Atomic Weight Research Articles

Enhanced thermoelectric efficiency in Bi-substituted La0.95Sr0.05CoO3

We present the results of a comprehensive investigation of electric and thermal transport properties of polycrystalline Bi-substituted La0.95−xBixSr0.05CoO3 for LBSCO-0, 1, and 2. The electrical resistivity reflects the semiconducting nature with n-type to p-type transition ∼52 K for LBSCO-1 and LBSCO-2 samples. In the low temperature region, the dominant transport mechanism is found to be variable range hopping with the hopping range decreasing with increasing temperature from 95 to 20 Å. The substitution of higher atomic weight element Bi at the La site drastically affects the overall thermal conductivity by reducing the lattice contribution (∼0.12 W/m-K at 50 K) and also enhancing the Seebeck coefficient (S ∼ 354 μV/K). The increase in the resistivity and Seebeck coefficient for the Bi-substituted system is related to the decrease in the available charge carrier concentration (∼5.12 × 1020 cm−3). The overall variation in the Seebeck coefficient depicts a complex nature with a large decreasing trend below 50 K followed by an in-depth analysis of the Debye temperature (∼470 K) and e–ph coupling. These findings suggest that the Bi-substituted LBSCO system has phonon-mediated charge transport via the phonon drag effect below 50 K. Notably, we found a large increment in ZT ∼ 0.17 at room temperature for LBSCO-2 compositions that is one-order larger than pristine undoped LBSCO-0 and even higher than the other existing cobaltite-based thermoelectric choice.

Deciphering perovskite decomposition in a humid atmosphere with TOF-GISANS

Doping or alloying of the cations on the A-site and halides on the X site of ABX3 perovskites has been demonstrated as a successful technique for improving moisture stability of perovskite films for optoelectronic applications. Despite structural and electrical stability improvements, these films still undergo moisture induced degradation to Lead Iodide and other photo-inactive phases, reducing device lifetime and performance. Understanding of their moisture induced degradation has been limited by the contrast mechanisms and sensitivity of optical and x-ray scattering techniques. Time-of-Flight Grazing Incidence Small Angle Neutron Scattering (TOF-GISANS) presents itself as a powerful alternative capable of identifying low atomic weight phases and offering depth resolution. Herein we use TOF-GISANS to begin to uncover moisture induced degradation pathways in various mixed perovskite systems fabricated under ambient conditions and exposed to 90% rH in the dark for up to 12 h, showing poor stoichiometric homogeneity through the bulk of the film and facile formation of deuterated by-products at ambient temperatures. We find evidence indicative of formation of PbI2, and PbBr2 from peaks apparent in scattering from the surface of MAPbI3, FA0.83MA0.17Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3, and FA0.83Cs0.17Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 thin films, with degradation less pronounced in the latter films containing Cs. Deuterated by-products form readily, resulting in decreasing average particle size as perovskite crystals swell and fragment from the grain periphery inwards. Cs0.05(FA0.83MA0.17)0.95Pb(I0.84Br0.16)3 shows impressive phase resilience compared to the other mixtures, with minimal segregation to other phases observed in vertical cuts through the 2D scattering image, though still exhibits deleterious morphological degradation. TOF-GISANS is demonstrated as a powerful tool for characterisation of these materials, with significant potential for future investigations into phase changes in thin films.

Hazardous elements present in coal nanoparticles in a Caribbean port region in Colombia

Scientific works examining coal-derived nanoparticles (NPs) containing potentially toxic elements (PTEs) confined in marine suspended sediments (MSSs) in port regions worldwide is an understudied topic, despite the fact that coal NPs have tremendous negative impacts on marine estuaries. The general objective of this study is to analyze the NP levels of coal, including PTEs, contained within MSSs in the general vicinity of the largest Caribbean port in Colombia. The morphology, size, chemical composition, and agglomeration states of NPs within MSSs of the sampled beaches were calculated through modern electron microscopy. The methodology used to detect chemical elements, unfortunately with EDS, it is not possible to precisely specify the chemical elements of low atomic weight (e.g. H, O, F, etc.) Therefore, with the EDS available today, it is only possible to have an idea of the chemical composition of each detected particle. Thus, it was possible to obtain the average frequency of the chemical elements identified in the 23 analyzed sampling points. Through the results, more than one thousand particles were detected in the most abundant phases, thus, the most frequent particles in the results of this manuscript were described. Sample point 8, located closest to the coal export port, had a higher concentration of nano-toxic elements (Al, Fe, Si, K, Mg, K) most concerning for human health in addition to being harmful to marine life. This study suggests that public policies dealing with MSS pollution need to be discussed by public managers to avoid further and sustained environmental degradation. The need to create projects will subsidize legacy liabilities generated by coal in seaports in other regions of the world.

Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)

Abstract Following the reviews of atomic-weight determinations and other cognate data in 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2021, the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW) reports changes of standard atomic weights. The symbol A r°(E) was selected for standard atomic weight of an element to distinguish it from the atomic weight of an element E in a specific substance P, designated A r(E, P). The CIAAW has changed the values of the standard atomic weights of five elements based on recent determinations of terrestrial isotopic abundances: Ar (argon): from 39.948 ± 0.001 to [39.792, 39.963] Hf (hafnium): from 178.49 ± 0.02 to 178.486 ± 0.006 Ir (iridium): from 192.217 ± 0.003 to 192.217 ± 0.002 Pb (lead): from 207.2 ± 0.1 to [206.14, 207.94] Yb (ytterbium): from 173.054 ± 0.005 to 173.045 ± 0.010 The standard atomic weight of argon and lead have changed to an interval to reflect that the natural variation in isotopic composition exceeds the measurement uncertainty of A r(Ar) and A r(Pb) in a specific substance. The standard atomic weights and/or the uncertainties of fourteen elements have been changed based on the Atomic Mass Evaluations 2016 and 2020 accomplished under the auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP). A r° of Ho, Tb, Tm and Y were changed in 2017 and again updated in 2021: Al (aluminium), 2017: from 26.981 5385 ± 0.000 0007 to 26.981 5384 ± 0.000 0003 Au (gold), 2017: from 196.966 569 ± 0.000 005 to 196.966 570 ± 0.000 004 Co (cobalt), 2017: from 58.933 194 ± 0.000 004 to 58.933 194 ± 0.000 003 F (fluorine), 2021: from 18.998 403 163 ± 0.000 000 006 to 18.998 403 162 ± 0.000 000 005 (Ho (holmium), 2017: from 164.930 33 ± 0.000 02 to 164.930 328 ± 0.000 007) Ho (holmium), 2021: from 164.930 328 ± 0.000 007 to 164.930 329 ± 0.000 005 Mn (manganese), 2017: from 54.938 044 ± 0.000 003 to 54.938 043 ± 0.000 002 Nb (niobium), 2017: from 92.906 37 ± 0.000 02 to 92.906 37 ± 0.000 01 Pa (protactinium), 2017: from 231.035 88 ± 0.000 02 to 231.035 88 ± 0.000 01 Pr (praseodymium), 2017: from 140.907 66 ± 0.000 02 to 140.907 66 ± 0.000 01 Rh (rhodium), 2017: from 102.905 50 ± 0.000 02 to 102.905 49 ± 0.000 02 Sc (scandium), 2021: from 44.955 908 ± 0.000 005 to 44.955 907 ± 0.000 004 (Tb (terbium), 2017: from 158.925 35 ± 0.000 02 to 158.925 354 ± 0.000 008) Tb (terbium), 2021: from 158.925 354 ± 0.000 008 to 158.925 354 ± 0.000 007 (Tm (thulium), 2017: from 168.934 22 ± 0.000 02 to 168.934 218 ± 0.000 006) Tm (thulium), 2021: from 168.934 218 ± 0.000 006 to 168.934 219 ± 0.000 005 (Y (yttrium), 2017: from 88.905 84 ± 0.000 02 to 88.905 84 ± 0.000 01) Y (yttrium), 2021: from 88.905 84 ± 0.000 01 to 88.905 838 ± 0.000 002

