Average Annual Wages Research Articles

SMALL CLAIM AND SUMMARY PROCEDURE IN CHINA

In MainlandChina, summary procedure is procedure applied at the first instance by basic-level courts and their detached tribunals. As simplified formal procedure, summary procedure can be classified into three types: 1) general / mandatory summary procedure, which is applied to cases with clear facts, unambiguous rights and obligations and minor disputes; 2) consensus procedure, which is applied to cases other than those to which mandatory summary procedure is applied, with the parties’ agreement on the application; 3) special summary procedure, which is ‘small claim procedure’ applied to cases involving amounts lower than 30 percent of the previous year’s average annual wages of workers in a given province and the judgment of the basic-level court or detached tribunal shall be final.

The bittersweet fruits of industrialization in rural China: The cost of environment and the benefit from off-farm employment

While it is widely accepted that industrialization has brought both environmental pollution and economic growth in rural areas of China, very little is known about whether the negative effects of industrial pollution on rural residents have been proportionally offset by positive effects due to improvements in off-farm income. This paper improves our understanding of these tradeoffs by conducting an empirical analysis based on a set of nationwide panel data collected in 2008 and 2012 and covering five provinces, 101 villages, and 2020 households. Evidence is found to suggest that it is not always the case that rural households that are affected by pollution reap the off-farm employment benefits associated with industrialization. Specifically, although industrial pollution incidence is found to be positively related with the level of local off-farm employment, this relationship is statistically insignificant when migrant labor is included. It can be explained as areas that less economically benefited from industrialization tent to have more labors migrated out and the average annual wage income of one migrant labor is much higher than that of local off-farm labor.

PCN101 - Economic Burdens of the Top 10 Cancers During 2003-2012 in Taiwan

Cancer has been the first leading cause of death in Taiwan since 1982 and its incidence is rising year by year. Disease burdens associated with cancers are substantial. This study aims to evaluate economic burdens of the top 10 cancers during 2003-2012 in Taiwan. Patients with diagnostic ICD-9-CM codes of lung, hepatic, colorectal, breast, oral, gastric, prostate, pancreatic, esophageal, and cervical cancer during 2003-2012 were identified as the study cases from the National Health Insurance Research Database. The prevalence‐based approach was employed to describe medical costs associated with the top 10 cancers. The productivity losses resulting from cancer deaths were also estimated by multiplying potential life years lost due to the top 10 cancer deaths by average annual wage. Total medical costs for all top 10 cancers were increasing, especially for lung and breast cancer. Total medical costs of colorectal cancer were the highest before 2008, while costs of lung and breast cancer have become dominant since 2008. Drug costs were increasing for most top 10 cancers, especially for lung, hepatic, and breast cancer. Inpatient costs accounted for the largest proportion of total medical costs for most top 10 cancers, except breast, prostate, and cervical cancers. The productivity losses incurred by lung, colorectal, breast, oral, and pancreatic cancers showed a slightly increasing trend. Hepatic, oral and lung cancers caused the top 3 highest productivity losses for male, while breast, lung and colorectal cancer did for female. This study demonstrates an increasing trend in medical costs reimbursed by the National Health Insurance and mortality costs associated with the top 10 cancers. Out-of-pocket medical costs and non-medical costs associated with cancer treatment need to be included in the future to provide the overall picture of economic burdens of the top 10 cancers in Taiwan.

Summary of General Discussion on “Globalization and Domestic Operations: Applying the JC/JD Method to Japanese Manufacturing Firms”

Summary of General Discussion on “Globalization and Domestic Operations: Applying the JC/JD Method to Japanese Manufacturing Firms”

Does Switching to a Western German Employer Still Pay Off?

Summary This paper deals with the medium-term effects of job mobility on the average wage growth of job-movers in eastern Germany. The analysis is based on all employees subject to social insurance contributions working in eastern Germany in 2004. Using a statistical matching procedure combined with a difference-in-differences estimator, we observe that job-movers achieve an average annual wage increase of 2.68% between 2004 and 2009, which is significantly higher than the annual wage growth of selected non-movers (1.34 %). The finding is very robust against changes in the matching procedure. The positive wage differential due to changing jobs was found for a variety of subgroups of individuals that were formed on the basis of sociodemographic and firm-specific characteristics. In contrast to the evidence in the 1990’s, the positive wage effect is now significantly lower for movers from eastern to western Germany compared to movers within eastern Germany.

