages for real‐world multifunctional applications.

SVC-based dynamic caching for smart media streaming over the Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) has driven the rapid development of large-scale smart streaming media services, making it one of the most important services on the Internet. The key challenge hindering the rapid development of large-scale smart streaming over IoT is how to address the dynamic and limited network bandwidth to ensure the stability and fluency of streaming media services. Some recent studies have proposed the solutions based on Scalable Video Coding (SVC) on a system called DASH to ensure the quality of streaming media services. However, in a heterogeneous network environment, the fluctuation of bandwidth may cause frequent video switching behavior of the quality levels and even video freezes. To tackle this problem, this paper proposes a dynamic cache stack algorithm with an average bandwidth restraint. With the help of a SVC flexible adjustment mechanism and the excellent regulation ability of the system DASH, the proposed algorithm provides a smooth and high-quality video playback under the available average bandwidth. At the same time, it reduces video freezes and improves the video service quality from all aspects. Compared with existing adaptive algorithms, experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has a better performance in the quality lifting speed and the average quality, in addition to the smoothness and fluency of the video playback.

Efficiency increase in the 802.11 Ac standard performance due to the influence of Airtime Fairness technology

The article considers one of the critical problems of wireless network performance, namely, monopolization of airtime by slow clients.The advantages of wireless Wi-Fi technology are considered. The main versions of Wi-Fi standards are analyzed. It is shown that a wide variety of Wi-Fi standards is aimed at improving network performance indicators, which is expressed in increasing the transmission speed, optimizing the use of frequency bands, increasing the efficiency of Wi-Fi in segments with high subscriber density, as well as in the possibility of multiple streaming of high definition video.The IEEE 802.11ac standard is analyzed. The choice of 802.11 ac technology is based on its availability and flexibility. It is indicated that the main problem point of this standard is the inconvenience of its performance under strong differentiation of client devices, which is reflected in a decrease in network bandwidth as a whole.The network performance using Airtime Fairness technology is analyzed. To solve the problem of monopolization of airtime by slow clients, the cyclic method of dividing airtime into given intervals has been used. The necessary equipment, hardware and initial conditions for the study are indicated. It is shown that the network efficiency is determined by the following productivity indicators: average packet productivity, average bandwidth and wireless channel utilization.It has been explained that with changes in system settings due to activation of Airtime Fairness technology algorithms, there is an increase in packet productivity and average bandwidth, as well as a decrease in the utilization rate of the wireless channel, which proves the presence of positive changes in the wireless network.

A Novel Design and Analysis of High-Sensitivity Biosensor Based on Nano-Cavity for Detection of Blood Component, Diabetes, Cancer and Glucose Concentration

In this study, a novel design of an optical biosensor based on resonance cavities and with high-resolution detection is proposed in a two-domains photonic crystal (2DPhCs) with free spectral range of around FSR = 630 nm. This sensor analyzes the internal components of the blood. It also detects a cancer patient from an ordinary person in the resonant wavelength range of 1.19760511 ~ 1.19760519 μm. Besides, it has the ability to detect the presence or absence of diabetes through human tear fluid with resonant wavelengths of 1.19760511 ~ 1.19760525 μm and measures the glucose concentration in urine. An analysis has been performed to determine the concentration of glucose in the normal state urine (0-15 mg/dL), urine with 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 gm/dL of glucose in the wavelength range of 1.19760504 ~ 1.19760510 μm. Detection range is 0.2 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-7</sup> RIU. The primary function of the biosensor is the resonant cavity. The average bandwidth value of the output resonant wavelength is at least equal to 0.195 nm. The quality factor of the proposed sensor at worst is 6141.56. The percentage of transmission power is between 90 % and 100 %. The total area of the biosensor is 100 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The sensitivity range is between 1250 nm/RIU and 10000 nm/RIU. The Figure of Merit (FOM) parameter at best is FOM = 48543 ± 118 RIU <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> . Detections of the disease through three methods (blood, urine, and tears fluid samples) is an important advantage of the proposed structure.

A PMN-PT Composite-Based Circular Array for Endoscopic Ultrasonic Imaging.

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), an interventional imaging technology, utilizes a circular array to delineate the cross-sectional morphology of internal organs through the gastrointestinal (GI) track. However, the performance of conventional EUS transducers has scope for improvement because of the ordinary piezoelectric parameters of Pb(Zr, Ti) [Formula: see text] (PZT) bulk ceramic as well as its inferior mechanical flexibility which can cause material cracks during the circular shaping process. To achieve both prominent imaging capabilities and high device reliability, a 128-element 6.8-MHz circular array transducer is developed using a Pb(Mg [Formula: see text]Nb [Formula: see text]) [Formula: see text]-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) 1-3 composite with a coefficient of high electromechanical coupling ( [Formula: see text]) and good mechanical flexibility. The characterization results exhibit a large average bandwidth of 58%, a high average sensitivity of 100 mVpp, and a crosstalk of less than -37 dB near the center frequency. Imaging performance of the PMN-PT composite-based array transducer is evaluated by a wire phantom, an anechoic cyst phantom, and an ex-vivo swine intestine. This work demonstrates the superior performance of the crucial ultrasonic device based on an advanced PMN-PT composite material and may lead to the development of next-generation biomedical ultrasonic devices for clinical diagnosis and treatment.