An improved calibrated mass spectrometry for absolute copper isotope-ratio measurement using two strategies for mass bias correction factor

Modern advances in multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) have greatly promoted the investigation of copper isotopes in various research fields. To meet the demand, an improved calibrated mass spectrometry for the absolute determination of copper isotopic composition was developed in this study. The method has made progress in the investigation of instrumental mass bias correction factor for copper isotopic analysis using MC-ICPMS through employing two independent strategies. One is the conventional mathematical iterative method based on the MC-ICPMS measurement data; the other one is direct calculation using the absolute copper isotopic compositions in isotopically enriched 63Cu and 65Cu materials by developing a TE-TIMS method. The results of Kiter = 0.95563(16)k = 1 and KTE = 0.95551(17)k = 1 were consistent in their standard uncertainties, demonstrated the first cross-validation of these two strategies. Thereafter, the proposed calibrated mass spectrometry were applied to re-measure the copper isotope amount ratios in three isotopic reference materials, resulted in RNIST SRM 97665/63 = 0.44547(16)k = 2, RERM®−AE63365/63 = 0.44549(16)k = 2, and RERM®−AE64765/63 = 0.44557(16)k = 2, respectively. These expended uncertainties were only one third or one fifth of the stated uncertainties in their certificates. Furthermore, the absolute copper isotopic compositions in four natural-abundance samples and a new copper isotopic reference material GBW04624 were determined, given an average atomic weight of copper as Ar(Cu) = 63.5456(4)k = 2. The δ65Cu values of GBW04624 relative to NIST SRM 976, ERM®-AE633 and ERM®-AE647 were also applied by implementing the C-SSBIN calibration model. This provides an additional independently certified and SI-traceable copper isotopic reference material, in support of various scientific researches.

Spin Hall conductivity and anomalous Hall conductivity in full Heusler compounds

The spin Hall conductivity (SHC) and anomalous Hall conductivity (AHC) in about 120 full Heusler compounds are calculated using the density functional theory in a high-throughput way. The electronic structures are mapped to the Wannier basis and the linear response theory is used to get the conductivity. Our results show that the mechanism under the SHC or AHC cannot be simply related to the valence electron numbers or atomic weights. It is related to the very details of the electronic structures, which can only be obtained by calculations. A high-throughput calculation is efficient to screen out the desired materials. According to our present results, Rh2MnAl and Cu2CoSn, as well as Co2MnAl and Co2MnGa are candidates in spintronic materials regarding their high SHC and AHC values, which can benefit the spin-torque-driven nanodevices.

The Effects of Temperature and Time of Heat Treatment on Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Custom-Made NiTi Orthodontic Closed Coil Springs.

Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) springs have been increasingly used in orthodontics; however, no optimum condition of heat treatment has been reported. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the optimum heat-treatment temperature and duration for the fabrication of NiTi-closed coil springs by investigating their effects on thermo-mechanical properties. As-drawn straight NiTi wires of 0.2 mm diameter were used to fabricate closed coil springs of 0.9 mm lumen diameter. The springs were heat-treated at three different temperatures (400, 450, and 500 °C) with three different durations (20, 40, and 60 min). Electron Probe Micro-Analysis (EPMA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were used to investigate element composition and thermo-mechanical properties, respectively. Custom-made NiTi closed coil springs composed of 49.41%-Ti and 50.57%-Ni by atomic weight, where their DSC curves of 500 °C presented the obvious endothermic and exothermic peaks, and the austenite finish temperature (Af) were approximately 25 °C. With increasing temperature, deactivation curves presented decreased plateau slopes generating higher superelastic ratios (SE ratios). At 500 °C, closed coil springs showed superelastic tendency with lower stress hysteresis. The thermo-mechanical properties were significantly influenced by heat-treatment temperature rather than duration. The optimum parameter appeared to be 500 °C for 40 min to produce appropriate force delivery levels, relatively low plateau slope, and lower hysteresis for orthodontic use.