Definování matematických vzorců při zjišťování nákladů u fluktuace pracovníků v podniku

The aim of this paper is to establish a general methodology for calculating the costs incurred by employee turnover. The authors developed mathematical formulas enabling calculation of these costs that they can be used in the business sphere when identifying costs related to the employees turnover. The authors tried to identify costs resulting from the loss of an employee. Important factors in the costs of employee turnover also include the loss of knowledge and possibly also a loss of customers. Costs of lost employee and department productiveness represent an important part of the costs of employee turnover, as well. The paper deals with the identification of costs associated with advertising vacant job positions and selection of new employees. These expenses involve also costs of training and admission of a new employee. In case of employee turnover, the highest costs are associated with an initial low performance of a new employee. Overall costs associated with the employee turnover may be as much as 1.5 - fold higher than the average annual wage of the leaving employee.

The monetary value of the man-mSv for Korean NPP radiation workers assessed by the radiation aversion factor

The monetary value of the man-mSv for operators of Korean nuclear power plants (NPPs) was calculated using a radiation aversion factor based on a survey of NPP workers. Initially, the life expectancy in the population is 79.4 y, the average age of cancer occurrence is 60 y, the average annual wage for an electric worker is 56 000 $ y(-1) and the nominal risk coefficient induced by radiation is 4.2E(-5) mSv were used to evaluate the basic monetary value (α(base)) resulting in 45.6 $ mSv(-1). To investigate the degree of radiation aversion, the subject of the investigation was selected as the working radiation workers in 10 NPPs in Korea (Kori 1-2, Yeonggwang 1-3, Ulchin 1-3 and Wolseong 1-2). In August 2010, with the cooperation of KHNP and partner companies, a total of 2500 survey questionnaires to 10 NPPs (or 250 surveys to each NPP) were distributed to currently employed radiation workers. From these, 2157 responses were obtained between August and October 2010. The assessed radiation aversion factor and the monetary value of the man-mSv from the calculated radiation aversion factor were 1.26 and ∼50 $ in the 0-1 mSv range, 1.38 and ∼200 $ in the 1-5 mSv range, 1.52 and ∼1000 $ in the 5-10 mSv range, 1.65 and ∼4000 $ in the 10-20 mSv range and 1.74 and ∼8500 $ >20 mSv.

Variations and Determinants of Hospital Costs for Acute Stroke in China

BackgroundThe burden of stroke is high and increasing in China. We modelled variations in, and predictors of, the costs of hospital care for patients with acute stroke in China.Methods and FindingsBaseline characteristics and hospital costs for 5,255 patients were collected using the prospective register-based ChinaQUEST study, conducted in 48 Level 3 and 14 Level 2 hospitals in China during 2006–2007. Ordinary least squares estimation was used to determine factors associated with hospital costs. Overall mean cost of hospitalisation was 11,216 Chinese Yuan Renminbi (CNY) (≈US$1,602) per patient, which equates to more than half the average annual wage in China. Variations in cost were largely attributable to stroke severity and length of hospital stay (LOS). Model forecasts showed that reducing LOS from the mean of 20 days for Level 3 and 18 days for Level 2 hospitals to a duration of 1 week, which is common among Western countries, afforded cost reductions of 49% and 19%, respectively. Other lesser determinants varied by hospital level: in Level 3 hospitals, health insurance and the occurrence of in-hospital complications were each associated with 10% and 18% increases in cost, respectively, whilst treatment in a teaching hospital was associated with approximately 39% decrease in cost on average. For Level 2 hospitals, stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage was associated with a 19% greater cost than for ischaemic stroke.ConclusionsChanges to hospital policies to standardise resource use and reduce the variation in LOS could attenuate costs and improve efficiencies for acute stroke management in China. The success of these strategies will be enhanced by broader policy initiatives currently underway to reform hospital reimbursement systems.