Fi Makrifat Al Jawahir Karya Reyhan Al Biruni: Kitab Rujukan Teknologi Manufaktur Logam Dunia

The Muslim scientist who became the scientific reference on the manufacturing sector was Reyhan al-Biruni. The processing of wrought iron and the manufacture of steel from cast iron is carried out through the carbonization process. The element carbon has a very significant influence on the strength of the metal. The maximum solubility of Fe3C in iron is: 6.67%. This is a series of calculations of the composition of the atomic weight of each constituent element, which is the atomic weight of Fe = 56, the atomic weight of Carbon 12. Calculation of steel compounds Fe3C = 56 X 3 = 180. The solubility of Carbon in steel is 6.67, coming from 2/180 X 100% = 6.67%. Metal processing that has received worldwide attention today is the ECAP method, which is capable of producing significant mechanical strength. The stages of the ECAP process start from the process of applying a compressive force to the sample that is placed in the mold. A special characteristic of ECAP is the ability to introduce fine grain refinement into large bulk samples. Capable of reducing the size of fine grains to the size of nanometers, resulting in a material that is able to provide maximum physical and mechanical properties. ECAP combines compressive stress and tensile stress in the mold. The ECAP formula was previously found in the book of Fi Makrifat Al Jawahir by Reyhan Al Biruni. The book it was explaine in great detail that when metal is bent there will be an increase in its strength because of the reaction between metals

Effect of Cu-N co-doping on the dielectric properties of ZnO nanoparticles

ABSTRACT In the current study, Zn1-xCuxO0.997N0.003 nanoparticles (x = 0–0.04) were synthesised using the co-precipitation technique. The formation of the hexagonal wurtzite phase of ZnO in all samples was confirmed by XRD. The existence of defects and structural disorders in co-doped ZnO nanoparticles were confirmed by the Rietveld Refinement and Raman analysis. The SEM and TEM images inferred the transformation of nanoparticles from the hexagonal to ellipsoidal shape. EDX analysis confirmed that the atom weight % of all samples was found to be similar to previously reported values. FTIR spectroscopyand XPS inferred the substitution of Cu+ and N−3 ions at vacancies in ZnO. UV-vis spectra showed decrease in the band gap with increase in the dopant concentration. The dielectric constant and ac conductivity were found to be maximum at highest Cu doping due to the small band gap, small crystallite size and overlap of Cu 3d and N 2p orbitals.

Pollution Indicator Potential of amphipods from Pulicat Lake, Tamil Nadu, South East Coast of India

Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that have a high atomic weight and a density at least 5 times greater than that of water. In recent years their concentrations were found to be raised in coastal ecosystems, as a result aquatic organisms were exposed to elevated levels of heavy metals. This study deals with the assessment of heavy metals (arsenic, lead, chromium, cadmium and mercury) in water, sediment and amphipods from four different ecosystems of Pulicat lake. The accumulation of heavy metals in water is high during monsoon and low in summer. Whereas, in sediments and amphipods the level is high in post monsoon and low in summer. In water, lead is high followed by arsenic, chromium, mercury and cadmium. In sediment and amphipods, cadmium were found to be high and mercury at lower rates. The metals enters into the Pulicat lake during monsoon in the waters and deposited during post monsoon seasons into the sediments and finally get accumulated in the body of amphipods.

Novel Cu0.96V0.02M0.02O (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) nanocompositions: Remarkable optical and room temperature superparamagnetic properties

Multifunctional CuO semiconductor is a promising material for the full development of electronic, spintronics, terahertz and biomedical devices. In this study, new CuO compositions with strong room temperature superparamagnetic, terahertz optical conductivity and terahertz dielectric constant properties were realized. Pure CuO, Cu0.96V0.02Mn0.02O, Cu0.96V0.02Fe0.02O, Cu0.96V0.02Co0.02O and Cu0.96V0.02Ni0.02O nanopowders were synthesized by sol-gel method. The XRD confirmed the synthesis of single phase of monoclinic CuO structure. Based on the reduction on unit cell volume, the incorporation of V3+/4+, Mn2+, Fe3+, Co2+ and Ni2+ ions into CuO lattice have been verified. The dopants lead to formation of fine spherical nanoparticles with homogenous distribution and similar size. The TEM image of Cu0.96V0.02Fe0.02O reveals the formation of uniform spherical-nanoparticles possesses define surface edges with average size of 29 nm. The FTIR vibrational absorption modes of the synthesized CuO nanocompositions ruled out the presence of impurities or the existence of Cu2O phase. Optically, both (V, Mn) and (V, Co) codoping induced a red shift in the band gap energy of CuO (1.39 eV) on contrast to (V, Fe) and (V, Ni) with obvious blue shift. CuO codoped with different transition elements has been studied by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) in the range from 0.3 to 3 THz. The higher atomic weight elements show higher values of dielectric constant and optical conductivity. Cu0.96V0.02Fe0.02O exhibited an excellent intrinsic superparamagnetic curve with semi-saturation magnetization of ∼0.39 emu/g, coercivity and retentivity values close to zero.

Local Structure of Heusler‐Type Fe 2 V 1− X Ta X Al Thermoelectric Materials Studied by X‐Ray Absorption Fine‐Structure Spectroscopy

The local structure around doping Ta atoms in Fe2V1−xTaxAl alloys is investigated using X-ray absorption fine-structure (XAFS) and synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD) measurements to elucidate the origin of the reduction in their thermal conductivity. XAFS and SR-XRD results show that with the substitution of Ta atoms at the V site, local strain exists around the doped Ta atoms. The reduction in the thermal conductivity due to Ta doping in the Fe2V1−xTaxAl alloys is attributed to the increase in the average atomic mass substituted with the heavy element Ta as well as the existence of the local strain.

A multitask GNN-based interpretable model for discovery of selective JAK inhibitors

The Janus kinase (JAK) family plays a pivotal role in most cytokine-mediated inflammatory and autoimmune responses via JAK/STAT signaling, and administration of JAK inhibitors is a promising therapeutic strategy for several diseases including COVID-19. However, to screen and design selective JAK inhibitors is a daunting task due to the extremely high homology among four JAK isoforms. In this study, we aimed to simultaneously predict pIC50 values of compounds for all JAK subtypes by constructing an interpretable GNN multitask regression model. The final model performance was positive, with R2 values of 0.96, 0.79 and 0.78 on the training, validation and test sets, respectively. Meanwhile, we calculated and visualized atom weights, followed by the rank sum tests and local mean comparisons to obtain key atoms and substructures that could be fine-tuned to design selective JAK inhibitors. Several successful case studies have demonstrated that our approach is feasible and our model could learn the interactions between proteins and small molecules well, which could provide practitioners with a novel way to discover and design JAK inhibitors with selectivity.Graphical

In-situ analysis of the lithium occurrence in the No.11 coal from the Antaibao mining district, Ningwu Coalfield, northern China

The occurrence of lithium (Li) in coal serves as the foundation for understanding the mechanism of its enrichment in coal and migration during combustion. However, owing to its low atomic weight, Li cannot be detected using conventional microbeam analyses, severely limiting its use. The high-Li Antaibao No.11 coal seam with a concentration of 99.1 μg/g Li was studied to determine the mode of occurrence and enrichment of Li. When compared to Chinese coal, the Antaibao No.11 coal is richer in SiO2, Al2O3, and TiO2. The carrier of Li was preliminarily determined using statistical correlation. In addition, two high-Li coal benches were subjected to in-situ analysis using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). The TOF-SIMS data show three types of Li occurrences in the first high-Li coal sample with a content of 179 μg/g. The main carriers of Li in this sample are illite, montmorillonite, chlorite, and tourmaline, according to the chemical maps for Li, Si, Al, Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe. This high-Li sample was formed by the interaction of two seawater-influenced coal seams. The interaction of fresh and saline waters makes the Li occurrence more variable. However, with a Li concentration of 260 μg/g in the second Li-enriched coal sample, Li only matches with Si and Al, indicating that Li is primarily found in kaolinite. This sample is formed between the parting and the seam with the greatest transgression. Boehmite is found in this sample in relation to the bauxite-bearing weathering crust. Locally, boehmite acts as a barrier to the infiltration and interaction of Li and other alkali and alkaline elements. As a result, Li is only associated with Si and Al. The terrigenous materials deposited within the original peat are responsible for the enrichment of Li in this sample.