Long run determinants and short run dynamics of inflation in Tunisia

The essential idea of this study is to analyse the origins of inflation at short and long runs in Tunisia relying on annual data during the period 1962 to 2003. We also suggest a model that has a structure determined by monetary and structural factors, and estimated by Johansen's cointegration technique. The empirical results show that inflation is explained by mixed factors: monetary ones such as money supply, the interest rate and the real effective exchange rate; and structural ones like the nominal average annual wage rate, the import prices and the real output. The analysis aims at pointing out the long run determinants of inflation and studying its short run dynamics.

Wage Divergence between the Rocky Mountain States and the U.S.: Idaho Measures and Sources, 2001 – 2009

In 2005, the Rocky Mountain States (Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming) average annual wage per job was about $4,000 less than the U.S. average. In 2009, Idaho’s average wage per job was $10,700 less. The difference in wage elasticities measures, sector bias, and Theil inequality indices were used to identify the sectors that were the source of the growing wage gap between Idaho and the U.S. across 81 sectors. Idaho’s wage gap was the result of positive sector bias on employment growth in influential low-wage sectors and negative sector bias on employment growth and the low level of wages in the influential high-wage sectors. The economy of the Rocky Mountain region can be characterized as caught in a low-skill/low-wage equilibrium trap.

Marriage and Women's Earnings from Work

Marital status and earnings from work for women are studied using the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS), Young Women's Cohort. The study focuses on how being continuously married affects the earnings of women from young adulthood through their pre-retirement years. Earnings from work are measured by average annual wages between 1968 and 1999. Bivariate findings suggest that marriage and family are associated with lessening the wage-earning potential of women over the life course but multivariate analysis shows no effect beyond that of other measures accounted for in the study. Education and number of hours worked are positively related to earnings outcomes and the number of dependents has a negative effect. Policy makers who are calling for an increase in marriage-promoting activities for TANF recipients are using marriage as a primary solution for eliminating poverty and thereby ignoring real ways to help women earn more for themselves and their families. The use of TANF funds for encouraging ...

Economic overview of the Robson Valley Forest District

The principal objectives of this study were to chronicle the hybrid approach to data collection adopted to formulate a regional economic overview of the Robson Valley Forest District (RVFD), and to summarize a suite of baseline economic indicators relevant to the forestry, visitor, public, and agriculture sectors in the RVFD region. Secondary data collection was augmented with primary data collected through formal and informal survey techniques. Data were collected for traditional economic indicators, such as gross revenue, employment, and income.The forestry sector is the largest contributor to the regional economy. It provides the highest estimates of average annual wage (ranging from $46,975 to $64,007), number of employment positions (574 jobs including full-time and part-time or seasonal positions), and total revenue ($74.1 million). The visitor sector, the second largest contributor, generates $18.1 million in revenues and 514 employment positions; however, the estimated average annual wage ($20,956) is the second lowest. The average annual wage in the public sector is the second highest at $25,669, with 350 employment positions existing in this sector. The agriculture sector is the smallest contributor, providing the lowest average annual wage ($19,145, or $17,420 inflated to 2001 dollars) and total revenue ($4.6 million). Despite the relatively lower contribution to the economy, the total number of farms has remained relatively stable.A comprehensive understanding of the mechanics of an economy facilitates decision making. This report provides a methodology for small region data collection and the resulting baseline information necessary for future assessment of responses within the economy to internal and external changes.

Perkembangan Perbankan Indonesia: Analisis Dampak terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Regional Indonesia dan Penyebab-penyebabnya dengan Data Panel 1983-1999

Combining regional growth model and integration of financial institution model, this paper evaluates whether intermediary development influences growth in Indonesia. Recent research has proved that not only banks development influence economic growth positively but also its exogenous components.However, there are several different assumptions during adopt this model in Indonesia. Especially regional approach is differing than national approach in growth model. The point is the existence of intermediary integration across region whit causes the economic agent move freely within a nation.The data show that integration of financial intermediation was not always associated with economic growth. Only four of twenty six provinces which proved strong influence of financial intermediation on economic growth. Labor condition and average annual wages are not exogenous variables which explain growth due to financial intermediation in Indonesia. At least during 1987-1998.