Gamma, neutron, and heavy charged ion shielding properties of Er3+-doped and Sm3+-doped zinc borate glasses

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the nuclear radiation shielding properties of erbium (Er)-reinforced and samarium (Sm)-reinforced borate glasses. In the 0.015–15 MeV photon energy range, attenuation coefficients, as well as half-value layer tenth-value layers, and the mean-free path have been calculated. Additionally, effective, and equivalent atomic numbers, effective atomic weight, electron density, and exposure and energy absorption build-up factors were also calculated. To evaluate the overall nuclear radiation attenuation competencies of Er-rich and Sm-rich glasses, effective removal cross-section values for fast neutrons and projected range/mass stopping power values for alpha and proton particles were also determined. The glass sample BZBEr2.0 had the highest linear and mass attenuation coefficients (µandµm), effective conductivity (Ceff), the effective number of electrons (Neff), and effective atomic number (Zeff) values as well as the lowest half-value layer (T1/2), tenth value layers (T1/10), mean free path (λ), exposure build-up factor, and energy absorption build-up factor values.µmvalues were reported as 2.337, 2.556, 2.770, 2.976, 2.108, 2.266, 2.421, 2.569, and 2.714 for BZBEr0.5, BZBEr1.0, BZBEr1.5, BZBEr2.0, BZBSm0.0, BZBSm0.5, BZBSm1.0, BZBSm1.5, and BZBSm2.0 glass samples at 0.06 MeV, respectively. The results showed that Er has a greater effect than Sm regarding the gamma-ray shielding properties of borate glasses. The results of this investigation could be used in further investigations and added to older investigations with the same aim, to aid the scientific community in determining the most appropriate rare-earth additive, to provide adequate shielding properties based on the requirement.

Characterization of new materials for protection against ionizing radiation in radiology

The use and manipulation of radiation sources and equipment generating ionizing radiation in various applications of science, industry and medicine have increased significantly in recent years. This extensive use of these sources can lead to a longer time radiation exposure, eventually causing possible health effects for medical personnel. Therefore, the use of shielding materials for protection is paramount, reducing the risk of radiation exposure. The objective of this work was to manufacture three new shielding materials against ionizing radiation and compare them with other protective materials that already exist commercially: concrete galena, standard concrete and those manufactured by the Shieldwerx Company (a division of Bladewerx LLC). These new materials were called Sice, Sicer and Sire. Parameters such as the total mass attenuation coefficient , half-value layer and effective atomic number () for energies of 1 keV to 1 GeV were simulated using the PENELOPE Code (2014 version) and the Auto-Zeff software (1.7 version). To simulate these new materials, it was necessary to previously determine their density, chemical composition and percentage by the atomic weight of each element which was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was concluded that Sice and Sicer materials have greater absorption against ionizing radiation compared to the other materials of the Shieldwerx company and Standard concrete. For energy values of 25 and 84 keV, it was found that Sicer absorbs 25% more radiation than the Shieldwerx Company’s best material (field-castable head-resistant shielding) and Standard concrete. A slightly lower percentage was found for the Sice material with the same energy values. Therefore, these new materials can be potential shielding materials in mammography (24–30 keV) and conventional radiography (40–150 keV).

Influence of periodic heteroatom substitution in the aryl rings on optical properties and thermal stability of diarylethene derivatives