New on-line journal takes an ecosystems approach

The principal objectives of this study were to chronicle the hybrid approach to data collection adopted to formulate a regional economic overview of the Robson Valley Forest District (RVFD), and to summarize a suite of baseline economic indicators relevant to the forestry, visitor, public, and agriculture sectors in the RVFD region. Secondary data collection was augmented with primary data collected through formal and informal survey techniques. Data were collected for traditional economic indicators, such as gross revenue, employment, and income. The forestry sector is the largest contributor to the regional economy. It provides the highest estimates of average annual wage (ranging from $46 975 to $64 007), number of employment positions (574 jobs including full-time and part-time or seasonal positions), and total revenue ($74.1 million). The visitor sector, the second largest contributor, generates $18.1 million in revenues and 514 employment positions; however, the estimated average annual wage ($20 956) is the second lowest. The average annual wage in the public sector is the second highest at $25 669, with 350 employment positions existing in this sector. The agriculture sector is the smallest contributor, providing the lowest average annual wage ($19 145, or $17 420 inflated to 2001 dollars) and total revenue ($4.6 million). Despite the relatively lower contribution to the economy, the total number of farms has remained relatively stable.A comprehensive understanding of the mechanics of an economy facilitates decision making. This report provides a methodology for small region data collection and the resulting baseline informationnecessary for future assessment of responses within the economy to internal and external changes.

Productivity in Manufacturing and the Length of the Working Day: Evidence from the 1880 Census of Manufactures

Data from the manuscript census of manufacturing are used to estimate the effects of the length of the working day on output and wages. We find that the elasticity of output with respect to daily hours worked was positive but less than one--implying diminishing returns to increases in working hours. When the annual number of days worked is held constant, the average annual wage is found to be positively related to daily hours worked, but again the elasticity less than 1.0. At the modal value of daily hours (ten hours per day), it appears that from the standpoint of employers, the marginal benefits of a shorter working day (a lower wage bill) were approximately offset by the marginal cost (lower output).

Effects of Differing Unemployment Insurance Taxable Wage Bases on System Capacity

Effects of Differing Unemployment Insurance Taxable Wage Bases on System Capacity

The Spread of Municipal Reform: Temporal, Spatial, and Social Dynamics

The adoption of commission and managerial administrative structures and their subsequent abandonment by the 267 largest American cities during the period 1900-1942 is studied using event-history methods. Full-period equations show no significant direct effect of percentage Catholic (culture clash) or population size (hierarchical diffussion) and only a modest impact of city age (modernization). A strong effect from average annual manufacturing wages is found, but in a direction contrary to that posited by the class-conflict hypothesis. The variable affecting transition rates most strongly appears to be regional adoption percentages, an indicator of neighborhood diffusion. These findings suggest revisions of the conventional image of the municipal reform experience.

Work Without Pay: Work Incentives and Patterns in a Salaryless Environment

In most Western, industrialised countries the relationship between work and welfare is close, but asymmetric. The effect of employment policy on welfare recipients or welfare systems is usually a minor consideration when determining the former; whereas the effect which welfare policies are expected to have on work patterns is often the controlling consideration when welfare rates and conditions are decided. In fact, one of the most influential factors in the establishment of social welfare policies is the presumed effect of such policies on incentives to work. Almost all social welfare programmes throughout the world have written into them a “wage stop” which guarantees that recipients of grants—sometimes even of social insurance payments—will not receive as much income from such programmes as they could receive from working. So pervasive and deep is this fear of a work disincentive that even those who cannot work, such as the aged, the handicapped, and children; and those whom public policy says should not be required to work, like the mothers of infants, are usually limited as to the amount which they can receive from welfare payments, regardless of need, to somewhat less than the amount which they would receive if they were able to work. In Israel, for example, social welfare grants are fixed at 40% of the average wage; in France, old age pensions will rise by 1975 from even lower rates to 25% of the annual wage at age 60, and 50% at age 65 [International Labour Review, 1972], whereas unemployment insurance benefit, which was 35–40% until 1974, rose to only 70% of the average annual wage [Oechslin, 1972]. In the United States, “… In 1968, the average weekly unemployment insurance benefit was about one‐third of the weekly wage in employment that was covered under the programme” [Handler, 1972]. By thus making it impossible for many persons to acquire through welfare what they theoretically could (but actually could not) acquire from work, the fear of work disincentives, operating through the wage stop, is one of the factors guaranteeing the existence and continuation of poverty.