Photochromic diarylethene derivatives are one of the most promising candidates for various applications in optoelectronic devices. The heteroatom substitution of the aryl groups of diarylethene derivatives could greatly influence their optical properties and thermal stability. For example, the diarylethene derivatives with two thiophene rings (Dithienylethenes) have longer absorption wavelength, better fatigue resistance, sensitivity and thermal bistability than those with two furan rings. To further understand the influence of the heteroatom substitution in aryl rings, a series of diarylethene derivatives with different heteroatoms in IV (C, Si, Ge), V (N, P, As), and VI groups (O, S, Se) of Periodic Table were theoretically explored with DFT/TD-DFT functionals. According to the predicted results, the substituent effects of increasing atomic weights could influence the optical properties, the relative energies, the thermal bistability of the open isomer and the closed isomers. The maximum optical absorptions of the closed isomers and the open isomers could be finely tuned by these heteroatom groups in visible region of 395∼522 nm and in ultraviolet region of 300∼341 nm, respectively. The diarylethene with Se substituent diarylethene was predicted to have the best thermal bistability of all the nine substitutions and also have comparable photochomic properties than widely-used S diarylethene (Dithienylethenes). As 6π-electron system is indispensable part for nearly all known diarylethene derivates, the study probably provides a useful guideline for the future design of novel Se substituent diarylethene compounds with tunable photochromic properties and improved thermal bistability.

Innovative Theoretical Correlation of eπ With Mass, Number of Atoms and Enrichment Percentage (%E) Using Sayed’s Enrichment Formula

This article introduces an innovative theoretical correlation between eπ and enrichment percentage (%E) assay. Based on the published Sayed`s theorem and its applications, a simple equation was derived to calculate the %E. Different formulas for enrichment percentage calculation are also presented in this work. The theoretical calculations using the eπ formula show results with deviation from 0.96 to ~2.8%. A correlation between eπ, number of atoms (N), count rate (C), half life time (T1/2), efficiency (η) of the detector at specific energy, the branching ratio (Iγ), Avogadro`s number (AN), atomic weight (AW) and mass (M) was also found and elucidated. It can sharply state that this is first time to calculate the %E correlated with eπ by using what is called Sayed`s enrichment formula. The correlation of eπ and N AW AN M η Iγ T1/2 is a unique and pioneer scientific approach in the nuclear fields.

Mineral Nanomedicine to Enhance the Efficacy of Adjuvant Radiotherapy for Treating Osteosarcoma

It is vital to remove residual tumor cells after resection to avoid the recurrence and metastasis of osteosarcoma. In this study, a mineral nanomedicine, europium-doped calcium fluoride (CaF2:Eu) nanoparticles (NPs), is developed to enhance the efficacy of adjuvant radiotherapy (i.e., surgical resection followed by radiotherapy) for tumor cell growth and metastasis of osteosarcoma. In vitro studies show that CaF2:Eu NPs (200 μg/mL) exert osteosarcoma cell (143B)-selective toxicity and migration-inhibiting effects at a Eu dopant amount of 2.95 atomic weight percentage. These effects are further enhanced under X-ray irradiation (6 MeV, 4 Gy). Furthermore, in vivo tests show that intraosseous injection of CaF2:Eu NPs and X-ray irradiation have satisfactory therapeutic efficacy in controlling primary tumor size and inhibiting primary tumor metastasis. Overall, our results suggest that CaF2:Eu NPs with their osteosarcoma cell (143B)-selective toxicity and migration-inhibiting effects combined with radiotherapy might be nanomedicines for treating osteosarcoma after tumor resection.

Facile synthesis and electrochemical evaluation characteristics of NiO-CeO2 based inorganic nanocomposite anode material for application in LTSOFC

In this research work, we report the synthesis and characterization of NiO-Ce0.95Nd0.05O2-δ-Ce0.95Gd0.05O2-δ (NiO-CNO-CGO) nanocomposite anode material for LTSOFC. The thermal properties of NiO-CNO-CGO precursor were studied using TGA-DSC analysis which inferred that the formation of pure-phase was completed at around 600 °C. XRD analysis reveals a single fluorite cubic phase structure. FTIR data confirmed the occurrence of stretching vibration of M-O bond in the sample. Presence of nano-sized particles was confirmed by particle size analysis. The surface morphology was studied using SEM resulting in unsmooth grains. Respective atomic weight percentage of Ni, Ce, Nd, Gd and O was confirmed by EDAX studies. The surface roughness was studied using AFM. The sample resulted in a conductance of 4.55 x 10−4 Scm−1 in air atmosphere with activation energy of 0.4483 eV. The obtained results were discussed in order to use the material as an efficient anode for LTSOFC application.