Use and Misuse of Russian Statistics

THE preface by Marcelle Gaetan Pirou to Charles Bettelheim's L'Aconomie Sovietique ' announces that le lecteur sera certainement frappe de la sobriete et l'impartialite de ce volume. This reader feels that this prediction may have been too rash. If he was struck at all, it was by the light touch which distinguishes M. Bettelheim's treatment of statistical information and of problems of economic analysis. The long book is replete with statistical data copied from Soviet sources. At least in one case (p. 347) the figures given do not quite check with the source, but this reviewer does not wish to cast aspersion on M. Bettelheim's ability to copy accurately. What is wrong with the book is that the author hardly ever goes beyond the copying stage and does not try to understand the meaning of the figures he presents. Thus M. Bettelheim reprints the official series on grain crops, I928-40, without pointing out that the concept of the crop was changed in I933, and that the pre-i933 and the pOst-I933 portions of the series are not comparable without complicated adjustments; and he proceeds to interpret expressly the strong rise in output in I933 as an actual rather than a statistical increase (pp. 8I-82). In many cases (as, e.g., on pp. I5, I28, 298), the author presents ruble value figures without indicating whether they are expressed in constant or current prices. Foreign trade data are given in rubles but the rubles are not defined, and the reader is not forewarned that, while they have a definite relation to the dollar, they are unrelated to domestic rubles and that accordingly he must not try comparisons between, say, values of imports and values of industrial output. That grave problems are attached to the use of I926-27 prices as weights for the indices of industrial output seems unknown to the author. At one point (p. I36), there is indeed a veiled remark on certain modifications in statistical methods and a reference to a previous publication by the author; but that publication does not contain more than a passing reference to a rather secondary problem, viz., the treatment of outputs of small-scale industry. Meanwhile, the author discusses rates of industrial growth, productivity of labor, and comparisons with other countries without any concern for the upward bias in the Soviet index. As a result, the reader is left with altogether erroneous impressions. There are, however, at least two cases where the author goes a step beyond mere reproduction of Soviet data. In the first case, M. Bettelheim comes to the conclusion that between I928-29 and I937 real wages increased 25 per cent. How does he arrive at that result? He finds that the aggregate volume of agricultural goods and industrial consumers' goods increased 2.3 times between I928-29 and I937, while the value of goods sold in retail trade rose tenfold over the period. Therefrom the author deduces that retail prices must have increased about fourfold (I0:2.3). This is a bold deduction indeed, and the author mentions some of the uncertainties to which it is subject. He then compares the fourfold increase in prices with the development of average annual money wages and finds an increase by about five times. Hence his statement that real wages increased 25 per cent (5X4 . ioo). The troublesome fact, however, is that money wages did not rise fivefold over the period. M. Bettelheim is never too explicit about what he is doing. From the context, most readers will assume that his computations refer to wages in industry, for which a tabulation is given on page I84. If this is the case, then the fivefold increase results not from a comparison of 1937 and I928-29 (or rather I929), but from a comparison of the plan target for I942 with the figure for I929! If the period until I937 is taken, not a fivefold but about a threefold increase in money wages is shown, and accordingly the author would have to conclude that real wages fell more than 20 per cent (cf. 1 Charles Bettelheim, L'1conomie Sovie'tique. Published in the Gaetan Pirou's Series, Traits d'Aconomie politique (Recueil Sirey. Paris I95O). Vm. A72 nnp